References
Key articles
Gross GE, Eisert L, Doerr HW, et al. S2k guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2020 Jan;18(1):55-78.Full text Abstract
Goswami Y, Gaurkar SS. Ramsay Hunt syndrome: an introduction, signs and symptoms, and treatment. Cureus. 2023 Jan;15(1):e33688.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Gross GE, Eisert L, Doerr HW, et al. S2k guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2020 Jan;18(1):55-78.Full text Abstract
2. Sweeney CJ, Gilden DH. Ramsay Hunt syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Aug;71(2):149-54.Full text Abstract
3. Longmore M, Hope RA, Wilkinson I, et al. Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001.
4. Tiemstra JD, Khatkhate N. Bell's palsy: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2007 Oct 1;76(7):997-1002. Abstract
5. John AR, Canaday DH. Herpes Zoster in the older adult. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2017 Dec;31(4):811-26.Full text Abstract
6. Goswami Y, Gaurkar SS. Ramsay Hunt syndrome: an introduction, signs and symptoms, and treatment. Cureus. 2023 Jan;15(1):e33688.Full text Abstract
7. Bardach AE, Palermo C, Alconada T, et al. Herpes zoster epidemiology in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021 Aug 12;16(8):e0255877.Full text Abstract
8. Civen R, Chaves SS, Jumaan A, et al. The incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster among children and adolescents after implementation of varicella vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Nov;28(11):954-9.Full text Abstract
9. Wagner G, Klinge H, Sachse MM. Ramsay Hunt syndrome [in German]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2012 Apr;10(4):238-44.Full text Abstract
10. Papaevangelou V, Quinlivan M, Lockwood J, et al. Subclinical VZV reactivation in immunocompetent children hospitalized in the ICU associated with prolonged fever duration. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013 May;19(5):E245-51.Full text Abstract
11. Mehta SK, Cohrs RJ, Forghani B, et al. Stress-induced subclinical reactivation of varicella zoster virus in astronauts. J Med Virol. 2004 Jan;72(1):174-9. Abstract
12. Walther LE, Prosowsky K, Walther A, et al. Herpes zoster oticus: symptom constellation and serological diagnosis [in German]. Laryngorhinootologie. 2004 Jun;83(6):355-62. Abstract
13. Cockburn DM, Douglas IS. Herpes zoster opthalmicus. Clin Exp Optom. 2000 Mar-Apr;83(2):59-64. Abstract
14. Gantz BJ, Rubinstein JT, Gidley P, et al. Surgical management of Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope. 1999 Aug;109(8):1177-88. Abstract
15. Jowett N, Gaudin RA, Banks CA, et al. Steroid use in Lyme disease-associated facial palsy is associated with worse long-term outcomes. Laryngoscope. 2017 Jun;127(6):1451-8. Abstract
16. Kuang W, Luo X, Wang J, et al. Research progress on Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2021 Apr 25;50(2):148-54.Full text Abstract
17. House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1985 Apr;93(2):146-7. Abstract
18. Dusseldorp JR, van Veen MM, Mohan S, et al. Outcome tracking in facial palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018 Dec;51(6):1033-50. Abstract
19. Ross BG, Fradet G, Nedzelski JM. Development of a sensitive clinical facial grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996 Mar;114(3):380-6. Abstract
20. Fattah AY, Gurusinghe ADR, Gavilan J, et al. Facial nerve grading instruments: systematic review of the literature and suggestion for uniformity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015 Feb;135(2):569-79. Abstract
21. Berner JE, Kamalathevan P, Kyriazidis I, et al. Facial synkinesis outcome measures: A systematic review of the available grading systems and a Delphi study to identify the steps towards a consensus. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2019 Jun;72(6):946-63. Abstract
22. Banks CA, Bhama PK, Park J, et al. Clinician-graded electronic facial paralysis assessment: the eFACE. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015 Aug;136(2):223e-230e. Abstract
23. Malka R, Miller M, Guarin D, et al. Reliability between in-person and still photograph assessment of facial function in facial paralysis using the eFACE facial grading system. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2021 Sep;23(5):344-9. Abstract
24. Banks CA, Jowett N, Hadlock TA. Test-retest reliability and agreement between in-person and video assessment of facial mimetic function using the eFACE facial grading system. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2017 May 1;19(3):206-11.Full text Abstract
25. Zaidman M, Novak CB, Borschel GH, et al. Assessment of eye closure and blink with facial palsy: a systematic literature review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Jul;74(7):1436-45. Abstract
26. Sullivan FM, Swan IR, Donnan PT, et al. Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 18;357(16):1598-607.Full text Abstract
27. Engström M, Berg T, Stjernquist-Desatnik A, et al. Prednisolone and valaciclovir in Bell's palsy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Nov;7(11):993-1000. Abstract
28. Jeon YH. Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: practical consideration for prevention and treatment. Korean J Pain. 2015 Jul;28(3):177-84.Full text Abstract
29. Furukawa T, Abe Y, Ito T, et al. Benefits of high-dose corticosteroid and antiviral agent combination therapy in the treatment of House-Brackman grade VI Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 2022 Aug 1;43(7):e773-e779. Abstract
30. Kinishi M, Amatsu M, Mohri M, et al. Acyclovir improves recovery rate of facial nerve palsy in Ramsay Hunt syndrome. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2001 Aug;28(3):223-6. Abstract
31. Uscategui T, Dorée C, Chamberlain IJ, et al. Antiviral therapy for Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus with facial palsy) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;2008(4):CD006851.Full text Abstract
32. The College of Optometrists. Facial palsy (Bell's palsy). 2022 [internet publication].Full text
33. Kumai Y, Ise M, Miyamaru S, et al. Delayed transmastoid facial nerve decompression surgery in patients with Ramsay-Hunt syndrome presenting with neurophysiologically complete paralysis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2018 Sep;138(9):859-63. Abstract
34. Kondo N, Yamamura Y, Nonaka M. Patients over 60 years of age have poor prognosis in facial nerve decompression surgery with preserved ossicular chain. J Int Adv Otol. 2018 Apr;14(1):77-84.Full text Abstract
35. Miller MQ, Hadlock TA. Beyond botox: contemporary management of nonflaccid facial palsy. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2020 Mar/Apr;22(2):65-70.Full text Abstract
36. Portelinha J, Passarinho MP, Costa JM. Neuro-ophthalmological approach to facial nerve palsy. Saudi J Ophthalmol. 2015 Jan-Mar;29(1):39-47.Full text Abstract
37. Robillard RB, Hilsinger RL Jr, Adour KK. Ramsay Hunt facial paralysis: clinical analyses of 185 patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1986 Oct;95(3 pt 1):292-7. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer