Acetaminophen overdose

References

Key articles

Fontana RJ, Liou I, Reuben A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2022 Jul 27;00:1–29.Full text  Abstract

Dart RC, Erdman AR, Olson KR, et al; American Association of Poison Control Centers. Acetaminophen poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2006;44(1):1-18. Abstract

Chiew AL, Gluud C, Brok J, et al. Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 23;(2):CD003328.Full text  Abstract

American College of Medical Toxicology. ACMT Position statement: duration of intravenous acetylcysteine therapy following acetaminophen overdose. J Med Toxicol. 2017 Mar;13(1):126-7.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Fontana RJ, Liou I, Reuben A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2022 Jul 27;00:1–29.Full text  Abstract

2. Dart RC, Erdman AR, Olson KR, et al; American Association of Poison Control Centers. Acetaminophen poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2006;44(1):1-18. Abstract

3. Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, et al. Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey. JAMA. 2002 Jan 16;287(3):337-44.Full text  Abstract

4. Gunnell D, Murray V, Hawton K. Use of paracetamol (acetaminophen) for suicide and nonfatal poisoning: worldwide patterns of use and misuse. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2000 Winter;30(4):313-26. Abstract

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8. Heard K, Sloss D, Weber S, et al. Overuse of over-the-counter analgesics by emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Sep;48(3):315-8. Abstract

9. Vogel J, Heard KJ, Carlson C, et al. Dental pain as a risk factor for accidental acetaminophen overdose: a case-control study. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Nov;29(9):1125-9. Abstract

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12. Manyike PT, Kharasch ED, Kalhorn TF, et al. Contribution of CYP2E1 and CYP3A to acetaminophen reactive metabolite formation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000 Mar;67(3):275-82. Abstract

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15. Hawkins LC, Edwards JN, Dargan PI. Impact of restricting paracetamol pack sizes on paracetamol poisoning in the United Kingdom: a review of the literature. Drug Saf. 2007;30:465-479. Abstract

16. Bond GR, Hite LK. Population-based incidence and outcome of acetaminophen poisoning by type of ingestion. Acad Emerg Med. 1999 Nov;6(11):1115-20. Abstract

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19. Kalsi SS, Dargan PI, Waring WS, et al. A review of the evidence concerning hepatic glutathione depletion and susceptibility to hepatotoxicity after paracetamol overdose. Open Access Emerg Med. 2011 Dec 23;3:87-96.Full text  Abstract

20. Morgan OW, Griffiths C, Majeed A. Interrupted time-series analysis of regulations to reduce paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. PLoS Med. 2007 Apr;4(4):e105.Full text  Abstract

21. Buckley NA, Gunnell D. Does restricting pack size of paracetamol (acetaminophen) reduce suicides? PLoS Med. 2007 Apr;4(4):e152.Full text  Abstract

22. Hawton K, Bergen H, Simkin S, et al. Effect of withdrawal of co-proxamol on prescribing and deaths from drug poisoning in England and Wales: time series analysis. BMJ. 2009 Jun 18;338:b2270.Full text  Abstract

23. US Food and Drug Administration. All manufacturers of prescription combination drug products with more than 325 mg of acetaminophen have discontinued marketing. Mar 2014 [internet publication].Full text

24. Green TJ, Sivilotti MLA, Langmann C, et al. When do the aminotransferases rise after acute acetaminophen overdose? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48:787-792. Abstract

25. Prescott LF, Critchley JA. The treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1983;23:87-101. Abstract

26. Rumack BH, Matthew H. Acetaminophen poisoning and toxicity. Pediatrics. 1975 Jun;55(6):871-6. Abstract

27. Flanagan RJ, Mant TG. Coma and metabolic acidosis early in severe acute paracetamol poisoning. Hum Toxicol. 1986 May;5(3):179-82. Abstract

28. Roth B, Woo O, Blanc P. Early metabolic acidosis and coma after acetaminophen ingestion. Ann Emerg Med. 1999 Apr;33(4):452-6. Abstract

29. Hamlyn AN, Douglas AP, James O. The spectrum of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose: clinical and epidemiological studies. Postgrad Med J. 1978 Jun;54(632):400-4.Full text  Abstract

30. Prescott LF, Proudfoot AT, Cregeen RJ. Paracetamol-induced acute renal failure in the absence of fulminant liver damage. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982 Feb 6;284(6313):421-2.Full text  Abstract

31. Davidson DG, Eastham WN. Acute liver necrosis following overdose of paracetamol. Br Med J. 1966 Aug 27;2(5512):497-9.Full text  Abstract

32. Clark R, Borirakchanyavat V, Davidson AR, et al. Hepatic damage and death from overdose of paracetamol. Lancet. 1973 Jan 13;1(7794):66-70. Abstract

33. Lesna M, Watson AJ, Douglas AP, et al. Evaluation of paracetamol-induced damage in liver biopsies: acute changes and follow-up findings. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1976 Jul 21;370(4):333-44. Abstract

34. Portmann B, Talbot IC, Day DW, et al. Histopathological changes in the liver following a paracetamol overdose: correlation with clinical and biochemical parameters. J Pathol. 1975 Nov;117(3):169-81. Abstract

35. Baeg NJ, Bodenheimer HC Jr, Burchard K. Long-term sequellae of acetaminophen-associated fulminant hepatic failure: relevance of early histology. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988 May;83(5):569-71. Abstract

36. O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology. 1989 Aug;97(2):439-45. Abstract

37. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

38. Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy - definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology. 2002 Mar;35(3):716-21. Abstract

39. Lucanie R, Chiang WK, Reilly R. Utility of acetaminophen screening in unsuspected suicidal ingestions. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2002 Jun;44(3):171-3. Abstract

40. Sporer KA, Khayam-Bashi H. Acetaminophen and salicylate serum levels in patients with suicidal ingestion or altered mental status. Am J Emerg Med. 1996 Sep;14(5):443-6. Abstract

41. Heard KJ. Acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 17;359(3):285-92.Full text  Abstract

42. Chiew AL, Gluud C, Brok J, et al. Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 23;(2):CD003328.Full text  Abstract

43. Chiew AL, Isbister GK, Kirby KA, et al. Massive paracetamol overdose: an observational study of the effect of activated charcoal and increased acetylcysteine dose (ATOM-2). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017 Dec;55(10):1055-65. Abstract

44. Williamson K, Wahl MS, Mycyk MB. Direct comparison of 20-hour IV, 36-hour oral, and 72-hour oral acetylcysteine for treatment of acute acetaminophen poisoning. Am J Ther. 2013 Jan;20(1):37-40. Abstract

45. Green JL, Heard KJ, Reynolds KM, et al. Oral and intravenous acetylcysteine for treatment of acetaminophen toxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. West J Emerg Med. 2013 May;14(3):218-26.Full text  Abstract

46. Harrison PM, Keays R, Bray GP, et al. Improved outcome of paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure by late administration of acetylcysteine. Lancet. 1990 Jun 30;335(8705):1572-3. Abstract

47. Prescott LF, Illingworth RN, Critchley JA, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J. 1979 Nov 3;2(6198):1097-100.Full text  Abstract

48. Smilkstein MJ, Knapp GL, Kulig KW, et al. Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose: analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985). N Engl J Med. 1988 Dec 15;319(24):1557-62. Abstract

49. Yip L, Dart RC, Hurlbut KM. Intravenous administration of oral N-acetylcysteine. Crit Care Med. 1998 Jan;26(1):40-3. Abstract

50. Cattermole GN. Should N-acetylcysteine be administered orally or intravenously for the treatment of paracetamol overdose? Hong Kong J Emerg Med. 2009 Apr;16(2):106-16.Full text

