References
Key articles
American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: stress (fatigue-insufficiency) fracture including sacrum excluding other vertebrae. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (complex): assessment and management. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Prevention of surgical site infections after major extremity trauma. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: stress (fatigue-insufficiency) fracture including sacrum excluding other vertebrae. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
2. Matcuk GR Jr, Mahanty SR, Skalski MR, et al. Stress fractures: pathophysiology, clinical presentation, imaging features, and treatment options. Emerg Radiol. 2016 Aug;23(4):365-75. Abstract
3. Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, et al. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. Vol 1, 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.
4. Neer CS 2nd. Displaced proximal humeral fractures: part I. Classification and evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970 Sep;52(6):1077-89.Full text
5. Tamai K, Hamada J, Ohno W, et al. Surgical anatomy of multipart fractures of the proximal humerus. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002 Sep-Oct;11(5):421-7. Abstract
6. Mora Guix JM, Pedros JS, Serrano AC. Updated classification system for proximal humeral fractures. Clin Med Res. 2009 Jun;7(1-2):32-44.Full text Abstract
7. Kellam JF, Audigé L; AO Foundation. Fracture classification [internet publication].Full text
8. AO Foundation. Proximal forearm fractures. October 2007 [internet publication].Full text
9. AO Classification Supervisory Committee. Radius/Ulna. J Orthop Trauma. 2007 Nov-Dec;21(10):S19-S30.Full text
10. Winquist RA, Hansen ST Jr. Comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft treated by intramedullary nailing. Orthop Clin North Am. 1980 Jul;11(3):633-48. Abstract
11. Winquist RA, Hansen ST Jr, Clawson DK. Closed intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures: a report of five hundred and twenty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984 Apr;66(4):529-39. Abstract
12. AO Foundation. AO surgery reference: tibia shaft - diagnosis. Version 2. May 2012 [internet publication].Full text
13. Tscherne H, Oestern HJ. A new classification of soft-tissue damage in open and closed fractures. Unfallheilkunde [in German]. 1982 Mar;85(3):111-5. Abstract
14. Arendt E, Agel J, Heikes C, et al. Stress injuries to bone in college athletes: a retrospective review of experience at a single institution. Am J Sports Med. 2003 Nov-Dec;31(6):959-68. Abstract
15. Matheson GO, Clement DB, McKenzie DC, et al. Stress fractures in athletes. A study of 320 cases. Am J Sports Med. 1987 Jan-Feb;15(1):46-58. Abstract
16. Niva MH, Sormaala MJ, Kiuru MJ, et al. Bone stress injuries of the ankle and foot: an 86-month magnetic resonance imaging-based study of physically active young adults. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Apr;35(4):643-9. Abstract
17. Singer BR, McLauchlan GJ, Robinson CM, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in 15,000 adults: the influence of age and gender. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998 Mar;80(2):243-8.Full text Abstract
18. Kaneko TM, Foley RN, Gilbertson DT, et al. Clinical epidemiology of long-bone fractures in patients receiving hemodialysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Apr;457:188-93. Abstract
19. Dennison E, Mohamed MA, Cooper C. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2006 Nov;32(4):617-29. Abstract
20. Nguyen ND, Eisman JA, Center JR, et al. Risk factors for fracture in nonosteoporotic men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Mar;92(3):955-62.Full text Abstract
21. Koenig SJ, Toth AP, Bosco JA. Stress fractures and stress reactions of the diaphyseal femur in collegiate athletes: an analysis of 25 cases. Am J Orthop. 2008 Sep;37(9):476-80. Abstract
