Skull fractures

Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging: Shih RY, Burns J, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® head trauma: 2021 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5S):S13-36.Full text  Abstract

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27. Dias MS, Smith K, DeGuehery K, et al. Preventing abusive head trauma among infants and young children: a hospital-based, parent education program. Pediatrics. 2005 Apr;115(4):e470-7. Abstract

28. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. May 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

29. Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, et al. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 13;343(2):100-5.Full text  Abstract

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31. Gravel J, Gouin S, Chalut D, et al. Derivation and validation of a clinical decision rule to identify young children with skull fracture following isolated head trauma. CMAJ. 2015 Nov 3;187(16):1202-8.Full text  Abstract

32. Maguire S, Hunter B, Hunter L, et al. Diagnosing abuse: a systematic review of torn frenum and other intra-oral injuries. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Dec;92(12):1113-7. Abstract

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35. Roguski M, Morel B, Sweeney M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as an alternative to computed tomography in select patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective comparison. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015 May;15(5):529-34. Abstract

36. Mulroy MH, Loyd AM, Frush DP, et al. Evaluation of pediatric skull fracture imaging techniques. Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Jun 10;214(1-3):167-72. Abstract

37. Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging: Shih RY, Burns J, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® head trauma: 2021 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5S):S13-36.Full text  Abstract

38. Orman G, Wagner MW, Seeburg D, et al. Pediatric skull fracture diagnosis: should 3D CT reconstructions be added as routine imaging? J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015 Oct;16(4):426-31. Abstract

39. Provenzale J. CT and MR imaging of acute cranial trauma. Emerg Radiol. 2007 Apr;14(1):1-12. Abstract

40. Ringl H, Schernthaner R, Philipp MO, et al. Three-dimensional fracture visualisation of multidetector CT of the skull base in trauma patients: comparison of three reconstruction algorithms. Eur Radiol. 2009 Oct;19(10):2416-24. Abstract

41. Ringl H, Schernthaner RE, Schueller G, et al. The skull unfolded: a cranial CT visualization algorithm for fast and easy detection of skull fractures. Radiology. 2010 May;255(2):553-62. Abstract

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43. Dempewolf R, Gubbels S, Hansen MR. Acute radiographic workup of blunt temporal bone trauma: maxillofacial versus temporal bone CT. Laryngoscope. 2009 Mar;119(3):442-8. Abstract

44. Zhao X, Rizzo A, Malek B, et al. Basilar skull fracture: a risk factor for transverse/sigmoid venous sinus obstruction. J Neurotrauma. 2008 Feb;25(2):104-11. Abstract

45. Donovan DJ. Simple depressed skull fracture causing sagittal sinus stenosis and increased intracranial pressure: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 2005 Feb;63(2):380-3. Abstract

46. Kim PD, Jennings JS, Fisher M, et al. Risk of cervical spine injury and other complications seen with skull fractures in the setting of mild closed head injury in young children: a retrospective study. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2008;44(2):124-7. Abstract

47. Oller DW, Meredith JW, Rutledge R, et al. The relationship between face or skull fractures and cervical spine and spinal cord injuries: a review of 13,834 patients. Acid Anal Prev. 1992 Apr;24(2):1887-92. Abstract

48. Parri N, Crosby BJ, Glass C, et al. Ability of emergency ultrasonography to detect pediatric skull fractures: a prospective, observational study. J Emerg Med. 2013 Apr;44(2):135-41.Full text  Abstract

49. Rabiner JE, Friedman LM, Khine H, et al. Accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for diagnosis of skull fractures in children. Pediatrics. 2013 Jun;131(6):e1757-64. Abstract

50. Masaeli M, Chahardoli M, Azizi S, et al. Point of care ultrasound in detection of brain hemorrhage and skull fracture following pediatric head trauma; a diagnostic accuracy study. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2019;7(1):e53.Full text  Abstract

51. Expert Panel on Pediatric Imaging: Wootton-Gorges SL, Soares BP, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® suspected physical abuse-child. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 May;14(5s):S338-49.Full text  Abstract

52. American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of skeletal surveys in children. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

53. Section on Radiology, American Academy of Pediatrics. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Pediatrics. 2009 May;123(5):1430-5.Full text  Abstract

54. Bokhari R, You E, Bakhaidar M, et al. Dural venous sinus thrombosis in patients presenting with blunt traumatic brain injuries and skull fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2020 Oct;142:495-505.e3. Abstract

55. Abuabara A. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: diagnosis and management. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2007 Sep 1;12(5):E397-400.Full text  Abstract

56. Zaman S, Logan PH, Landes C, et al. Soft-tissue evidence of head injury in infants and young children: is CT head examination justified? Clin Radiol. 2017 Apr;72(4):316-22. Abstract

57. Hendrickson S, Murahari S, Scotter J, et al. Venous sinus injuries are common with occipital skull fractures. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014 Jul 7;22(suppl 1):O8.Full text

58. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® head trauma-child. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

59. Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury among children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Nov 5;172(11):e182853. Abstract

60. Lyons TW, Stack AM, Monuteaux MC, et al. A QI initiative to reduce hospitalization for children with isolated skull fractures. Pediatrics. 2016 Jun;137(6):e20153370.Full text  Abstract

61. Bonfield CM, Naran S, Adetayo OA, et al. Pediatric skull fractures: the need for surgical intervention, characteristics, complications, and outcomes. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014 Aug;14(2):205-11. Abstract

62. Demetriades D, Charalambides D, Lakhoo M, et al. Role of prophylactic antibiotics in open and basilar fractures of the skull: a randomized study. Injury. 1992;23(6):377-80. Abstract

