Benzodiazepine overdose

Klega AE, Keehbauch JT. Stimulant and designer drug use: primary care management. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jul 15;98(2):85-92.Full text  Abstract

1. Hojer J, Baehrendtz S. The effect of flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) in the management of self-induced benzodiazepine poisoning. A double-blind controlled study. Acta Med Scand. 1988;224(4):357-65. Abstract

2. Klega AE, Keehbauch JT. Stimulant and designer drug use: primary care management. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jul 15;98(2):85-92.Full text  Abstract

3. Gleason PP, Schulz R, Smith NL, et al. Correlates and prevalence of benzodiazepine use in community-dwelling elderly. J Gen Intern Med. 1998 Apr;13(4):243-50.Full text  Abstract

4. Valenstein M, Khanujua Taylor K, Austin K, et al. Benzodiazepine use among depressed patients treated in mental health settings. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Apr;161(4):654-61.Full text  Abstract

5. Guina J, Rossetter SR, DeRhodes BJ, et al. Benzodiazepines for PTSD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Pract. 2015 Jul;21(14):281-303. Abstract

6. Brunoni AR, Nunes MA, Figueiredo R, et al. Patterns of benzodiazepine and antidepressant use among middle-aged adults: the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil). J Affect Disord. 2013 Oct;151(1):71-7. Abstract

7. Préville M, Vasiliadis HM, Bossé C, et al. Pattern of psychotropic drug use among older adults having a depression or an anxiety disorder: results from the longitudinal ESA study. Can J Psychiatry. 2011 Jun;56(6):348-57.Full text  Abstract

8. Saarelainen L, Tolppanen AM, Koponen M, et al. Risk of hip fracture in benzodiazepine users with and without Alzheimer disease. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017 Jan;18(1):87;e15-87;e21.Full text  Abstract

9. Taipale H, Koponen M, Tanskanen A, et al. Use of benzodiazepines and related drugs is associated with a risk of stroke among persons with Alzheimer's disease. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;32(3):135-41. Abstract

10. Huang WS, Muo CH, Chang SN, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of stroke: a retrospective population-based cohort study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014 Apr;68(4):255-62. Abstract

11. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Whyte IM, et al. Relative toxicity of benzodiazepines in overdose. BMJ. 1995 Jan 28;310(6974):219-21.Full text  Abstract

12. Warner M, Trinidad JP, Bastian BA, et al. Drugs most frequently involved in drug overdose deaths: United States, 2010-2014. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2016 Dec;65(10):1-15.Full text  Abstract

13. Bachhuber MA, Hennessy S, Cunningham CO, et al. Increasing benzodiazepine prescriptions and overdose mortality in the United States, 1996-2013. Am J Public Health. 2016 Apr;106(4):686-8.Full text  Abstract

14. National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Drug overdose death rates. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

15. Okamoto R, Itoh Y, Murata Y, et al. Reduction of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors during development of benzodiazepine dependence. Pharmacology. 2013;91(3-4):145-52. Abstract

16. Backmund M, Meyer K, Henkel C, et al. Co-consumption of benzodiazepines in heroin users, methadone-substituted and codeine-substituted patients. J Addict Dis. 2005;24(4):17-29. Abstract

17. Man LH, Best D, Gossop M, et al. Relationship between prescribing and risk of opiate overdose among drug users in and out of maintenance treatment. Eur Addict Res. 2004;10(1):35-40. Abstract

18. Gahlinger PM. Illegal drugs: A complete guide to their history, chemistry, use and abuse. New York: Penguin (Plume); 2004.

19. Willems IA, Gorgels WJ, Oude Voshaar RC, et al. Tolerance to benzodiazepines among long-term users in primary care. Fam Pract. 2013 Aug;30(4):404-10.Full text  Abstract

20. McCabe SE, West BT. Medical and nonmedical use of prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics among US high school seniors. Addict Behav. 2014 May;39(5):959-64. Abstract

21. Janhsen K, Roser P, Hoffmann K. The problems of long-term treatment with benzodiazepines and related substances. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015 Jan 5;112(1-2):1-7.Full text  Abstract

22. Olfson M, King M, Schoenbaum M. Benzodiazepine use in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;72(2):136-42. Abstract

23. Everitt H, McDermott L, Leydon G, et al. GPs' management strategies for patients with insomnia: a survey and qualitative interview study. Br J Gen Pract. 2014 Feb;64(619):e112-9.Full text  Abstract

24. Lugoboni F, Mirijello A, Faccini M, et al. Quality of life in a cohort of high-dose benzodiazepine dependent patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Sep 1;142:105-9. Abstract

25. Harnod T, Lin CL, Sung FC, et al. An association between benzodiazepine use and occurrence of benign brain tumors. J Neurol Sci. 2014 Jan 15;336(1-2):8-12.Full text  Abstract

26. Vozoris NT, Fischer HD, Wang X, et al. Benzodiazepine use among older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. Drugs Aging. 2013 Mar;30(3):183-92. Abstract

27. Billioti de Gage S, Moride Y, Ducruet T, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer's disease: case-control study. BMJ. 2014 Sep 9;349:g5205.Full text  Abstract

28. Konopka A, Pełka-Wysiecka J, Grzywacz A, et al. Psychosocial characteristics of benzodiazepine addicts compared to not addicted benzodiazepine users. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan 10;40:229-35. Abstract

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stop Overdose. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

30. Wu AH, McKay C, Broussard LA, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines: recommendations for the use of laboratory tests to support poisoned patients who present to the emergency department. Clin Chem. 2003 Mar;49(3):357-79.Full text  Abstract

31. Haverkos GP, DiSalvo RP, Imhoff TE. Fatal seizures after flumazenil administration in a patient with mixed overdose. Ann Pharmacother. 1994 Dec;28(12):1347-9. Abstract

32. Spivey WH. Flumazenil and seizures: analysis of 43 cases. Clin Ther. 1992 Mar-Apr;14(2):292-305. Abstract

33. National Poisons Information Service. TOXBASE®: Flumazenil-antidote. Apr 2021 [internet publication].

34. Lavonas EJ, Akpunonu PD, Arens AM, et al. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning: an update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2023 Oct 17;148(16):e149-84.Full text  Abstract

35. Velluti R, Pedemonte M. Differential effects of benzodiazepines on cochlear and auditory nerve responses. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1986 Dec;64(6):556-62. Abstract

36. Bezchlibnyk-Butler JZ, Jeffries JJ. Clinical handbook of psychotropic drugs, 16th ed. Toronto, Canada: Hogrefe & Huber Publishing; 2006.

37. Ngo AS, Anthony CR, Samuel M, et al. Should a benzodiazepine antagonist be used in unconscious patients presenting to the emergency department? Resuscitation. 2007;74:27-37. Abstract

38. Kyong YY, Park JT, Choi KH. Serial monitoring of sedation scores in benzodiazepine overdose. Am J Emerg Med. 2014 Nov;32(11):1438;e5-6. Abstract

39. Vale JA, Kulig K; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper: gastric lavage. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(7):933-43. Abstract

40. Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al. Position paper: single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2005;43(2):61-87. Abstract

41. Pottie K, Thompson W, Davies S, et al. Deprescribing benzodiazepine receptor agonists: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Can Fam Physician. 2018 May;64(5):339-351.Full text  Abstract

42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Self-harm in over 8s: short-term management and prevention of recurrence. July 2004 [internet publication].Full text

43. Darker CD, Sweeney BP, Barry JM, et al. Psychosocial interventions for benzodiazepine harmful use, abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD009652.Full text  Abstract