22. De Souza MJ, Nattiv A, Joy E, et al. 2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition consensus statement on treatment and return to play of the female athlete triad: 1st international conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd international conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013. Br J Sports Med. 2014 Feb;48(4):289.Full text Abstract
23. Goolsby MA, Boniquit N. Bone health in athletes. Sports Health. 2017 Mar/Apr;9(2):108-17. Abstract
24. Tytherleigh-Strong G, Walls N, McQueen MM. The epidemiology of humeral shaft fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998 Mar;80(2):249-53. Abstract
25. Tsai CH, Fong YC, Chen YH, et al. The epidemiology of traumatic humeral shaft fractures in Taiwan. Int Orthop. 2009 Apr;33(2):463-7.Full text Abstract
26. Gregersen HN. Fractures of the humerus from muscular violence. Acta Orthop Scand. 1971;42(6):506-12. Abstract
27. Tellisi NK, Abusitta GR, Fernandes RJ. Bilateral posterior fracture dislocation of the shoulders following seizure. Saudi Med J. 2004 Nov;25(11):1727-9. Abstract
28. Lendemans S, Taeger G, Nast-Kolb D. Dislocation fractures of the forearm: Galeazzi, Monteggia, and Essex-Lopresti injuries. Unfallchirurg. 2008 Dec;111(12):1005-14. Abstract
29. Ahluwalia R, Datz FL, Morton KA, et al. Bilateral fatigue fractures of the radial shaft in a gymnast. Clin Nucl Med. 1994 Aug;19(8):665-7. Abstract
30. Hsu MC, Lue KH, Lin ZI, et al. Stress fracture at the junction of the middle and distal third of the ulnar diaphysis in a spinner bowler: a case report and a review of the literature. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005 Sep;13(6):499-504. Abstract
31. French B, Tornetta P 3rd. High-energy tibial shaft fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 2002 Jan;33(1):211-30, ix. Abstract
32. Iwamoto J, Takeda T. Stress fractures in athletes: review of 196 cases. J Orthop Sci. 2003;8(3):273-8. Abstract
33. Milgrom C, Giladi M, Kashtan H, et al. A prospective study of the effect of a shock-absorbing orthotic device on the incidence of stress fractures in military recruits. Foot Ankle. 1985 Oct;6(2):101-4. Abstract
34. Aparisi Gómez MP. Nonspinal fragility fractures. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2016 Sep;20(4):330-44. Abstract
35. Lyders EM, Whitlowa CT, Baker MD, et al. Imaging and treatment of sacral insufficiency fractures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010 Feb;31(2):201-10.Full text Abstract
36. Fayad LM, Kamel IR, Kawamoto S, et al. Distinguishing stress fractures from pathologic fractures: a multimodality approach. Skeletal Radiol. 2005 May;34(5):245-59. Abstract
37. Geusens P, Emans PJ, de Jong JJ, et al. NSAIDs and fracture healing. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013 Jul;25(4):524-31. Abstract
38. Chen MR, Dragoo JL. The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on tissue healing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013 Mar;21(3):540-9. Abstract
39. Kurmis AP, Kurmis TP, O'Brien JX, et al. The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration on acute phase fracture-healing: a review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 May 2;94(9):815-23. Abstract
40. Marsell R, Einhorn TA. The biology of fracture healing. Injury. 2011 Jun;42(6):551-5.Full text Abstract
41. Mahabier KC, Vogels LM, Punt BJ, et al. Humeral shaft fractures: retrospective results of non-operative and operative treatment of 186 patients. Injury. 2013 Apr;44(4):427-30. Abstract
42. Kapil Mani KC, Gopal Sagar DC, Rijal L, et al. Study on outcome of fracture shaft of the humerus treated non-operatively with a functional brace. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2013 Apr;23(3):323-8. Abstract
43. Ostrum RF, Agarwal A, Lakatos R, et al. Prospective comparison of retrograde and antegrade femoral intramedullary nailing. J Orthop Trauma. Sep-Oct 2000;14(7):496-501. Abstract
44. Gennari L, Bilezikian JP. Osteoporosis in men. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007 Jun;36(2):399-419. Abstract
45. Gedmintas L, Solomon DH, Kim SC. Bisphosphonates and risk of subtrochanteric, femoral shaft, and atypical femur fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res. 2013 Aug;28(8):1729-37. Abstract