51. Chiew AL, Isbister GK, Page CB, et al. Modified release paracetamol overdose: a prospective observational study (ATOM-3). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018 Sep;56(9):810-9. Abstract

52. Salmonson H, Sjöberg G, Brogren J. The standard treatment protocol for paracetamol poisoning may be inadequate following overdose with modified release formulation: a pharmacokinetic and clinical analysis of 53 cases. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018 Jan;56(1):63-8. Abstract

53. Graudins A, Chiew A, Chan B. Overdose with modified-release paracetamol results in delayed and prolonged absorption of paracetamol. Intern Med J. 2010 Jan;40(1):72-6. Abstract

54. European Medicines Agency. Modified-release paracetamol-containing products to be suspended from EU market: recommendation endorsed due to the difficulty in managing overdose. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Full text

55. American College of Medical Toxicology. ACMT Position statement: duration of intravenous acetylcysteine therapy following acetaminophen overdose. J Med Toxicol. 2017 Mar;13(1):126-7.Full text  Abstract

56. Keays P, Harrison PM, Wendon JA, et al. Intravenous acetylcysteine in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure: a prospective controlled trial. BMJ. 1991 Oct 26;303(6809):1026-9.Full text  Abstract

57. Bernal W, Donaldson N, Wyncoll D, et al. Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002 Feb 16;359(9306):558-63. Abstract

58. Craig DG, Ford AC, Hayes PC, et al. Systematic review: prognostic tests of paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 May;31(10):1064-76. Abstract

59. Bailey B, McGuigan MA. Management of anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Jun;31(6):710-5. Abstract

60. Pakravan N, Waring WS, Sharma S, et al. Risk factors and mechanisms of anaphylactoid reactions to acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2008 Sep;46(8):697-702. Abstract

61. Appelboam AV, Dargan PI, Knighton J. Fatal anaphylactoid reaction to N-acetylcysteine: caution in patients with asthma. Emerg Med J. 2002 Nov;19(6):594-5.Full text  Abstract

62. Yarema M, Chopra P, Sivilotti ML, et al. Anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine during treatment for acetaminophen poisoning. J Med Toxicol. 2018 Jun;14(2):120-7. [Erratum in: J Med Toxicol. 2018 Jun;14(2):173.] Abstract

63. Bateman DN, Dear JW, Thanacoody HK, et al. Reduction of adverse effects from intravenous acetylcysteine treatment for paracetamol poisoning: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014 Feb 22;383(9918):697-704. Abstract

64. Benson BE, Hoppu K, Troutman WG, et al; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Position paper update: gastric lavage for gastrointestinal decontamination. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013 Mar;51(3):140-6. Abstract

65. Farid NR, Glynn JP, Kerr DN. Haemodialysis in paracetamol self-poisoning. Lancet. 1972 Aug 26;2(7774):396-8. Abstract

66. Dear JW, Clarke JI, Francis B, et al. Risk stratification after paracetamol overdose using mechanistic biomarkers: results from two prospective cohort studies. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Feb;3(2):104-13.Full text  Abstract

67. Craig DG, Bates CM, Davidson JS, et al. Staggered overdose pattern and delay to hospital presentation are associated with adverse outcomes following paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012 Feb;73(2):285-94.Full text  Abstract

68. Sandilands EA, Bateman DN. Adverse reactions associated with acetylcysteine. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009 Feb;47(2):81-8. Abstract

69. Schmidt LE, Knudsen TT, Dalhoff K, et al. Effect of acetylcysteine on prothrombin index in paracetamol poisoning without hepatocellular injury. Lancet. 2002 Oct 12;360(9340):1151-2. Abstract

70. Knudsen TT, Thorsen S, Jensen SA, et al. Effect of intravenous N-acetylcysteine infusion on haemostatic parameters in healthy subjects. Gut. 2005 Apr;54(4):515-21.Full text  Abstract

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