Superficial vein thrombosis

Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: second update of the CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2021 Dec;160(6):e545-608.Full text  Abstract

Kakkos SK, Gohel M, Baekgaard N, et al. Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 clinical practice guidelines on the management of venous thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021 Jan;61(1):9-82.Full text  Abstract

Thrombosis Canada. Superficial thrombophlebitis, superficial vein thrombosis. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Di Nisio M, Wichers IM, Middeldorp S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 25;(2):CD004982.Full text  Abstract

1. Nasr H, Scriven JM. Superficial thrombophlebitis (superficial venous thrombosis). BMJ. 2015 Jun 22;350:h2039. Abstract

2. Antic D, Lefkou E, Otasevic V, et al. Position paper on the management of pregnancy-associated superficial venous thrombosis. Balkan Working Group for Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2022 Jan-Dec;28:1076029620939181.Full text  Abstract

3. Kalodiki E, Stvrtinova V, Allegra C, et al. Superficial vein thrombosis: a consensus statement. Int Angiol. 2012 Jun;31(3):203-16. Abstract

4. Geersing GJ, Cazemier S, Rutten F, et al. Incidence of superficial venous thrombosis in primary care and risk of subsequent venous thromboembolic sequelae: a retrospective cohort study performed with routine healthcare data from the Netherlands. BMJ Open. 2018 Apr 20;8(4):e019967.Full text  Abstract

5. Frappé P, Buchmuller-Cordier A, Bertoletti L, et al. Annual diagnosis rate of superficial vein thrombosis of the lower limbs: the STEPH community-based study. J Thromb Haemost. 2014 Jun;12(6):831-8.Full text  Abstract

6. Decousus H, Quéré I, Presles E, et al. Superficial venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism: a large, prospective epidemiologic study. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Feb 16;152(4):218-24. Abstract

7. Chopard R, Albertsen IE, Piazza G. Diagnosis and treatment of lower extremity venous thromboembolism: a review. JAMA. 2020 Nov 3;324(17):1765-76. Abstract

8. Husni EA, Williams WA. Superficial thrombophlebitis of lower limbs. Surgery. 1982 Jan;91(1):70-4. Abstract

9. Samlaska CP, James WD. Superficial thrombophlebitis. II. Secondary hypercoagulable states. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Jul;23(1):1-18. Abstract

10. Ploton G, Pistorius MA, Raimbeau A, et al. A STROBE cohort study of 755 deep and superficial upper-extremity vein thrombosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Feb;99(6):e18996.Full text  Abstract

11. Amano M, Shimizu T. Mondor's Disease: A review of the literature. Intern Med. 2018 Sep 15;57(18):2607-12. Abstract

12. Samlaska CP, James WD. Superficial thrombophlebitis. I. Primary hypercoagulable states. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 Jun;22(6 pt 1):975-89. Abstract

13. Lofgren EP, Lofgren KA. The surgical treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis. Surgery. 1981 Jul;90(1):49-54. Abstract

14. Lutter KS, Kerr TM, Roedersheimer LR, et al. Superficial thrombophlebitis diagnosed by duplex scanning. Surgery. 1991 Jul;110(1):42-6. Abstract

15. Leon L, Giannoukas AD, Dodd D, et al. Clinical significance of superficial vein thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005 Jan;29(1):10-7. Abstract

16. Schul MW, Vayuvegula S, Keaton TJ. The clinical relevance of anterior accessory great saphenous vein reflux. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2020 Nov;8(6):1014-20.Full text  Abstract

17. van Langevelde K, Lijfering WM, Rosendaal FR, et al. Increased risk of venous thrombosis in persons with clinically diagnosed superficial vein thrombosis: results from the MEGA study. Blood. 2011 Oct 13;118(15):4239-41.Full text  Abstract

18. Lucchi G, Bilancini S, Tucci S, et al. Superficial vein thrombosis in non-varicose veins of the lower limbs and thrombophilia. Phlebology. 2018 May;33(4):278-81. Abstract

19. Sobreira ML, Rogatto SR, Dos Santos RM, et al. An unexpectedly high rate of thrombophilia disorders in patients with superficial vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. Ann Vasc Surg. 2017 Aug;43:272-7. Abstract

20. Milio G, Siragusa S, Minà C, et al. Superficial venous thrombosis: prevalence of common genetic risk factors and their role on spreading to deep veins. Thromb Res. 2008;123(2):194-9. Abstract

21. Schonauer V, Kyrle PA, Weltermann A, et al. Superficial thrombophlebitis and risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Apr;37(4):834-8. Abstract