46. Black DM, Geiger EJ, Eastell R, et al. Atypical femur fracture risk versus fragility fracture prevention with bisphosphonates. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 20;383(8):743-53.Full text Abstract
47. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 2006 data. DOT HS 810 809. March 2008 [internet publication].Full text
48. Cameron ID, Dyer SM, Panagoda CE, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Sep 7;9(9):CD005465.Full text Abstract
49. Oliver D, Connelly JB, Victor CR, et al. Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2007 Jan 13;334(7584):82.Full text Abstract
50. Gass M, Dawson-Hughes B. Preventing osteoporosis-related fractures: an overview. Am J Med. 2006 Apr;119(4 Suppl 1):S3-S11. Abstract
51. Collinge C, Favela J. Use of teriparatide in osteoporotic fracture patients. Injury. 2016 Jan;47 Suppl 1:S36-8. Abstract
52. Johansson T. PTH 1-34 (teriparatide) may not improve healing in proximal humerus fractures. A randomized, controlled study of 40 patients. Acta Orthop. 2016 Feb;87(1):79-82.Full text Abstract
53. Pehlivan O, Kiral A, Akmaz I, et al. Humeral shaft fractures secondary to throwing. Orthopedics. 2003 Nov;26(11):1139-41. Abstract
54. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (complex): assessment and management. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text
55. British Orthopaedic Association; British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. BOA Standards for Trauma and Orthopaedics (BOASTs): open fractures. December 2017 [internet publication].Full text
56. British Orthopaedic Association; British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. BOA Standards for Trauma and Orthopaedics (BOASTs): diagnosis and management of compartment syndrome of the limbs. July 2014 [internet publication].Full text
57. Ulmer T. The clinical diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the lower leg: are clinical findings predictive of the disorder? J Orthop Trauma. 2002;16:572-577. Abstract
58. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Management of acute compartment syndrome. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline. December 2018 [internet publication].Full text
59. Lassus J, Tulikoura I, Konttinen YT, et al. Bone stress injuries of the lower extremity: a review. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002 Jun;73(3):359-68.Full text Abstract
60. Bencardino JT, Kassarjian A, Palmer WE. Magnetic resonance imaging of the hip: sports-related injuries. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Apr;14(2):145-60.Full text Abstract
61. Edelson G, Saffuri H, Obid E, et al. The three-dimensional anatomy of proximal humeral fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. Jul-Aug 2009;18(4):535-44. Abstract
62. Sabick MB, Torry MR, Kim YK, et al. Humeral torque in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2004 Jun;32(4):892-8. Abstract
63. Curtin P, Taylor C, Rice J. Thrower's fracture of the humerus with radial nerve palsy: an unfamiliar softball injury. Br J Sports Med. 2005 Nov;39(11):e40.Full text Abstract
64. Lieurance R, Benjamin JB, Rappaport WD. Blood loss and transfusion in patients with isolated femur fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 1992;6(2):175-9. Abstract
65. Schilcher J, Aspenberg P. Incidence of stress fractures of the femoral shaft in women treated with bisphosphonate. Acta Orthop. 2009 Aug;80(4):413-5.Full text Abstract
66. Neviaser AS, Lane JM, Lenart BA, et al. Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use. J Orthop Trauma. 2008 May-Jun;22(5):346-50. Abstract
67. Maitra RS, Johnson DL. Stress fractures: clinical history and physical examination. Clin Sports Med. 1997 Apr;16(2):259-74. Abstract
68. Moran DS, Evans RK, Hadad E. Imaging of lower extremity stress fracture injuries. Sports Med. 2008;38(4):345-56. Abstract
69. Eiff MP, Hatch R, Calmbach WL. Fracture management for primary care. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998:188-9.
