Epistaxis

References

Key articles

National ENT Trainee Research Network. The British Rhinological Society multidisciplinary consensus recommendations on the hospital management of epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol. 2017 Dec;131(12):1142-56. Abstract

ENT UK. Nose bleed (epistaxis): global ENT guideline. March 2023 [internet publication].Full text

ENT UK. Guideline for management of idiopathic epistaxis in adults. March 2019 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

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5. Yau S. An update on epistaxis. Aust Fam Physician. 2015 Sep;44(9):653-6.Full text  Abstract

6. National ENT Trainee Research Network. The British Rhinological Society multidisciplinary consensus recommendations on the hospital management of epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol. 2017 Dec;131(12):1142-56. Abstract

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11. Viducich R, Blanda MP, Gerson LW. Posterior epistaxis: clinical features and acute complications. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 May;25(5):592-6. Abstract

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22. ENT UK. Nose bleed (epistaxis): global ENT guideline. March 2023 [internet publication].Full text

23. Stanworth SJ, Dowling K, Curry N, et al. Haematological management of major haemorrhage: a British Society for Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2022 Aug;198(4):654-67.Full text  Abstract

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25. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Child protection evidence: systematic review on ear, nose and throat. July 2021 [internet publication].Full text

26. ENT UK. Guideline for management of idiopathic epistaxis in adults. March 2019 [internet publication].Full text

27. Carney AS, Weir J, Baldwin DL. Contamination with blood during management of epistaxis. BMJ. 1995 Oct 21;311(7012):1064.Full text  Abstract

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29. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Scenario: management of acute epistaxis. September 2019 [internet publication].Full text

30. Turner P. The swimmer's nose clip in epistaxis. J Accid Emerg Med. 1996 Mar;13(2):134.Full text  Abstract

31. Michel J, Prulière Escabasse V, Bequignon E, et al. Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology (SFORL). Epistaxis and high blood pressure. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2017 Feb;134(1):33-5.Full text  Abstract

32. Joseph J, Martinez-Devesa P, Bellorini J, et al. Tranexamic acid for patients with nasal haemorrhage (epistaxis). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 31;12:CD004328.Full text  Abstract

33. Taeuber I, Weibel S, Herrmann E, et al. Association of intravenous tranexamic acid with thromboembolic events and mortality: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Surg. 2021 Apr 14;156(6):e210884.Full text  Abstract

34. Chiang CY, Lin JS, Tsai TY, et al. Comparative effectiveness of various noninvasive local treatments in patients with epistaxis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2023 Feb 9 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

35. Lloyd S, Almeyda J, Di Cuffa R, et al. The effect of silver nitrate on nasal septal cartilage. Ear Nose Throat J. 2005 Jan;84(1):41-4. Abstract

36. Royal College of Emergency Medicine. A runny nose - localised cutaneous argyria after nasal cautery. August 2020 [internet publication].Full text

37. Dehn R, Asprey D. Essential clinical procedures. 4th ed. Chapter 10: Epistaxis and nasal foreign body removal. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.

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39. Biggs TC, Nightingale K, Patel NN, et al. Should prophylactic antibiotics be used routinely in epistaxis patients with nasal packs? Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2013 Jan;95(1):40-2.Full text  Abstract

40. Badran K, Malik TH, Belloso A, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing Merocel and RapidRhino packing in the management of anterior epistaxis. Clin Otolaryngol. 2005 Aug;30(4):333-7. Abstract

41. Singer AJ, Blanda M, Cronin K, et al. Comparison of nasal tampons for the treatment of epistaxis in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2005 Feb;45(2):134-9. Abstract

42. Upile T, Jerjes W, Sipaul F, et al. The role of surgical audit in improving patient management; nasal haemorrhage: an audit study. BMC Surg. 2007 Sep 13;7:19.Full text  Abstract

43. Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM). Epistaxis. February 2020 [internet publication].Full text

44. Béquignon E, Teissier N, Gauthier A, et al. Emergency Department care of childhood epistaxis. Emerg Med J. 2017 Aug;34(8):543-8. Abstract

45. Qureishi A, Burton MJ. Interventions for recurrent idiopathic epistaxis (nosebleeds) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD004461.Full text  Abstract

46. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Epistaxis (nosebleeds). September 2019 [internet publication].Full text

47. Randall DA. Epistaxis packing. Practical pointers for nosebleed control. Postgrad Med. 2006 Jun-Jul;119(1):77-82. Abstract

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