22. de Godoy JM, Batigalia F, Braile DM. Superficial thrombophlebitis and anticardiolipin antibodies: report of association. Angiology. 2001 Feb;52(2):127-9. Abstract

23. Karathanos C, Spanos K, Saleptsis V, et al. Recurrence of superficial vein thrombosis in patients with varicose veins. Phlebology. 2016 Aug;31(7):489-95. Abstract

24. Sarica-Kucukoglu R, Akdag-Kose A, Kayabali M, et al. Vascular involvement in Behcet's disease: a retrospective analysis of 2319 cases. Int J Dermatol. 2006 Aug;45(8):919-21. Abstract

25. Martinelli I, Cattaneo M, Taioli E, et al. Genetic risk factors for superficial vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Oct;82(4):1215-7. Abstract

26. Munavalli GS, Weiss RA. Complications of sclerotherapy. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2007 Mar;26(1):22-8. Abstract

27. Uurto I, Hannukainen J, Aarnio P. Single-center experience with foam sclerotherapy without ultrasound guidance for treatment of varicose veins. Dermatol Surg. 2007 Nov;33(11):1334-9. Abstract

28. Van Den Bos RR, Neumann M, De Roos KP, et al. Endovenous laser ablation-induced complications: review of the literature and new cases. Dermatol Surg. 2009 Aug;35(8):1206-14. Abstract

29. Gary T, Belaj K, Steidl K, et al. Asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis and superficial vein thrombosis in ambulatory cancer patients: impact on short-term survival. Br J Cancer. 2012 Oct 9;107(8):1244-8.Full text  Abstract

30. Wiegers HMG, Körmendiné Farkas D, Horváth-Puhó E, et al. Incidence and prognosis of superficial vein thrombosis during pregnancy and the post-partum period: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2023 May;10(5):e359-66. Abstract

31. James KV, Lohr JM, Deshmukh RM, et al. Venous thrombotic complications of pregnancy. Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Dec;4(6):777-82. Abstract

32. Gomes MP, Deitcher SR. Risk of venous thromboembolic disease associated with hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy: a clinical review. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Oct 11;164(18):1965-76.Full text  Abstract

33. Tepper NK, Marchbanks PA, Curtis KM. Superficial venous disease and combined hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Contraception. 2016 Sep;94(3):275-9.Full text  Abstract

34. Coon WW. Risk factors in pulmonary embolism. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1976 Sep;143(3):385-90. Abstract

35. Goldhaber SZ, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary embolism: the Framingham Study. Am J Med. 1983 Jun;74(6):1023-8. Abstract

36. Goldhaber SZ, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for pulmonary embolism in women. JAMA. 1997 Feb 26;277(8):642-5. Abstract

37. de Moerloose P, Wutschert R, Heinzmann M, et al. Superficial vein thrombosis of lower limbs: influence of factor V Leiden, factor II G20210A and overweight. Thromb Haemost. 1998 Aug;80(2):239-41. Abstract

38. Primrose JN, Davies JA, Prentice CR, et al. Reduction in factor VII, fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity after surgical treatment of morbid obesity. Thromb Haemost. 1997 Feb 26;277(8):642-5. Abstract

39. Gorski G, Noszczyk W, Kostewicz W, et al. Progress of local symptoms of superficial vein thrombosis vs. duplex findings. Vasa. 2004 Nov;33(4):219-25. Abstract

40. Di Minno MN, Ambrosino P, Ambrosini F, et al. Prevalence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with superficial vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2016 May;14(5):964-72.Full text  Abstract

41. Marchiori A, Mosena L, Prandoni P. Superficial vein thrombosis: risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006 Oct;32(7):737-43. Abstract

42. Neher JO, Safranek S, Greenwald JL. Clinical inquiries: what is the best therapy for superficial thrombophlebitis? J Fam Pract. 2004 Jul;53(7):583-5. Abstract

43. Decousus H, Epinat M, Guillot K, et al. Superficial vein thrombosis: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003 Sep;9(5):393-7. Abstract

44. Beyer-Westendorf J. Controversies in venous thromboembolism: to treat or not to treat superficial vein thrombosis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2017 Dec 8;2017(1):223-30.Full text  Abstract

45. Gjores JE. Surgical therapy of ascending thrombophlebitis in the saphenous system. Angiology. 1962 May;13:241-3. Abstract

46. Blumenberg RM, Barton E, Gelfand ML, et al. Occult deep venous thrombosis complicating superficial thrombophlebitis. J Vasc Surg. 1998 Feb;27(2):338-43. Abstract

47. Barrelier MI. Thromboses veineuses superficielles des membres inférieurs [in French]. Actual Vasc Int. 1993;17:7-9.

48. Bergqvist D, Jaroszewski H. Deep vein thrombosis in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Mar 8;292(6521):658-9. Abstract

49. Gillet JL, Perrin M, Cayman R. Superficial venous thrombosis of the lower limbs: prospective analysis of 100 patients [in French]. J Mal Vasc. 2001 Feb;26(1):16-22. Abstract

50. Bounameaux H, Reber-Wasem MA. Superficial thrombophlebitis and deep vein thrombosis: a controversial association. Arch Int Med. 1997 Sep 8;157(16):1822-4. Abstract

51. Wells PS, Owen C, Doucette S, et al. Does this patient have deep vein thrombosis? JAMA. 2006 Jan 11;295(2):199-207. Abstract

52. Pulliam CW, Barr SL, Ewing AB. Venous duplex scanning in the diagnosis and treatment of progressive superficial thrombophlebitis. Ann Vasc Surg. 1991 Mar;5(2):190-5. Abstract

53. Hedderich GS, O'Connor RJ, Reid EC, et al. Caval tumor thrombus complicating renal cell carcinoma: a surgical challenge. Surgery. 1987 Oct;102(4):614-21. Abstract

54. Siegelman ES, Needleman L. Venous thrombosis and cancer . N Engl J Med. 1993 Mar 25;328(12):885. Abstract

55. Hettiarachchi RJ, Lok J, Prins MH, et al. Undiagnosed malignancy in patients with deep vein thrombosis: incidence, risk indicators, and diagnosis. Cancer. 1998 Jul 1;83(1):180-5. Abstract

56. Quenet S, Laporte S, Decousus H, et al. Factors predictive of venous thrombotic complications in patients with isolated superficial vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Nov;38(5):944-9. Abstract

57. Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Carrillo R, Rosales B, et al. Superficial thrombophlebitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2007 Jun;26(2):71-6.

58. Verlato F, Zucchetta P, Prandoni P, et al. An unexpectedly high rate of pulmonary embolism in patients with superficial thrombophlebitis of the thigh. J Vasc Surg. 1999 Dec;30(6):1113-5.Full text  Abstract

59. Giannopoulos S, Rodriguez L, Chau M, et al. A systematic review of the outcomes of percutaneous treatment modalities for pathologic saphenous and perforating veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2022 Sep;10(5):1172-1183.e5. Abstract

60. Stevens SM, Woller SC, Kreuziger LB, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: second update of the CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2021 Dec;160(6):e545-608.Full text  Abstract

61. Kakkos SK, Gohel M, Baekgaard N, et al. Editor's Choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2021 clinical practice guidelines on the management of venous thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2021 Jan;61(1):9-82.Full text  Abstract

62. Thrombosis Canada. Superficial thrombophlebitis, superficial vein thrombosis. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

63. Di Nisio M, Peinemann F, Porreca E, et al. Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 20;2015(11):CD011015.Full text  Abstract

64. de Almeida MJ, Guillaumon AT, Miquelin D, et al. Guidelines for superficial venous thrombosis. J Vasc Bras. 2019 Nov 20;18:e20180105.Full text  Abstract

65. Twine CP, Kakkos SK, Aboyans V, et al. Editor's choice - European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS) 2023 clinical practice guidelines on antithrombotic therapy for vascular diseases. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2023 May;65(5):627-89.Full text  Abstract

66. Nikolakopoulos KM, Kakkos SK, Papageorgopoulou CP, et al. Extended-duration treatment of superficial vein thrombosis of the lower limbs with tinzaparin. Vasc Specialist Int. 2018 Mar;34(1):1-9.Full text  Abstract

67. Unno N, Mitsuoka H, Uchiyama T, et al. Superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs in patients with varicose veins. Surg Today. 2002 May;32(5):397-401. Abstract

68. Chengelis DL, Bendick PJ, Glover JL, et al. Progression of superficial venous thrombosis to deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 996 Nov;24(5):745-9. Abstract

69. Hong J, Ahn SY, Lee YJ, et al. Updated recommendations for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Blood Res. 2021 Mar 31;56(1):6-16.Full text  Abstract

70. Di Nisio M, Wichers IM, Middeldorp S. Treatment for superficial thrombophlebitis of the leg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 25;(2):CD004982.Full text  Abstract

71. Decousus H, Prandoni P, Mismetti P, et al. Fondaparinux for the treatment of superficial-vein thrombosis in the legs. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 23;363(13):1222-32.Full text  Abstract

72. Di Nisio M, Wichers I, Middeldorp S. Treatment of lower extremity superficial thrombophlebitis. JAMA. 2018 Dec 11;320(22):2367-8. Abstract

73. Beyer-Westendorf J, Schellong SM, Gerlach H, et al. Prevention of thromboembolic complications in patients with superficial-vein thrombosis given rivaroxaban or fondaparinux: the open-label, randomised, non-inferiority SURPRISE phase 3b trial. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Mar;4(3):e105-13. Abstract

74. Papageorgopoulou C, Nikolakopoulos K, Papageorgopoulou A, et al. Surgical and pharmaceutical treatment of superficial vein thrombosis of the lower limbs: what has changed over the last 5 years? Pol Przegl Chir. 2022 Aug 12;95(4):1-5.Full text  Abstract

75. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing. Mar 2020 [internet publication].Full text

76. Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Errichi BM, et al. Superficial thrombophlebitis of the legs: a randomized, controlled, follow-up study. Angiology. 1999 Jul;50(7):523-9. Abstract

77. Penner LS, Gavan SP, Ashcroft DM, et al. Does coprescribing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral anticoagulants increase the risk of major bleeding, stroke and systemic embolism? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4789-811.Full text  Abstract

78. Rathbun SW, Aston CE, Whitsett TL. A randomized trial of dalteparin compared with ibuprofen for the treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis. J Thromb Haemost. 2012 May;10(5):833-9. Abstract

79. Superficial Thrombophlebitis Treated by Enoxaparin Study Group. A pilot randomized double-blind comparison of a low-molecular-weight heparin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, and placebo in the treatment of superficial vein thrombosis. Arch Int Med. 2003 Jul 28;163(14):1657-63.Full text  Abstract

80. Partsch H, Blättler W. Compression and walking versus bed rest in the treatment of proximal deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin. J Vasc Surg. 2000 Nov;32(5):861-9.Full text  Abstract

81. Boehler K, Kittler H, Stolkovich S, et al. Therapeutic effect of compression stockings versus no compression on isolated superficial vein thrombosis of the legs: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014 Oct;48(4):465-71.Full text  Abstract

82. Turner BRH, Machin M, Jasionowska S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the additional benefit of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis for endovenous varicose vein interventions. Ann Surg. 2023 Aug 1;278(2):166-71.Full text  Abstract

83. Bates SM, Rajasekhar A, Middeldorp S, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: venous thromboembolism in the context of pregnancy. Blood Adv. 2018 Nov 27;2(22):3317-59.Full text  Abstract

84. Bergqvist D, Brunkwall J, Jensen N, et al. Treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis: a comparative trial between placebo, Hirudoid cream and piroxicam gel. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1990;79(2):92-6. Abstract

85. Wichers IM, Di Nisio M, Büller HR, et al. Treatment of superficial vein thrombosis to prevent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. Haematologica. 2005 May;90(5):672-7.Full text  Abstract

86. Cosmi B, Filippini M, Campana F, et al; STEFLUX Investigators. Risk factors for recurrent events in subjects with superficial vein thrombosis in the randomized clinical trial SteFlux (Superficial Thromboembolism Fluxum). Thromb Res. 2014 Feb;133(2):196-202. Abstract

87. Barco S, Pomero F, Di Minno MND, et al. Clinical course of patients with symptomatic isolated superficial vein thrombosis: the ICARO follow-up study. J Thromb Haemost. 2017 Nov;15(11):2176-83.Full text  Abstract

88. Cannegieter SC, Horváth-Puhó E, Schmidt M, et al. Risk of venous and arterial thrombotic events in patients diagnosed with superficial vein thrombosis: a nationwide cohort study. Blood. 2015 Jan 8;125(2):229-35.Full text  Abstract

89. Levine MN, Raskob G, Landefeld S, et al. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant treatment. Chest. 2001 Jan;119(suppl 1):108S-21S. Abstract

90. Steinmeyer J. Pharmacological basis for the therapy of pain and inflammation with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Arthritis Res. 2000;2(5):379-85.Full text  Abstract

91. Clarke MJ, Broderick C, Hopewell S, et al. Compression stockings for preventing deep vein thrombosis in airline passengers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 20;4(4):CD004002.Full text  Abstract

92. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, et al. Venous thrombosis from air travel: the LONFLIT3 study--prevention with aspirin vs low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in high-risk subjects: a randomized trial. Angiology. 2002 Jan-Feb;53(1):1-6. Abstract