70. Schmidt AH, Finkemeier CG, Tornetta P 3rd. Treatment of closed tibial fractures. Instr Course Lect. 2003;52:607-22. Abstract
71. Fredericson M, Jennings F, Beaulieu C, et al. Stress fractures in athletes. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 Oct;17(5):309-25. Abstract
72. Varner KE, Younas SA, Lintner DM, et al. Chronic anterior midtibial stress fractures in athletes treated with reamed intramedullary nailing. Am J Sports Med. 2005 Jul;33(7):1071-6. Abstract
73. Bucholz RW, Heckman JD, Court-Brown C, eds. Rockwood and Green's fractures in adults. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:163.
74. Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al ; American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e278S-e325S.Full text Abstract
75. ICM-VTE General Delegates. Recommendations from the ICM-VTE: General. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2022 Mar 16;104(suppl 1):4-162.Full text Abstract
76. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Murad MH, et al. Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: an American College of Chest Physicians clinical practice guideline. Chest. 2022 Nov;162(5):e207-43.Full text Abstract
77. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Prevention of surgical site infections after major extremity trauma. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text
78. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Appropriate use criteria: distal radius fractures: treatment. 2013 [internet publication].Full text
79. Ker K, Roberts I, Shakur H, et al. Antifibrinolytic drugs for acute traumatic injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 9;(5):CD004896.Full text Abstract
80. CRASH-2 collaborators., Roberts I, Shakur H, et al. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: an exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Mar 26;377(9771):1096-101, 1101.e1-2.Full text Abstract
81. Gayet-Ageron A, Prieto-Merino D, Ker K, et al. Effect of treatment delay on the effectiveness and safety of antifibrinolytics in acute severe haemorrhage: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data from 40 138 bleeding patients. Lancet. 2018 Jan 13;391(10116):125-32.Full text Abstract
82. Denard A Jr, Richards JE, Obremskey WT, et al. Outcome of nonoperative vs operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures: a retrospective study of 213 patients. Orthopedics. 2010 Aug 11;33(8). Abstract
83. Gosler MW, Testroote M, Morrenhof JW, et al. Surgical versus non-surgical interventions for treating humeral shaft fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;1:CD008832.Full text Abstract
84. Ma J, Xing D, Ma X, et al. Intramedullary Nail versus Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation in Treating Humeral Shaft Fractures: Grading the Evidence through a Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2013 Dec 16;8(12):e82075.Full text Abstract
85. Handoll HH, Elliott J, Thillemann TM, et al. Interventions for treating proximal humeral fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jun 21;6(6):CD000434.Full text Abstract
86. Macintyre NR, Ilyas AM, Jupiter JB. Treatment of forearm fractures. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2009 Feb;76(1):7-14. Abstract
87. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Appropriate use criteria: prevention of surgical site infection after high energy extremity trauma. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
88. Eathiraju S, Mudgal CS, Jupiter JB. Monteggia fracture-dislocations. Hand Clin. 2007 May;23(2):165-77, v. Abstract
89. Wood SP, Vrahas M, Wedel SK. Femur fracture immobilization with traction splints in multisystem trauma patients. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003 Apr-Jun;7(2):241-3. Abstract
90. Newman B, McCarthy L, Thomas PW, et al. A comparison of pre-operative nerve stimulator-guided femoral nerve block and fascia iliaca compartment block in patients with a femoral neck fracture. Anaesthesia. 2013 Sep;68(9):899-903. Abstract
91. Beaudoin FL, Haran JP, Liebmann O. A comparison of ultrasound-guided three-in-one femoral nerve block versus parenteral opioids alone for analgesia in emergency department patients with hip fractures: a randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 Jun;20(6):584-91. Abstract
92. Sia S, Pelusio F, Barbagli R, et al. Analgesia before performing a spinal block in the sitting position in patients with femoral shaft fracture: a comparison between femoral nerve block and intravenous fentanyl. Anesth Analg. 2004 Oct;99(4):1221-4. Abstract
93. Karagiannis G, Hardern R. Best evidence topic report. No evidence found that a femoral nerve block in cases of femoral shaft fractures can delay the diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the thigh. Emerg Med J. 2005 Nov;22(11):814.Full text Abstract
94. Neubauer T, Ritter E, Potschka T, et al. Retrograde nailing of femoral fractures. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2008 Jun;75(3):158-66. Abstract
95. Bara T, Sibinski M, Synder M. Own clinical experience with functional bracing for treatment of pseudarthrosis and delayed union of the tibia. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2007 May-Jun;9(3):259-63. Abstract
96. Sarmiento A, Latta LL. 450 closed fractures of the distal third of the tibia treated with a functional brace. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Nov;(428):261-71. Abstract
97. Kaeding CC, Yu JR, Wright R, et al. Management and return to play of stress fractures. Clin J Sport Med. 2005 Nov;15(6):442-7. Abstract
98. Dickson TB Jr, Kichline PD. Functional management of stress fractures in female athletes using a pneumatic leg brace. Am J Sports Med. 1987 Jan-Feb;15(1):86-9. Abstract
99. Swenson EJ Jr, DeHaven KE, Sebastianelli WJ, et al. The effect of a pneumatic leg brace on return to play in athletes with tibial stress fractures. Am J Sports Med. 1997 May-Jun;25(3):322-8. Abstract
100. Monteleone GP Jr. Stress fractures in the athlete. Orthop Clin North Am. 1995 Jul;26(3):423-32. Abstract
101. Tripuraneni K, Ganga S, Quinn R, et al. The effect of time delay to surgical debridement of open tibia shaft fractures on infection rate. Orthopedics. 2008 Dec;31(12).Full text Abstract
102. Holtom PD. Antibiotic prophylaxis: current recommendations. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006;14(10 Spec No.):S98-100. Abstract
103. Gosselin RA, Roberts I, Gillespie WJ. Antibiotics for preventing infection in open limb fractures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004 Jan 26;(1):CD003764.Full text Abstract
104. Hauser CJ, Adams CA Jr, Eachempati SR; Council of the Surgical Infection Society. Surgical Infection Society guideline: prophylactic antibiotic use in open fractures: an evidence-based guideline. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2006 Aug;7(4):379-405. Abstract
105. Vasenius J, Tulikoura I, Vainionpaa S, et al. Clindamycin versus cloxacillin in the treatment of 240 open fractures: a randomized prospective study. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1998;87(3):224-8. Abstract
106. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Management of distal radius fractures. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. December 2020 [internet publication].Full text
107. Abdul-Hadi O, Parvizi J, Austin MS, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in orthopaedics. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Aug;91(8):2020-7. Abstract
108. Boursinos LA, Karachalios T, Poultsides L, et al. Do steroids, conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective Cox-2 inhibitors adversely affect fracture healing? J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2009 Jan-Mar;9(1):44-52.Full text Abstract
109. Chang RW, Tompkins DM, Cohn SM. Are NSAIDs safe? Assessing the risk-benefit profile of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in postoperative pain management. Am Surg. 2021 Jun;87(6):872-9.Full text Abstract
110. Zhao-Fleming H, Hand A, Zhang K, et al. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on post-surgical complications against the backdrop of the opioid crisis. Burns Trauma. 2018;6:25.Full text Abstract
111. Griffin XL, Costa ML, Parsons N, et al. Electromagnetic field stimulation for treating delayed union or non-union of long bone fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Apr 13;(4):CD008471.Full text Abstract
112. Griffin XL, Parsons N, Costa ML, et al. Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 23;2014(6):CD008579.Full text Abstract
113. Ryzewicz M, Morgan SJ, Linford E, et al. Central bone grafting for nonunion of fractures of the tibia: a retrospective series. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009 Apr;91(4):522-9. Abstract
114. Govender S, Csimma C, Genant HK, et al. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for treatment of open tibial fractures: a prospective, controlled, randomized study of four hundred and fifty patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 Dec;84(12):2123-34. Abstract
