Graves disease

Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, et al. 2018 European Thyroid Association guideline for the management of Graves' hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018 Jul 25;7(4):167-86.Full text  Abstract

Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016 Oct;26(10):1343-421.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Thyroid disease: assessment and management. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Mooij CF, Cheetham TD, Verburg FA, et al. 2022 European Thyroid Association guideline for the management of pediatric Graves' disease. Eur Thyroid J. 2022 Jan 1;11(1):e210073.Full text  Abstract

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2. Smith TJ, Hegedüs L. Graves' disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 20;375(16):1552-65. Abstract

3. Davies TF, Andersen S, Latif R, et al. Graves' disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020 Jul 2;6(1):52.Full text  Abstract

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6. Goswami R, Guleria R, Gupta AK, et al. Prevalence of diaphragmatic muscle weakness and dyspnoea in Graves' disease and their reversibility with carbimazole therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002 Sep;147(3):299-303. Abstract

7. Mitchell AL, Pearce SH. How should we treat patients with low serum thyrotropin concentrations? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Mar;72(3):292-6. Abstract

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9. Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Klain M, et al. Subclinical hyperthyroidism: clinical features and treatment options. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Jan;152(1):1-9. Abstract

10. Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadrmas EF, et al. Clinical features of Graves' ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Mar;121(3):284-90. Abstract

11. Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, et al. Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018 Mar 23;14(5):301-16. Abstract

12. Wiersinga WM, Bartalena L. Epidemiology and prevention of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid. 2002 Oct;12(10):855-60. Abstract

13. Laurberg P, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, et al. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease, DanThyr: status and perspectives. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Aug;155(2):219-28. Abstract

14. Bartley GB, Fatourechi V, Kadrmas EF, et al. Chronology of Graves' ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Apr;121(4):426-34. Abstract

15. Nyström HF, Jansson S, Berg G. Incidence rate and clinical features of hyperthyroidism in a long-term iodine sufficient area of Sweden (Gothenburg) 2003-2005. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 May;78(5):768-76. Abstract

16. Zhyzhneuskaya S, Addison C, Tsatlidis V, et al. The natural history of subclinical hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease: the rule of thirds. Thyroid. 2016 Jun;26(6):765-9. Abstract

17. McLeod DS, Caturegli P, Cooper DS, et al. Variation in rates of autoimmune thyroid disease by race/ethnicity in US military personnel. JAMA. 2014 Apr 16;311(15):1563-5.Full text

18. Fatourechi V. Pretibial myxedema: pathophysiology and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6(5):295-309. Abstract

19. Fatourechi V, Pajouhi M, Fransway AF. Dermopathy of Graves disease (pretibial myxedema): review of 150 cases. Medicine. 1994 Jan;73(1):1-7. Abstract

20. Perros P, Žarković M, Azzolini C, et al. PREGO (presentation of Graves' orbitopathy) study: changes in referral patterns to European Group On Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) centres over the period from 2000 to 2012. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015 Nov;99(11):1531-5. Abstract

21. Eckstein AK, Johnson KT, Thanos M, et al. Current insights into the pathogenesis of Graves' orbitopathy. Horm Metab Res. 2009 Jun;41(6):456-64. Abstract

22. Ajjan RA, Weetman AP. Techniques to quantify TSH receptor antibodies. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Aug;4(8):461-8. Abstract

23. Ando T, Latif R, Davies TF. Thyrotropin receptor antibodies: new insights into their actions and clinical relevance. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Mar;19(1):33-52. Abstract

24. Skov J, Eriksson D, Kuja-Halkola R, et al. Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: a population-based twin study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 May;182(5):473-80.Full text  Abstract

25. Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Christensen K, et al. Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves' disease: a population-based study of two Danish twin cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):930-4.Full text  Abstract

26. Franklyn JA, Boelaert K. Thyrotoxicosis. Lancet. 2012 Mar 24;379(9821):1155-66. Abstract

27. Chen Y, Li S, Huang R, et al. Comprehensive meta-analysis reveals an association of the HLA-DRB1*1602 allele with autoimmune diseases mediated predominantly by autoantibodies. Autoimmun Rev. 2020 Jun;19(6):102532.Full text  Abstract

28. Carlé A, Bülow Pedersen I, Knudsen N, et al. Graves' hyperthyroidism and moderate alcohol consumption: evidence for disease prevention. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Jul;79(1):111-9. Abstract

29. Wiersinga WM. Smoking and thyroid. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Aug;79(2):145-51.Full text  Abstract

30. Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. Smoking and risk of Graves' disease. JAMA. 1993 Jan 27;269(4):479-82. Abstract

31. Scappaticcio L, Castellana M, Virili C, et al. Alemtuzumab-induced thyroid events in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020 Feb;43(2):219-29.Full text  Abstract

32. Fatourechi V, Garrity JA, Bartley GB, et al. Orbital decompression in Graves' ophthalmopathy associated with pretibial myxedema. J Endocrinol Invest. 1993 Jun;16(6):433-7. Abstract

33. Łacheta D, Miśkiewicz P, Głuszko A, et al. Immunological Aspects of Graves' Ophthalmopathy. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:7453260.Full text  Abstract

34. Perros P, Neoh C, Dickinson J. Thyroid eye disease. BMJ. 2009 Mar 6;338:b560. Abstract

35. Cawood TJ, Moriarty P, O'Farrelly C, et al. Smoking and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: A novel explanation of the biological link. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jan;92(1):59-64. Abstract

36. Lazarus JH. Lithium and thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Dec;23(6):723-33. Abstract

37. Torino F, Barnabei A, Paragliola R, et al. Thyroid dysfunction as an unintended side effect of anticancer drugs. Thyroid. 2013 Nov;23(11):1345-66. Abstract

38. Decallonne B, Bartholomé E, Delvaux V, et al. Thyroid disorders in alemtuzumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients: a Belgian consensus on diagnosis and management. Acta Neurol Belg. 2018 Jan 25;118(2):153-9.Full text  Abstract

39. Jacobson DR, Fleming BJ. Graves' disease with ophthalmopathy following radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Am J Med Sci. 1984 Dec;288(5):217-20. Abstract

40. Illés A, Bíró E, Miltényi Z, et al. Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis after therapy for Hodgkin's disease. Acta Haematol. 2003;109(1):11-7. Abstract

41. Inskip PD, Veiga LHS, Brenner AV, et al. Hypothyroidism after radiation therapy for childhood cancer: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study. Radiat Res. 2018 Aug;190(2):117-32.Full text  Abstract

42. Roque C, Vasconcelos CA. ¹³¹I-Induced Graves' disease in patients treated for toxic multinodular goitre: systematic review and descriptive analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2018 Sep;41(9):1019-1028.Full text  Abstract

43. Willems JIA, van Twist DJL, Peeters RP, et al. Stress-induced Graves disease: spontaneous recovery after stress relief. J Endocr Soc. 2023 Dec 1;8(1):bvad157.Full text  Abstract

44. Mizokami T, Wu Li A, El-Kaissi S, Wall JR. Stress and thyroid autoimmunity. Thyroid. 2004 Dec;14(12):1047-55. Abstract

45. Chaker L, Cooper DS, Walsh JP, et al. Hyperthyroidism. Lancet. 2024 Feb 24;403(10428):768-80. Abstract

46. Kakuno Y, Amino N, Kanoh M, et al. Menstrual disturbances in various thyroid diseases. Endocr J. 2010;57(12):1017-22.Full text  Abstract

47. Gabrielson AT, Sartor RA, Hellstrom WJG. The impact of thyroid disease on sexual dysfunction in men and women. Sex Med Rev. 2019 Jan;7(1):57-70.Full text  Abstract

48. Kahaly GJ, Bartalena L, Hegedüs L, et al. 2018 European Thyroid Association guideline for the management of Graves' hyperthyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018 Jul 25;7(4):167-86.Full text  Abstract

49. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016 Oct;26(10):1343-421.Full text  Abstract

50. Yoshimura Noh J, Momotani N, Fukada S, et al. Ratio of serum free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine in Graves' hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis caused by painless thyroiditis. Endocr J. 2005 Oct;52(5):537-42.Full text  Abstract

51. Sriphrapradang C, Bhasipol A. Differentiating Graves' disease from subacute thyroiditis using ratio of serum free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2016 Aug 8;10:69-72.Full text  Abstract

52. Amino N, Yabu Y, Miki T, et al. Serum ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, and thyroxine-binding globulin and calcitonin concentration in Graves' disease and destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 Jul;53(1):113-6. Abstract

53. Bano A, Gan E, Addison C, et al. Age may influence the impact of TRAbs on thyroid function and relapse-risk in patients with Graves disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1378-85. Abstract

54. Goichot B, Leenhardt L, Massart C, et al. Diagnostic procedure in suspected Graves' disease. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2018 Dec;79(6):608-17. Abstract

55. Bogazzi F, Vitti P. Could improved ultrasound and power Doppler replace thyroidal radioiodine uptake to assess thyroid disease? Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Feb;4(2):70-1. Abstract

56. The Journal of Healthcare Contracting. Choosing wisely: Endocrine Society and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

57. Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39.Full text  Abstract

58. Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, et al. The 2021 European Group on Graves' orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves' orbitopathy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Aug 27;185(4):G43-G67.Full text  Abstract

59. Schwartz KM, Fatourechi V, Ahmed DD, et al. Dermopathy of Graves' disease (pretibial myxedema): long-term outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;87(2):438-46. Abstract

60. Fatourechi V, Ahmed DDF, Schwartz KM. Thyroid acropachy: report of 40 patients treated at a single institution in a 26-year period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Dec;87(12):5435-41. Abstract

61. Anagnostis P, Boboridis K, Adamidou F, et al. Natural course of mild Graves' orbitopathy: is it a chronic remitting or a transient disease? J Endocrinol Invest. 2017 Mar;40(3):257-61. Abstract

62. Mitchell AL, Goss L, Mathiopoulou L, et al. Diagnosis of Graves' orbitopathy (DiaGO): results of a pilot study to assess the utility of an office tool for practicing endocrinologists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Mar;100(3):E458-62. Abstract

63. Bartalena L. Graves' disease: complications. Thyroid Disease Manager. Feb 2018 [internet publication].Full text

64. Jabbour SA. Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine disorders: a guide for dermatologists. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(5):315-31. Abstract

65. Lazarus JH. Thyroid disorders associated with pregnancy: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Treatment Endocrinol. 2005;4(1):31-41. Abstract

66. Hershman JM. The role of human chorionic gonadotropin as a thyroid stimulator in normal pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3305-6. Abstract

67. Izumi Y, Hidaka Y, Tada H, et al. Simple and practical parameters for differentiation between destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis and Graves' thyrotoxicosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002 Jul;57(1):51-8. Abstract

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71. Refetoff S, Dumitrescu AM. Syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone: genetic defects in hormone receptors, cell transporters and deiodination. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jun;21(2):277-305. Abstract

72. Elston MS, Sehgal S, Du Toit S, et al. Factitious Graves' disease due to biotin immunoassay interference - a case and review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Sep;101(9):3251-5.Full text  Abstract

73. Mariotti S, Martino E, Cupini C, et al. Low serum thyroglobulin as a clue to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis factitia. N Engl J Med. 1982 Aug 12;307(7):410-2. Abstract

74. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement: thyroid dysfunction - screening. Mar 2015 [internet publication].Full text

75. Birtwhistle R, Morissette K, Dickinson JA, et al. Recommendation on screening adults for asymptomatic thyroid dysfunction in primary care. CMAJ. 2019 Nov 18;191(46):E1274-80.Full text  Abstract

76. Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017 Mar;27(3):315-89.Full text  Abstract

77. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Thyroid disease in pregnancy: ACOG practice bulletin, number 223. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jun;135(6):e261-74. Abstract

78. Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs in the management of patients with Graves' disease: an evidence-based approach to therapeutic controversies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Aug;88(8):3474-81. Abstract

79. Kahaly GJ. Management of Graves thyroidal and extrathyroidal disease: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Dec 1;105(12):3704-20Full text  Abstract

80. Weber KJ, Solorzano CC, Lee JK, et al. Thyroidectomy remains an effective treatment option for Graves' disease. Am J Surg. 2006 Mar;191(3):400-5. Abstract

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82. Okosieme OE, Taylor PN, Evans C, et al. Primary therapy of Graves' disease and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: a linked-record cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019 Feb 28;7(4):278-87. Abstract

83. Lillevang-Johansen M, Abrahamsen B, Jørgensen HL, et al. Duration of hyperthyroidism and lack of sufficient treatment are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Thyroid. 2019 Mar;29(3):332-40. Abstract

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86. Vennard K, Gilbert MP. Thyroid storm and complete heart bock after treatment with radioactive iodine. Case Rep Endocrinol. 2018;2018:8214169.Full text  Abstract

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88. Vijayakumar V, Nusynowitz ML, Ali S. Is it safe to treat hyperthyroid patients with I-131 without fear of thyroid storm? Ann Nucl Med. 2006 Jul;20(6):383-5. Abstract

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90. Cooper DS. Approach to the patient with subclinical hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jan;92(1):3-9. Abstract

91. Reinhardt MJ, Brink I, Joe AY, et al. Radioiodine therapy in Graves' disease based on tissue-absorbed dose calculations: effect of pre-treatment thyroid volume on clinical outcome. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002 Sep;29(9):1118-24. Abstract

92. Burch HB, Burman KD, Cooper DS. A 2011 survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Dec;97(12):4549-58.Full text  Abstract

93. Brito JP, Schilz S, Singh Ospina N, et al. Antithyroid drugs - the most common treatment for graves' disease in the United States: a nationwide population-based study. Thyroid. 2016 Aug;26(8):1144-5. Abstract

94. Bartalena L, Burch HB, Burman KD, et al. A 2013 European survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves' disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2016 Jan;84(1):115-20. Abstract

95. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Thyroid disease: assessment and management. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

96. Sjölin G, Holmberg M, Törring O, et al. The long-term outcome of treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism. Thyroid. 2019 Nov;29(11):1545-57. Abstract

97. Abraham-Nordling M, Torring O, Hamberger B, et al. Graves' disease: a long-term quality-of-life follow up of patients randomized to treatment with antithyroid drugs, radioiodine, or surgery. Thyroid. 2005 Nov;15(11):1279-86. Abstract

98. Törring O, Watt T, Sjölin G, et al. Impaired quality of life after radioiodine therapy compared to antithyroid drugs or surgical treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism: a long-term follow-up with the thyroid-related patient-reported outcome questionnaire and 36-item short form health status survey. Thyroid. 2019 Mar;29(3):322-31. Abstract

99. Abraham P, Avenell A, McGeoch SC, et al. Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD003420.Full text  Abstract

100. Razvi S, Vaidya B, Perros P, et al. What is the evidence behind the evidence-base? The premature death of block-replace antithyroid drug regimens for Graves' disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006 Jun;154(6):783-6.Full text  Abstract

101. Abraham P, Avenel A, Park CM, et al. A systematic review of drug therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Oct;153(4):489-98. Abstract

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103. El Kawkgi OM, Ross DS, Stan MN. Comparison of long-term antithyroid drugs versus radioactive iodine or surgery for Graves' disease: a review of the literature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Jul;95(1):3-12. Abstract

104. Azizi F, Amouzegar A, Tohidi M, et al. Increased remission rates after long-term methimazole therapy in patients with Graves' disease: results of a randomized clinical trial. Thyroid. 2019 Sep;29(9):1192-200. Abstract

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106. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Drug safety alert: carbimazole: risk of acute pancreatitis. Feb 2019 [internet publication].Full text

107. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Drug safety alert: carbimazole: increased risk of congenital malformations; strengthened advice on contraception. Feb 2019 [internet publication].Full text

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109. Otsuka F, Noh JY, Chino T, et al. Hepatotoxicity and cutaneous reactions after antithyroid drug administration. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012 Aug;77(2):310-5. Abstract

110. Nakamura H, Miyauchi A, Miyawaki N, et al. Analysis of 754 cases of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis over 30 years in Japan. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Dec;98(12):4776-83. Abstract

111. Robinson J, Richardson M, Hickey J, et al. Patient knowledge of antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis. Eur Thyroid J. 2014 Dec;3(4):245-51.Full text  Abstract

112. Balavoine AS, Glinoer D, Dubucquoi S, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive small-vessel vasculitis associated with antithyroid drug therapy: how significant is the clinical problem? Thyroid. 2015 Dec;25(12):1273-81. Abstract

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121. Bartalena L, Tanda ML, Piantanida E, et al. Relationship between management of hyperthyroidism and course of the ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004 Mar;27(3):288-94. Abstract

122. Li HX, Xiang N, Hu WK, et al. Relation between therapy options for Graves' disease and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016 Nov;39(11):1225-33. Abstract

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124. Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P, Neoh C, et al. A prospective study of the effects of radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism in patients with minimally active graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5321-3.Full text  Abstract

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127. Stålberg P, Svensson A, Hessman O, et al. Surgical treatment of Graves' disease: evidence-based approach. World J Surg. 2008 Jul;32(7):1269-77. Abstract

128. Barczynski M, Konturek A, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy versus total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease with a 5-year follow-up. Br J Surg. 2012 Apr;99(4):515-22. Abstract

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130. Barczynski M, Konturek A, Stopa M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of visualization versus neuromonitoring of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy. World J Surg. 2012 Jun;36(6):1340-7.Full text  Abstract

131. Cavicchi O, Caliceti U, Fernandez IJ, et al. Laryngeal neuromonitoring and neurostimulation versus neurostimulation alone in thyroid surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Head Neck. 2012 Feb;34(2):141-5. Abstract

132. Zhang Y, Dong Z, Li J, et al. Comparison of endoscopic and conventional open thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2017 Apr;40:52-9. Abstract

133. Miccoli P, Fregoli L, Rossi L, et al. Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT). Gland Surg. 2020 Jan;9(suppl 1):S1-S5.Full text  Abstract

134. Korevaar TI, Muetzel R, Medici M, et al. Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Jan;4(1):35-43. Abstract

135. Andersen SL, Olsen J, Wu CS, et al. Birth defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: a Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Nov;98(11):4373-81. Abstract

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