63. Ratilal BO, Costa J, Pappamikail L, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing meningitis in patients with basilar skull fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 28;(4):CD004884.Full text  Abstract

64. Rehman L, Ghani E, Hussain A, et al. Infection in compound depressed fracture of the skull. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2007 Mar;17(3):140-3. Abstract

65. Nellis JC, Kesser BW, Park SS. What is the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in basilar skull fractures? Laryngoscope. 2014 Jan;124(1):8-9.Full text  Abstract

66. Tunkel AR, Hasbun R, Bhimraj A, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America's clinical practice guidelines for healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Mar 15;64(6):e34-65.Full text  Abstract

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68. Kaptigau WM, Ke L, Rosenfeld JV. Open depressed and penetrating skull fractures in Port Moresby General Hospital from 2003 to 2005. P N G Med J. 2007 Mar-Jun;50(1-2):58-63. Abstract

69. Heary RF, Hunt CD, Krieger AJ, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of compound depressed skull fractures. J Trauma. 1993 Sep;35(3):441-7. Abstract

70. Marbacher S, Andres RH, Fathi AR, et al. Primary reconstruction of open depressed skull fractures with titanium mesh. J Craniofac Surg. 2008 Mar;19(2):490-5. Abstract

71. Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, et al; Surgical Management of Traumatic Brain Injury Author Group. Surgical management of depressed cranial fractures. Neurosurgery. 2006 Mar;58(3 suppl):S56-60. Abstract

72. Wylen EL, Willis BK, Nanda A. Infection rate with replacement of bone fragment in compound depressed skull fractures. Surg Neurol. 1999 Apr;51(4):452-7. Abstract

73. Yetiser S, Hidir Y, Gonul E. Facial nerve problems and hearing loss in patients with temporal bone fractures: demographic data. J Trauma. 2008 Dec;65(6):1314-20. Abstract

74. Dalgic A, Okay HO, Gezici AR, et al. An effective and less invasive treatment of post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula: closed lumbar drainage system. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 2008 Jun;51(3):154-7. Abstract

75. Nash JJ, Friedland DR, Boorsma KJ, et al. Management and outcomes of facial paralysis from intratemporal blunt trauma: a systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2010 Jul;120(7):1397-404. Abstract

76. Sherif C, Di leva A, Gibson D, et al. A management algorithm for cerebrospinal fluid leak associated with anterior skull base fractures: detailed clinical and radiological follow-up. Neurosurg Rev. 2012 Apr;35(2):227-37;discussion 237-8. Abstract

77. Phang SY, Whitehouse K, Lee L, et al. Management of CSF leak in base of skull fractures in adults. Br J Neurosurg. 2016 Dec;30(6):596-604. Abstract

78. Yilmazlar S, Arslan E, Kocaeli H, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage complicating skull base fractures: analysis of 81 cases. Neurosurg Rev. 2006 Jan;29(1):64-71. Abstract

79. Liesemer K, Bratton SL, Zebrack CM, et al. Early post-traumatic seizures in moderate to severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: rates, risk factors, and clinical features. J Neurotrauma. 2011 May;28(5):755-62. Abstract

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83. CRASH-3 trial collaborators. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, disability, vascular occlusive events and other morbidities in patients with acute traumatic brain injury (CRASH-3): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Nov 9;394(10210):1713-23.Full text  Abstract

84. Rowell SE, Meier EN, McKnight B, et al. Effect of out-of-hospital tranexamic acid vs placebo on 6-month functional neurologic outcomes in patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. JAMA. 2020 Sep 8;324(10):961-74.Full text  Abstract

85. Umana GE, Pucci R, Palmisciano P, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks after anterior skull base trauma: a systematic review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2022 Jan;157:193-206.e2. Abstract

86. Sonig A, Thakur JD, Chittiboina P, et al. Is posttraumatic cerebrospinal fluid fistula a predictor of posttraumatic meningitis? A US nationwide inpatient sample database study. Neurosurg Focus. 2012 Jun;32(6):E4.Full text  Abstract

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88. Coello AF, Canals AG, Gonzalez JM, et al. Cranial nerve injury after minor head trauma. J Neurosurg. 2010 Sep;113(3):547-55. Abstract

89. Dunklebarger J, Branstetter B 4th, Lincoln A, et al. Pediatric temporal bone fractures: current trends and comparison of classification schemes. Laryngoscope. 2014 Mar;124(3):781-4. Abstract

90. Montava M, Mancini J, Masson C, et al. Temporal bone fractures: sequelae and their impact on quality of life. Am J Otolaryngol. 2015 May-Jun;36(3):364-70. Abstract

91. Liang W, Xiaofeng Y, Weiguo L, et al. Traumatic carotid cavernous fistula accompanying basilar skull fracture: a study on the incidence of traumatic carotid cavernous fistula in the patients with basilar skull fracture and the prognostic analysis about traumatic carotid cavernous fistula. J Trauma. 2007 Nov;63(5):1014-20; discussion 1020. Abstract

92. Ellis JA, Goldstein H, Connolly ES Jr, et al. Carotid-cavernous fistulas. Neurosurg Focus. 2012 May;32(5):E9.Full text  Abstract

93. Lopez Gomez P, Mato Mañas D, Torres Diez E, et al. Post-traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula. Pract Neurol. 2021 Jun;21(3):259-60. Abstract

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95. Living Concussion Guidelines: Guideline for concussion & prolonged symptoms for adults 18 years of age or older. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

96. Sivori LA 2nd, de Leeuw R, Morgan I, et al. Complications of frontal sinus fractures with emphasis on chronic craniofacial pain and its treatment: a review of 43 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Sep;68(9):2041-6. Abstract