115. Anderson DR, Morgano GP, Bennett C, et al. American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical hospitalized patients. Blood Adv. 2019 Dec 10;3(23):3898-944.Full text Abstract
116. US Preventive Services Task Force., Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018 Apr 17;319(15):1592-9.Full text Abstract
117. Gandhi RR, Overton TL, Haut ER, et al. Optimal timing of femur fracture stabilization in polytrauma patients: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014 Nov;77(5):787-95Full text Abstract
118. Schmitz MA, Finnegan M, Natarajan R, et al. Effect of smoking on tibial shaft fracture healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999 Aug;(365):184-200. Abstract
119. Nyquist F, Berglund M, Nilsson BE, et al. Nature and healing of tibial shaft fractures in alcohol abusers. Alcohol Alcohol. 1997 Jan-Feb;32(1):91-5. Abstract
120. Hak DJ. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in trauma and long bone fractures. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2001 Sep;7(5):338-43. Abstract
121. Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial Collaborative Group. Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial. Lancet. 2000 Apr 15;355(9212):1295-302. Abstract
122. Jameson SS, James P, Howcroft DW, et al. Venous thromboembolic events are rare after shoulder surgery: analysis of a national database. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011 Jul;20(5):764-70. Abstract
123. Selby R, Geerts WH, Kreder HJ, et al. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism uncommon without thromboprophylaxis after isolated lower-limb fracture: the knee-to-ankle fracture (KAF) cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014 May 21;96(10):e83. Abstract
124. Kahn SR, Shivakumar S. What's new in VTE risk and prevention in orthopedic surgery. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2020 Mar;4(3):366-76.Full text Abstract
125. Wahlsten LR, Eckardt H, Lyngbæk S, et al. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism following fractures distal to the knee: a nationwide Danish cohort study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Mar 18;97(6):470-7. Abstract
126. Falck-Ytter Y, Francis CW, Johanson NA, et al ; American College of Chest Physicians. Prevention of VTE in orthopedic surgery patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(suppl 2):e278S-e325S.Full text Abstract
128. Elliott KG, Johnstone AJ. Diagnosing acute compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003 Jul;85(5):625-32.Full text Abstract
129. Gurd AR, Wilson RI. The fat embolism syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974 Aug;56B(3):408-16. Abstract
130. Habashi NM, Andrews PL, Scalea TM. Therapeutic aspects of fat embolism syndrome. Injury. 2006 Oct;37 Suppl 4:S68-73. Abstract
131. White T, Petrisor BA, Bhandari M. Prevention of fat embolism syndrome. Injury. 2006 Oct;37 Suppl 4:S59-67. Abstract
132. Johnson MJ, Lucas GL. Fat embolism syndrome. Orthopedics. 1996 Jan;19(1):41-8. Abstract
133. Bachiller FG, Caballer AP, Portal LF. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head after femoral neck fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002 Jun;(399):87-109. Abstract
134. Keating J. Femoral neck fractures. In Buchold RW, ed. Rockwood and Green’s fractures in adults. 7th ed, v. 2. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2010.
135. Mont MA, Marulanda GA, Jones LC, et al. Systematic analysis of classification systems for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Nov;88 Suppl 3:16-26. Abstract
136. Jawad MU, Haleem AA, Scully SP. In brief: Ficat classification: avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Sep;470(9):2636-9. Abstract
137. Rajagopal M, Balch Samora J, Ellis TJ. Efficacy of core decompression as treatment for osteonecrosis of the hip: a systematic review. Hip Int. 2012 Sept-Oct;22(5):489-93. Abstract
138. Wang CJ, Wang FS, Huang CC, et al. Treatment for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: comparison of extracorporeal shock waves with core decompression and bone-grafting. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Nov;87(11):2380-7. Abstract
139. Agarwala S, Jain D, Joshi VR, Sule A. Efficacy of alendronate, a bisphosphonate, in the treatment of AVN of the hip. A prospective open-label study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Mar;44(3):352-9.Full text Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer