References
Key articles
Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, et al. Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the International Encephalitis Consortium. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Oct;57(8):1114-28.Full text Abstract
Solomon T, Michael BD, Smith PE, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults--Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines. J Infect. 2012 Apr;64(4):347-73.Full text Abstract
Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 5:ciae104.Full text Abstract
Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines. J Infect. 2012 May;64(5):449-77.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Venkatesan A, Michael BD, Probasco JC, et al. Acute encephalitis in immunocompetent adults. Lancet. 2019 Feb 16;393(10172):702-16. Abstract
2. Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, et al. Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the International Encephalitis Consortium. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Oct;57(8):1114-28.Full text Abstract
3. Granerod J, Tam CC, Crowcroft NS, et al. Challenge of the unknown: a systematic review of acute encephalitis in non-outbreak situations. Neurology. 2010 Sep 7;75(10):924-32. Abstract
4. Granerod J, Cousens S, Davies NW, et al. New estimates of incidence of encephalitis in England. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(9).Full text Abstract
5. Boucher A, Herrmann JL, Morand P, et al. Epidemiology of infectious encephalitis causes in 2016. Med Mal Infect. 2017 May;47(3):221-35. Abstract
6. Wang H, Zhao S, Wang S, et al. Global magnitude of encephalitis burden and its evolving pattern over the past 30 years. J Infect. 2022 Jun;84(6):777-87.Full text Abstract
7. Vora NM, Holman RC, Mehal JM, et al. Burden of encephalitis-associated hospitalizations in the United States, 1998-2010. Neurology. 2014 Feb 4;82(5):443-51. Abstract
8. George BP, Schneider EB, Venkatesan A. Encephalitis hospitalization rates and inpatient mortality in the United States, 2000-2010. PloS One. 2014 Sep 5;9(9):e104169.Full text Abstract
9. Barbadoro P, Marigliano A, Ricciardi A, et al. Trend of hospital utilization for encephalitis. Epidemiol Infect. 2012 Apr;140(4):753-64. Abstract
10. Bernard S, Mailles A, Stahl JP, et al. Epidemiology of infectious encephalitis, differences between a prospective study and hospital discharge data. Epidemiol Infect. 2013 Nov;141(11):2256-68. Abstract
11. Huppatz C, Durrheim DN, Levi C, et al. Etiology of encephalitis in Australia, 1990-2007. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Sep;15(9):1359-65.Full text Abstract
12. Kulkarni MA, Lecocq AC, Artsob H, et al. Epidemiology and aetiology of encephalitis in Canada, 1994-2008: a case for undiagnosed arboviral agents? Epidemiol Infect. 2013 Nov;141(11):2243-55. Abstract
13. Solomon T, Michael BD, Smith PE, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in adults--Association of British Neurologists and British Infection Association National Guidelines. J Infect. 2012 Apr;64(4):347-73.Full text Abstract
14. Taba P, Schmutzhard E, Forsberg P, et al. EAN consensus review on prevention, diagnosis and management of tick-borne encephalitis. Eur J Neurol. 2017 Oct;24(10):1214-e61. Abstract
15. UK Government guidance. Tick-borne encephalitis: epidemiology, diagnosis and prevention: Advice for health professionals on tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) including symptoms, diagnosis and epidemiology.Full text
16. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Tick-borne encephalitis - annual epidemiological report for 201. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text
17. Banwell B, Kennedy J, Sadovnick D, et al. Incidence of acquired demyelination of the CNS in Canadian children. Neurology. 2009 Jan 20;72(3):232-9. Abstract
18. Wang CX. Assessment and management of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in the pediatric patient. Paediatr Drugs. 2021 May;23(3):213-21.Full text Abstract
19. Fontenot G, Johnston K, Cohen JC, et al. PCR amplification of HIV-1 proteinase sequences directly from lab isolates allows determination of five conserved domains. Virology. 1992 Sep;190(1):1-10. Abstract
20. Cole J, Evans E, Mwangi M, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in children: an updated review based on current diagnostic criteria. Pediatr Neurol. 2019 Nov;100:26-34. Abstract
21. Galanakis E, Tzoufi M, Katragkou A, et al. A prospective multicenter study of childhood encephalitis in Greece. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Aug;28(8):740-2. Abstract
22. Kolski H, Ford-Jones EL, Richardson S, et al. Etiology of acute childhood encephalitis at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, 1994-1995. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Feb;26(2):398-409. Abstract
23. Lee TC, Guo HR, Su HJ, et al. Diseases caused by enterovirus 71 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Oct;28(10):904-10. Abstract
24. Mailles A, Stahl JP; Steering Committee and Investigators Group. Infectious encephalitis in France in 2007: a national prospective study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 15;49(12):1838-47.Full text Abstract
25. Srey VH, Sadones H, Ong S, et al. Etiology of encephalitis syndrome among hospitalized children and adults in Takeo, Cambodia, 1999-2000. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002 Feb;66(2):200-7. Abstract
26. Miller JM, Binnicker MJ, Campbell S, et al. Guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2024 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Mar 5:ciae104.Full text Abstract
27. Suresh KP, Nayak A, Dhanze H, et al. Prevalence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in mosquitoes and animals of the Asian continent: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health. 2022 Sep;15(9):942-9.Full text Abstract
28. Campbell GL, Hills SL, Fischer M, et al. Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2011 Oct 1;89(10):766-74, 774A-774E.Full text Abstract
29. Fagre AC, Lyons S, Staples JE, et al. West Nile virus and other nationally notifiable arboviral diseases - United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Aug 25;72(34):901-6.Full text Abstract
30. Gable MS, Sheriff H, Dalmau J, et al. The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;54(7):899-904.Full text Abstract
31. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013 Feb;12(2):157-65.Full text Abstract
32. Cho H, Proll SC, Szretter KJ, et al. Differential innate immune response programs in neuronal subtypes determine susceptibility to infection in the brain by positive-stranded RNA viruses. Nat Med. 2013 Apr;19(4):458-64.Full text Abstract
33. Venkatesan A, Geocadin RG. Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis: a practical approach. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014 Jun;4(3):206-15.Full text Abstract
34. Britton PN, Eastwood K, Paterson B, et al. Consensus guidelines for the investigation and management of encephalitis in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand. Intern Med J. 2015 May;45(5):563-76.Full text Abstract
35. Vogrig A, Tartaglia S, Dentoni M, et al. Central nervous system immune-related disorders after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a multicenter study. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1344184.Full text Abstract
36. Nabizadeh F, Noori M, Rahmani S, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review. J Clin Neurosci. 2023 May;111:57-70.Full text Abstract
37. Mekki M, Eley B, Hardie D, et al. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinical phenotype, epidemiology, and preventive interventions. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2019 Oct;61(10):1139-44. Abstract
38. Srinivasan A, Burton EC, Kuehnert MJ, et al. Transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1103-11.Full text Abstract
39. Abboud H, Probasco JC, Irani S, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021 Jul;92(7):757-68.Full text Abstract
40. World Health Organization. Tick-borne encephalitis: prevention. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
41. World Health Organization. Immunization, vaccines and biologicals: tick-borne encephalitis. [internet publication].Full text
42. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. Aug 2021 [internet publication].Full text
43. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tick-borne encephalitis. For healthcare providers. Vaccine. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text
44. Public Health England. Tick-borne encephalitis: the green book, chapter 31. April 2013 [internet publication].Full text
45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Japanese encephalitis vaccine information for healthcare providers. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text
46. Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, et al. Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 15;360(3):244-56.Full text Abstract
47. Koelman DLH, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Resurgence of pneumococcal meningitis in Europe and Northern America. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Feb;26(2):199-204.Full text Abstract
48. Stahl JP, Azouvi P, Bruneel F, et al. Guidelines on the management of infectious encephalitis in adults. Med Mal Infect. 2017 May;47(3):179-94.Full text Abstract
49. Irani SR, Michell AW, Lang B, et al. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2011 May;69(5):892-900. Abstract
50. Gadoth A, Pittock SJ, Dubey D, et al. Expanded phenotypes and outcomes among 256 LGI1/CASPR2-IgG-positive patients. Ann Neurol. 2017 Jul;82(1):79-92. Abstract
51. Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, et al. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Apr;15(4):391-404.Full text Abstract
52. Dalmau J, Graus F. Antibody-mediated encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 1;378(9):840-51.Full text Abstract
53. van Sonderen A, Schreurs MW, Wirtz PW, et al. From VGKC to LGI1 and Caspr2 encephalitis: The evolution of a disease entity over time. Autoimmun Rev. 2016 Oct;15(10):970-4.Full text Abstract
54. Graus F, Vogrig A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, et al. Updated diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021 Jul;8(4):e1014.Full text Abstract
55. Gresa-Arribas N, Titulaer MJ, Torrents A, et al. Antibody titres at diagnosis and during follow-up of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2014 Feb;13(2):167-77.Full text Abstract
56. Prüss H, Finke C, Höltje M, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2012 Dec;72(6):902-11.Full text Abstract
57. Armangue T, Leypoldt F, Málaga I, et al. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis is a trigger of brain autoimmunity. Ann Neurol. 2014 Feb;75(2):317-23.Full text Abstract
58. Armangue T, Moris G, Cantarín-Extremera V, et al. Autoimmune post-herpes simplex encephalitis of adults and teenagers. Neurology. 2015 Nov 17;85(20):1736-43.Full text Abstract
59. Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Corazza F, et al. Herpes simplex virus-induced anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a systematic literature review with analysis of 43 cases. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017 Aug;59(8):796-805.Full text Abstract
60. Gelfand JM, Genrich G, Green AJ, et al. Encephalitis of unclear origin diagnosed by brain biopsy: a diagnostic challenge. JAMA Neurol. 2015 Jan;72(1):66-72. Abstract
61. McGill F, Heyderman RS, Michael BD, et al. The UK joint specialist societies guideline on the diagnosis and management of acute meningitis and meningococcal sepsis in immunocompetent adults. J Infect. 2016 Apr;72(4):405-38.Full text Abstract
62. Sanchez-Juan P, Green A, Ladogana A, et al. CSF tests in the differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology. 2006 Aug 22;67(4):637-43. Abstract
63. Baumgartner A, Rauer S, Mader I, et al. Cerebral FDG-PET and MRI findings in autoimmune limbic encephalitis: correlation with autoantibody types. J Neurol. 2013 Nov;260(11):2744-53. Abstract
64. Glaser CA, Honarmand S, Anderson LJ, et al. Beyond viruses: clinical profiles and etiologies associated with encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 15;43(12):1565-77.Full text Abstract
65. Lai CW, Gragasin ME. Electroencephalography in herpes simplex encephalitis. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1988 Jan;5(1):87-103. Abstract
66. Gutierrez J, Issacson RS, Koppel BS. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: an update. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010 Oct;52(10):901-7. Abstract
67. Westmoreland BF. The EEG in cerebral inflammatory processes. In: Niedermeyer E, Lopes Da Silva F, eds. Electroencephalography. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1999:302-16.
68. Hahn C, Budhram A, Alikhani K, et al. Canadian consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune encephalitis in adults. Can J Neurol Sci. 2024 Feb 5:1-21.Full text Abstract
69. Schmitt SE, Pargeon K, Frechette ES, et al. Extreme delta brush: a unique EEG pattern in adults with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2012 Sep 11;79(11):1094-100.Full text Abstract
70. Dubey D, Pittock SJ, Kelly CR, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology and a comparison to infectious encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2018 Jan;83(1):166-77.Full text Abstract
71. Jakob NJ, Lenhard T, Schnitzler P, et al. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis despite normal cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid. Crit Care Med. 2012 Apr;40(4):1304-8. Abstract
72. Mook-Kanamori B, van de Beek D, Wijdicks EF. Herpes simplex encephalitis with normal initial cerebrospinal fluid examination. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Aug;57(8):1514-5. Abstract
73. Weil AA, Glaser CA, Amad Z, et al. Patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis: rethinking an initial negative polymerase chain reaction result. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Apr 15;34(8):1154-7.Full text Abstract
74. Fodor PA, Levin MJ, Weinberg A, et al. Atypical herpes simplex virus encephalitis diagnosed by PCR amplification of viral DNA from CSF. Neurology. 1998 Aug;51(2):554-9. Abstract
75. De Biasi RL, Tyler KL. Viral meningitis and encephalitis. Continuum: Lifelong Learn Neurol. 2006;12:36.
76. Chaudhuri A, Kennedy PG. Diagnosis and treatment of viral encephalitis. Postgrad Med J. 2002 Oct;78(924):575-83.Full text Abstract
77. Sano K, Satoh K, Atarashi R, et al. Early detection of abnormal prion protein in genetic human prion diseases now possible using real-time QUIC assay. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54915.Full text Abstract
78. Wilson MR, Naccache SN, Samayoa E, et al. Actionable diagnosis of neuroleptospirosis by next-generation sequencing. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 19;370(25):2408-17.Full text Abstract
79. Schraeder PL, Burns RA. Hemiplegic migraine associated with an aseptic meningeal reaction. Arch Neurol. 1980 Jun;37(6):377-9. Abstract
80. Feely MP, O'Hare J, Veale D, et al. Episodes of acute confusion or psychosis in familial hemiplegic migraine. Acta Neurol Scand. 1982 Aug;65(4):369-75. Abstract
81. Chakrapani A, Cleary MA, Wraith JE. Detection of inborn errors of metabolism in the newborn. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001 May;84(3):F205-10.Full text Abstract
82. Burton BK. Inborn errors of metabolism in infancy: a guide to diagnosis. Pediatrics. 1998 Dec;102(6):e69.Full text Abstract
83. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 1;39(9):1267-84.Full text Abstract
84. Greenberg BM. Central nervous system infections in the intensive care unit. Semin Neurol. 2008 Nov;28(5):682-9. Abstract
85. Portegies P, Solod L, Cinque P, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of neurological complications of HIV infection. Eur J Neurol. 2004 May;11(5):297-304. Abstract
86. Shenoy A, Marwaha PK, Worku DA. CD8 encephalitis in HIV: a review of this emerging entity. J Clin Med. 2023 Jan 18;12(3):770.Full text Abstract
87. Makadzange AT, Mothobi N. Delaying initiation of ART for 5 weeks improves survival in patients with HIV infection with cyrptococcal meningitis. Evid Based Med. 2015 Feb;20(1):15. Abstract
88. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: Cryptococcosis. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
89. Cook AM, Morgan Jones G, Hawryluk GWJ, et al. Guidelines for the acute treatment of cerebral edema in neurocritical care patients. Neurocrit Care. 2020 Jun;32(3):647-66.Full text Abstract
90. Schizodimos T, Soulountsi V, Iasonidou C, et al. An overview of management of intracranial hypertension in the intensive care unit. J Anesth. 2020 Oct;34(5):741-57.Full text Abstract
91. Kumar R, Singhi S, Singhi P, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing cerebral perfusion pressure-targeted therapy versus intracranial pressure-targeted therapy for raised intracranial pressure due to acute CNS infections in children. Crit Care Med. 2014 Aug;42(8):1775-87. Abstract
92. Whitley RJ, Alford CA, Hirsch MS, et al. Vidarabine versus acyclovir therapy in herpes simplex encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jan 16;314(3):144-9. Abstract
93. Kneen R, Michael BD, Menson E, et al. Management of suspected viral encephalitis in children - Association of British Neurologists and British Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Infection Group national guidelines. J Infect. 2012 May;64(5):449-77.Full text Abstract
94. Beckham JD, Tyler KL. Encephalitis. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2010.
95. Alam AM, Easton A, Nicholson TR, et al. Encephalitis: diagnosis, management and recent advances in the field of encephalitides. Postgrad Med J. 2023 Jul 21;99(1174):815-25.Full text Abstract
96. Allana A, Samannodi M, Hansen MA, et al. Adjunctive steroids in adults with encephalitis: a propensity score analysis. J Neurol. 2021 Jun;268(6):2151-60. Abstract
97. Hodzic E, Hasbun R, Granillo A, et al. Steroids for the treatment of viral encephalitis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2023 Jul;270(7):3603-15.Full text Abstract
98. Whitfield T, Fernandez C, Davies K, et al. Protocol for DexEnceph: a randomised controlled trial of dexamethasone therapy in adults with herpes simplex virus encephalitis. BMJ Open. 2021 Jul 22;11(7):e041808.Full text Abstract
99. Steiner I, Budka H, Chaudhuri A, et al. Viral meningoencephalitis: a review of diagnostic methods and guidelines for management. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Aug;17(8):999-e57.Full text Abstract
100. Yan HJ. Herpes simplex encephalitis: the role of surgical decompression. Surg Neurol. 2002 Jan;57(1):20-4. Abstract
101. Uy CE, Binks S, Irani SR. Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management. Pract Neurol. 2021 Oct;21(5):412-23.Full text Abstract
102. Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, et al. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2011 Jan;10(1):63-74.Full text Abstract
103. McKeon A. Paraneoplastic and other autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system. Neurohospitalist. 2013 Apr;3(2):53-64.Full text Abstract
104. Stingl C, Cardinale K, Van Mater H. An update on the treatment of pediatric autoimmune encephalitis. Curr Treatm Opt Rheumatol. 2018 Mar;4(1):14-28.Full text Abstract
105. Nosadini M, Thomas T, Eyre M, et al. International consensus recommendations for the treatment of pediatric NMDAR antibody encephalitis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021 Jul 22;8(5):e1052.Full text Abstract
106. Bartolini L, Muscal E. Differences in treatment of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: results of a worldwide survey. J Neurol. 2017 Apr;264(4):647-53. Abstract
107. Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Dec;7(12):1091-8.Full text Abstract
108. Connelly-Smith L, Alquist CR, Aqui NA, et al. Guidelines on the use of therapeutic apheresis in clinical practice - evidence-based approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: the ninth special issue. J Clin Apher. 2023 Apr;38(2):77-278. Abstract
109. Fillatre P, Crabol Y, Morand P, et al. Infectious encephalitis: management without etiological diagnosis 48 hours after onset. Med Mal Infect. 2017 May;47(3):236-51.Full text Abstract
110. Christie S, Chan V, Mollayeva T, et al. Systematic review of rehabilitation intervention outcomes of adult and paediatric patients with infectious encephalitis. BMJ Open. 2018 May 14;8(5):e015928.Full text Abstract
111. Moorthi S, Schneider WN, Dombovy ML. Rehabilitation outcomes in encephalitis - a retrospective study 1990-1997. Brain Inj. 1999 Feb;13(2):139-46. Abstract
112. Lane-Brown AT, Tate RL. Apathy after acquired brain impairment: a systematic review of non-pharmacological interventions. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2009 Aug;19(4):481-516. Abstract
113. Pöhlmann C, Schetelig J, Reuner U, et al. Cidofovir and foscarnet for treatment of Human Herpes Virus 6 encephalitis in a neutropenic stem cell transplant recipient. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 15;44(12):e118-20.Full text Abstract
114. Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. [Archived] Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Aug 1;47(3):303-27.Full text Abstract
115. Teixeira Urzêdo Queiroz D, de Cássia Marques Leocádio J, Poggianella Esteves Santana LH, et al. Neurosyphilis masquerading as autoimmune encephalitis. Pract Neurol. 2024 Mar 19;24(2):152-4. Abstract
116. Szilak I, Marty F, Helft J, et al. Neurosyphilis presenting as herpes simplex encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Apr 1;32(7):1108-9.Full text Abstract
117. Wei P, Bao R, Fan Y. Brainstem encephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Pathogens. 2020 Aug 30;9(9):715.Full text Abstract
118. Meyer Sauteur PM, Jacobs BC, Spuesens EB, et al. Antibody responses to Mycoplasma pneumoniae: role in pathogenesis and diagnosis of encephalitis? PLoS Pathog. 2014 Jun 12;10(6):e1003983.Full text Abstract
119. Bradshaw MJ, Lalor KB, Vu N, et al. Child Neurology: Rocky Mountain spotted fever encephalitis. Neurology. 2017 Mar 14;88(11):e92-5.Full text Abstract
120. Iro MA, Martin NG, Absoud M, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of childhood encephalitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 2;(10):CD011367.Full text Abstract
121. Ben-Nathan D, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Samina I, et al. Using high titer West Nile intravenous immunoglobulin from selected Israeli donors for treatment of West Nile virus infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2009 Feb 17;9:18.Full text Abstract
122. Wagner JN, Leibetseder A, Troescher A, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of viral encephalitis: a systematic literature review. J Neurol. 2022 Feb;269(2):712-24.Full text Abstract
123. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2020-2021. Pediatrics. 2020 Oct;146(4):e2020024588.Full text Abstract
124. Singh TD, Fugate JE, Rabinstein AA. The spectrum of acute encephalitis: causes, management, and predictors of outcome. Neurology. 2015 Jan 27;84(4):359-66. Abstract
125. Thakur KT, Motta M, Asemota AO, et al. Predictors of outcome in acute encephalitis. Neurology. 2013 Aug 27;81(9):793-800.Full text Abstract
126. Michaeli O, Kassis I, Shachor-Meyouhas Y, et al. Long-term motor and cognitive outcome of acute encephalitis. Pediatrics. 2014 Mar;133(3):e546-52. Abstract
127. McJunkin JE, Khan R, de los Reyes EC, et al. Treatment of severe La Crosse encephalitis with intravenous ribavirin following diagnosis by brain biopsy. Pediatrics. 1997 Feb;99(2):261-7. Abstract
128. Fowler A, Stödberg T, Eriksson M, et al. Childhood encephalitis in Sweden: etiology, clinical presentation and outcome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2008 Nov;12(6):484-90. Abstract
129. Elbers JM, Bitnun A, Richardson SE, et al. A 12-year prospective study of childhood herpes simplex encephalitis: is there a broader spectrum of disease? Pediatrics. 2007 Feb;119(2):e399-407. Abstract
130. Annegers JF, Hauser WA, Beghi E, et al. The risk of unprovoked seizures after encephalitis and meningitis. Neurology. 1988 Sep;38(9):1407-10. Abstract
131. Singh TD, Fugate JE, Hocker SE, et al. Postencephalitic epilepsy: clinical characteristics and predictors. Epilepsia. 2015 Jan;56(1):133-8.Full text Abstract
132. McGrath N, Anderson NE, Croxson MC, et al. Herpes simplex encephalitis treated with acyclovir: diagnosis and long term outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;63(3):321-6.Full text Abstract
133. Armangue T, Spatola M, Vlagea A, et al. Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a prospective observational study and retrospective analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Sep;17(9):760-72.Full text Abstract
134. Gabilondo I, Saiz A, Galán L, et al. Analysis of relapses in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Neurology. 2011 Sep 6;77(10):996-9. Abstract
135. Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes. Brain. 2010 Jun;133(pt 6):1655-67.Full text Abstract
136. Yeshokumar AK, Gordon-Lipkin E, Arenivas A, et al. Neurobehavioral outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2017 Nov 15;312:8-14. Abstract
137. Ariño H, Armangué T, Petit-Pedrol M, et al. Anti-LGI1-associated cognitive impairment: Presentation and long-term outcome. Neurology. 2016 Aug 23;87(8):759-65.Full text Abstract
138. van Sonderen A, Thijs RD, Coenders EC, et al. Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: clinical syndrome and long-term follow-up. Neurology. 2016 Oct 4;87(14):1449-56. Abstract
139. Mailles A, De Broucker T, Costanzo P, et al; Steering Committee and Investigators Group. Long-term outcome of patients presenting with acute infectious encephalitis of various causes in France. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 May;54(10):1455-64.Full text Abstract
140. Chou IC, Lin CC, Kao CH. Enterovirus encephalitis increases the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a Taiwanese population-based case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Apr;94(16):e707. Abstract
141. Lowenstein DH, Bleck T, Macdonald RL. It's time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1999 Jan;40(1):120-2.Full text Abstract
142. Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012 Aug;17(1):3-23. Abstract
143. Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr. 2016 Jan-Feb;16(1):48-61.Full text Abstract
144. National Institute for health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text
145. Behan PO, Bakheit AM. Clinical spectrum of postviral fatigue syndrome. Br Med Bull. 1991 Oct;47(4):793-808. Abstract
146. Armangué T, Olivé-Cirera G, Martínez-Hernandez E, et al. Neurologic complications in herpes simplex encephalitis: clinical, immunological and genetic studies. Brain. 2023 Oct 3;146(10):4306-19.Full text Abstract
147. Pradhan S, Pandey N, Shashank S, et al. Parkinsonism due to predominant involvement of substantia nigra in Japanese encephalitis. Neurology. 1999 Nov 10;53(8):1781-6. Abstract
148. Muñoz-Lopetegi A, Graus F, Dalmau J, et al. Sleep disorders in autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Dec;19(12):1010-22. Abstract
149. Blattner MS, de Bruin GS, Bucelli RC, et al. Sleep disturbances are common in patients with autoimmune encephalitis. J Neurol. 2019 Apr;266(4):1007-15.Full text Abstract
150. Anderson KN, Kelly TP, Griffiths TD. Primary sleep disorders can cause long-term sleep disturbance in patients with autoimmune mediated limbic encephalitis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2013 Jul;115(7):1079-82.Full text Abstract
151. Blattner MS, Day GS. Sleep disturbances in patients with autoimmune encephalitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020 Jun 10;20(7):28.Full text Abstract
152. de Seze J, Debouverie M, Zephir H, et al. Acute fulminant demyelinating disease: a descriptive study of 60 patients. Arch Neurol. 2007 Oct;64(10):1426-32.Full text Abstract
153. Macniven JA, Poz R, Bainbridge K, et al. Emotional adjustment following cognitive recovery from 'persistent vegetative state': psychological and personal perspectives. Brain Inj. 2003 Jun;17(6):525-33.Full text Abstract
154. Easton A, Atkin K, Hare P. 'A light in a very dark place': the role of a voluntary organisation providing support for those affected by encephalitis. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2007 Aug-Oct;17(4-5):638-47.Full text Abstract
155. Solomon T, Hart IJ, Beeching NJ. Viral encephalitis: a clinician's guide. Pract Neurol. 2007 Oct;7(5):288-305. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer