Evaluation of chest pain

References

Key articles

Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 28 Oct 2021 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis. Nov 2016 [internet publication].Full text

Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Dec 23;130(25):e344-426.Full text  Abstract

O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.Full text  Abstract

Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Rui P, Kang K. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. National hospital ambulatory medical care survey: 2017 emergency department summary tables. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics: survey results and products - 2016 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey summary tables. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

3. Kohn MA, Kwan E, Gupta M, et al. Prevalence of acute myocardial infarction and other serious diagnoses in patients presenting to an urban emergency department with chest pain. J Emerg Med. 2005 Nov;29(4):383-90. Abstract

4. Pope JH, Aufderheide TP, Ruthazer R, et al. Missed diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 20;342(16):1163-70.Full text  Abstract

5. Collinson PO, Premachandram S, Hashemi K. Prospective audit of incidence of prognostically important myocardial damage in patients discharged from emergency department. BMJ. 2000 Jun 24;320(7251):1702-5.Full text  Abstract

6. Aldous SJ, Richards M, Cullen L, et al. A 2-hour thrombolysis in myocardial infarction score outperforms other risk stratification tools in patients presenting with possible acute coronary syndromes: comparison of chest pain risk stratification tools. Am Heart J. 2012 Oct;164(4):516-23. Abstract

7. Bader AS, Rubinowitz AN, Gange CP Jr, et al. Imaging in the evaluation of chest pain in the primary care setting, part 2: sources of noncardiac chest pain. Am J Med. 2020 Oct;133(10):1135-42.Full text  Abstract

8. Haasenritter J, Biroga T, Keunecke C, et al. Causes of chest pain in primary care--a systematic review and meta-analysis. Croat Med J. 2015 Oct;56(5):422-30.Full text  Abstract

9. Hoorweg BB, Willemsen RT, Cleef LE, et al. Frequency of chest pain in primary care, diagnostic tests performed and final diagnoses. Heart. 2017 Nov;103(21):1727-32. Abstract

10. Jordan KP, Timmis A, Croft P, et al. Prognosis of undiagnosed chest pain: linked electronic health record cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Apr 3;357:j1194.Full text  Abstract

11. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 28 Oct 2021 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

12. Resuscitation Council UK. Adult advanced life support Guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

13. Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16_suppl_2):S366-468.Full text

14. Wyckoff MH, Greif R, Morley PT, et al. 2022 International consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations: summary from the basic life support; advanced life support; pediatric life support; neonatal life support; education, implementation, and teams; and first aid task forces. Circulation. 2022 Dec 20;146(25):e483-557.Full text  Abstract

15. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group; BTS Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.Full text  Abstract

16. O'Connor RE, Al Ali S, Brady WJ, et al. Part 9: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 American Heart Association guidelines update for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 suppl 2):S483-500.Full text  Abstract

17. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract

18. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text  Abstract

19. Sepehrvand N, James SK, Stub D, et al. Effects of supplemental oxygen therapy in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Heart. 2018 Oct;104(20):1691-8. Abstract

20. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis. Nov 2016 [internet publication].Full text

21. Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: the Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018 Jan 7;39(2):119-77.Full text  Abstract

22. Writing Committee, Kontos MC, de Lemos JA, et al. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the evaluation and disposition of acute chest pain in the emergency department: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Nov 15;80(20):1925-60.Full text  Abstract

23. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014 Dec 23;130(25):e344-426.Full text  Abstract

24. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute coronary syndromes. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text

25. O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jan 29;127(4):e362-425.Full text  Abstract

26. Nienaber CA, Clough RE. Management of acute aortic dissection. Lancet. 2015 Feb 6;385(9970):800-11. Abstract

27. National Patient Safety Agency. Alert: Blood control safety cannula and needle thoracostomy for tension pneumothorax. April 2020 [internet publication].Full text

28. Leigh-Smith S, Harris T. Tension pneumothorax - time for a re-think? Emerg Med J. 2005 Jan;22(1):8-16.Full text  Abstract

29. Jones R, Hollingsworth J. Tension pneumothoraces not responding to needle thoracocentesis. Emerg Med J. 2002 Mar;19(2):176-7.Full text  Abstract

30. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected pulmonary embolism. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

31. Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019 Oct 9;54(3).Full text  Abstract

32. Wells PS, Anderson DR, Rodger M, et al. Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients' probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the model's utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer. Thromb Haemost. 2000 Mar;83(3):416-20. Abstract

33. Le Gal G, Righini M, Roy PM, et al. Prediction of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department: the revised Geneva score. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Feb 7;144(3):165-71. Abstract

34. Honasoge AP, Dubbs SB. Rapid fire: pericardial effusion and tamponade. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2018 Aug;36(3):557-65. Abstract

35. Welsford M, Nikolaou NI, Beygui F, et al; Acute Coronary Syndrome Chapter Collaborators. Part 5: acute coronary syndromes: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2015 Oct 20;132(16 suppl 1):S146-76.Full text  Abstract

36. Swap CJ, Nagurney JT. Value and limitations of chest pain history in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2005 Nov 23;294(20):2623-9.Full text  Abstract

37. Carlton EW, Than M, Cullen L, et al. 'Chest pain typicality' in suspected acute coronary syndromes and the impact of clinical experience. Am J Med. 2015 Oct;128(10):1109-16.e2.Full text  Abstract

38. Fanaroff AC, Rymer JA, Goldstein SA, et al. Does this patient with chest pain have acute coronary syndrome? The rational clinical examination systematic review. JAMA. 2015 Nov 10;314(18):1955-65. Abstract

39. Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56.Full text  Abstract

40. Johnson CD, Besselink MG, Carter R. Acute pancreatitis. BMJ. 2014 Aug 12;349:g4859. Abstract

41. Brieger D, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, et al; GRACE Investigators. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Chest. 2004 Aug;126(2):461-9. Abstract

42. Rich MW. Epidemiology, clinical features, and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2006 Jan-Feb;15(1):7-11; quiz 12. Abstract

43. Bayer AJ, Chadha JS, Farag PR, et al. Changing presentation of myocardial infarction with increasing old age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1986 Apr;34(4):263-6. Abstract

44. Jacoby RM, Nesto RW. Acute myocardial infarction in the diabetic patient: pathophysiology, clinical course and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Sep;20(3):736-44.Full text  Abstract

45. McSweeney JC, Cody M, O'Sullivan P, et al. Women's early warning symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2003 Nov 25;108(21):2619-23.Full text  Abstract

46. DeVon HA, Pettey CM, Vuckovic KM, et al. A review of the literature on cardiac symptoms in older and younger women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2016 May-Jun;45(3):426-37. Abstract

47. Sörensen NA, Neumann JT, Ojeda F, et al. Relations of sex to diagnosis and outcomes in acute coronary syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Mar 10;7(6):e007297.Full text  Abstract

48. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-421.Full text  Abstract

49. Young L, Cho L. Unique cardiovascular risk factors in women. Heart. 2019 Nov;105(21):1656-60.Full text  Abstract

50. McCord J, Jneid H, Hollander JE, et al; American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Management of cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2008 Apr 8;117(14):1897-907.Full text  Abstract

51. Um SW, Ohle R, Perry JJ. Bilateral blood pressure differential as a clinical marker for acute aortic dissection in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2018 Sep;35(9):556-8. Abstract

52. Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, et al. Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1;44(suppl 1):S1-26.Full text  Abstract

53. Jain A, Mehta N, Secko M, et al. History, physical examination, laboratory testing, and emergency department ultrasonography for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Acad Emerg Med. 2017 Mar;24(3):281-97.Full text  Abstract

54. Stepinska J, Lettino M, Ahrens I, et al. Diagnosis and risk stratification of chest pain patients in the emergency department: focus on acute coronary syndromes. A position paper of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020 Feb;9(1):76-89.Full text  Abstract

55. Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorsed by: the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2015 Nov 7;36(42):2921-64.Full text  Abstract

56. Expert Panel on Cardiac Imaging, Kicska GA, Hurwitz Koweek LM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Acute Aortic Syndrome. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11s):S474-S481.Full text  Abstract

57. Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2021 Apr 7;42(14):1289-1367.Full text  Abstract

58. Mueller C, Giannitsis E, Christ M, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a 0-hour/1-hour algorithm in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction with high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Ann Emerg Med. 2016 Jul;68(1):76-87.e4.Full text  Abstract

59. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. High-sensitivity troponin tests for the early rule out of NSTEMI. Aug 2020 [internet publication].Full text

60. Pickering JW, Than MP, Cullen L, et al. Rapid rule-out of acute myocardial infarction with a single high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T measurement below the limit of detection: a collaborative meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2017 May 16;166(10):715-24.Full text  Abstract

61. US Food and Drug Administration. Update: The FDA warns that biotin may interfere with lab tests: FDA safety communication. Nov 2019 [internet publication].Full text

62. Roos A, Bandstein N, Lundbäck M,et al. Stable high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T levels and outcomes in patients with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Oct 31;70(18):2226-36.Full text  Abstract

63. Kaura A, Panoulas V, Glampson B, et al. Association of troponin level and age with mortality in 250 000 patients: cohort study across five UK acute care centres. BMJ. 2019 Nov 20;367:l6055.Full text  Abstract

64. Hertzberg D, Holzmann MJ, Than M, et al. Acute kidney injury in patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department, a descriptive study of the most common discharge diagnoses and mortality. Eur J Emerg Med. 2019 Aug;26(4):242-248.Full text  Abstract

65. Backus BE, Six AJ, Kelder JC, et al. A prospective validation of the HEART score for chest pain patients at the emergency department. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 3;168(3):2153-8.Full text  Abstract

66. Poldervaart JM, Reitsma JB, Backus BE, et al. Effect of using the HEART score in patients with chest pain in the emergency department: a stepped-wedge, cluster randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2017 May 16;166(10):689-97. Abstract

67. Van Den Berg P, Body R. The HEART score for early rule out of acute coronary syndromes in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018 Mar;7(2):111-9. Abstract

68. Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, et al. Prognostic accuracy of the HEART Score for prediction of major adverse cardiac events in patients presenting with chest pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2019 Feb;26(2):140-151.Full text  Abstract

69. Laureano-Phillips J, Robinson RD, Aryal S, et al. HEART score risk stratification of low-risk chest pain patients in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Aug;74(2):187-203.Full text  Abstract

70. American College of Cardiology. The use of chest pain scores and high-sensitivity troponin for evaluating chest pain patients. May 2016 [internet publication].Full text

71. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: chest pain - possible acute coronary syndrome. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

72. Multimodality Writing Group for Chronic Coronary Disease, Winchester DE, Maron DJ, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE/ASNC/ASPC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2023 multimodality appropriate use criteria for the detection and risk assessment of chronic coronary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Jun 27;81(25):2445-67.

73. Morise AP, Haddad WJ, Beckner D. Development and validation of a clinical score to estimate the probability of coronary artery disease in men and women presenting with suspected coronary disease. Am J Med. 1997 Apr;102(4):350-6. Abstract

74. Pryor DB, Shaw L, McCants CB, et al. Value of the history and physical in identifying patients at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Jan 15;118(2):81-90. Abstract

75. Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1979 Jun 14;300(24):1350-8. Abstract

76. Pryor DB, Harrell FE Jr., Lee KL, et al. Estimating the likelihood of significant coronary artery disease. Am J Med. 1983 Nov;75(5):771-80. Abstract

77. Expert Panel on Cardiac Imaging, Akers SR, Panchal V, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chronic Chest Pain-High Probability of Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 May;14(5s):S71-S80.Full text  Abstract

78. Pontone G, Baggiano A, Andreini D, et al. Stress computed tomography perfusion versus fractional flow reserve CT derived in suspected coronary artery disease: the PERFECTION study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Aug;12(8 pt 1):1487-97.Full text  Abstract

79. NHS England. 3D heart scans on the NHS to speed up disease diagnosis. May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

80. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Heart valve disease presenting in adults: investigation and management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

81. Guichard JL, Hage FG. Guidelines in review: 2015 ACR/ACC/AHA/AATS/ACEP/ASNC/NASCI/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR/SCPC/SNMMI/STR/STS appropriate utilization of cardiovascular imaging in emergency department patients with chest pain: a joint document of the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria Committee and the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force. J Nucl Cardiol. 2016 Oct;23(5):1142-6. Abstract

82. Raja AS, Greenberg JO, Qaseem A, et al. Evaluation of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism: best practice advice from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Nov 3;163(9):701-11.Full text  Abstract

83. Penaloza A, Soulié C, Moumneh T, et al. Pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule in European patients with low implicit clinical probability (PERCEPIC): a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Dec;4(12):e615-21. Abstract

84. Freund Y, Cachanado M, Aubry A, et al; PROPER Investigator Group. Effect of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria on subsequent thromboembolic events among low-risk emergency department patients: The PROPER randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Feb 13;319(6):559-66. Abstract

85. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

86. Righini M, Perrier A, De Moerloose P, et al. D-dimer for venous thromboembolism diagnosis: 20 years later. J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Jul;6(7):1059-71.Full text  Abstract

87. Dunn KL, Wolf JP, Dorfman DM, et al. Normal D-dimer levels in emergency department patients suspected of acute pulmonary embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Oct 16;40(8):1475-8.Full text  Abstract

88. Crawford F, Andras A, Welch K, et al. D-dimer test for excluding the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 5;(8):CD010864.Full text  Abstract

89. Buhumaid RE, St-Cyr Bourque J, Shokoohi H, et al. Integrating point-of-care ultrasound in the ED evaluation of patients presenting with chest pain and shortness of breath. Am J Emerg Med. 2019 Feb;37(2):298-303.Full text  Abstract

90. Wang WH, Huang JQ, Zheng GF, et al. Is proton pump inhibitor testing an effective approach to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with noncardiac chest pain?: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Jun 13;165(11):1222-8.Full text  Abstract

91. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

92. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation. 2002 Oct 1;106(14):1883-92.Full text  Abstract

93. Klocke FJ, Baird MG, Lorell BH, et al. ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelines for the clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging - executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASNC Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Clinical Use of Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Oct 1;42(7):1318-33. Abstract

94. Roberts WT, Bax JJ, Davies LC. Cardiac CT and CT coronary angiography: technology and application. Heart. 2008 Jun;94(6):781-92. Abstract

95. Chow BJ, Larose E, Bilodeau S, et al. The 'what, when, where, who and how?' of cardiac computed tomography in 2009: guidelines for the clinician. Can J Cardiol. 2009 Mar;25(3):135-9.Full text  Abstract

96. Roach PJ, Schembri GP, Bailey DL. V/Q scanning using SPECT and SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med. 2013 Sep;54(9):1588-96.Full text  Abstract

97. Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ. Acute pulmonary embolism: part I: epidemiology and diagnosis. Circulation. 2006 Jul 11;114(2):e28-32.Full text  Abstract

98. Lange RA, Hillis LD. Clinical practice: acute pericarditis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 18;351(21):2195-202. [Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1163.] Abstract

99. von Kodolitsch Y, Nienaber CA, Dieckmann C, et al. Chest radiography for the diagnosis of acute aortic syndrome. Am J Med. 2004 Jan 15;116(2):73-7. Abstract

100. Vilaichone RK, Mahachai V, Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2006 Jun;35(2):229-47. Abstract

101. Billittier AJ, Abrams BJ, Brunetto A. Radiographic imaging modalities for the patient in the emergency department with abdominal complaints. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1996 Nov;14(4):789-850. Abstract

102. Kadakia SC. Biliary tract emergencies. Acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, and acute pancreatitis. Med Clin North Am. 1993 Sep;77(5):1015-36. Abstract

103. Keim V, Teich N, Fiedler F, et al. A comparison of lipase and amylase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in patients with abdominal pain. Pancreas. 1998 Jan;16(1):45-9. Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer