Bacterial meningitis in children

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal septicaemia in under 16s: recognition, diagnosis and management. Feb 2015 [internet publication].Full text

van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 May;22 Suppl 3:S37-62.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Meningitis Research Foundation. Management of bacterial meningitis in children and young people. Sep 2018 [internet publication].Full text

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2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Meningitis (bacterial) and meningococcal septicaemia in under 16s: recognition, diagnosis and management. Feb 2015 [internet publication].Full text

3. van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 May;22 Suppl 3:S37-62.Full text  Abstract

4. Meningitis Research Foundation. Management of bacterial meningitis in infants <3 months. Nov 2017 [internet publication].Full text

5. Mace SE. Acute bacterial meningitis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008 May;26(2):281-317. Abstract

6. Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. Epidemiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2018 Feb;31(1):78-84. Abstract

7. Ku LC, Boggess KA, Cohen-Wolkowiez M. Bacterial meningitis in infants. Clin Perinatol. 2015 Mar;42(1):29-45.Full text  Abstract

8. Hsu HE, Shutt KA, Moore MR, et al. Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 15;360(3):244-56.Full text  Abstract

9. Castelblanco RL, Lee M, Hasbun R. Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the USA from 1997 to 2010: a population-based observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Sep;14(9):813-9. Abstract

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meningitis: resources for healthcare professionals. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text

11. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995. N Engl J Med. 1997 Oct 2;337(14):970-6.Full text  Abstract

12. Public Health England. Haemophilus influenzae: epidemiological data. Mar 2015 [internet publication].Full text

13. Koelman DLH, van Kassel MN, Bijlsma MW, et al. Changing epidemiology of bacterial meningitis since introduction of conjugate vaccines: 3 decades of national meningitis surveillance in The Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 7;73(5):e1099-107.Full text  Abstract

14. Levy C, de La Rocque F, Cohen R. Epidemiology of pediatric bacterial meningitis in France. Med Mal Infect. 2009 Jul-Aug;39(7-8):419-31.Full text  Abstract

15. Public Health England. SMI B 27: investigation of cerebrospinal fluid. Jun 2017 [internet publication].Full text

16. World Health Organization. Meningitis. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text

17. Sáez-Llorens X, McCracken GH Jr. Bacterial meningitis in children. Lancet. 2003 Jun 21;361(9375):2139-48. Abstract

18. Zwijnenburg PJ, van der Poll T, Roord JJ, et al. Chemotactic factors in cerebrospinal fluid during bacterial meningitis. Infect Immun. 2006 Mar;74(3):1445-51.Full text  Abstract

19. Thigpen MC, Whitney CG, Messonnier NE, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States, 1998-2007. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 26;364(21):2016-25.Full text  Abstract

20. Tebruegge M, Curtis N. Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of recurrent bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Jul;21(3):519-37.Full text  Abstract

21. Jallow S, Madhi SA. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed, uninfected children. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017 May;16(5):453-65. Abstract

22. Chenou F, Azevedo J, Leal HF, et al. Bacterial meningitis in patients with sickle cell anemia in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: a report on ten cases. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther. 2020 Apr - Jun;42(2):139-44.Full text  Abstract

23. Wilson-Clark SD, Squires S, Deeks S, et al. Bacterial meningitis among cochlear implant recipients - Canada, 2002. MMWR Suppl. 2006 Apr 28;55(1):20-4. Abstract

24. Furyk JS, Swann O, Molyneux E. Systematic review: neonatal meningitis in the developing world. Trop Med Int Health. 2011 Jun;16(6):672-9.Full text  Abstract

25. Public Health England. Haemophilus influenzae: guidance, data and analysis. Apr 2013 [internet publication].Full text

26. Meningitis Research Foundation. Management of meningococcal disease in children and young people. Sep 2018 [internet publication].Full text

27. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fever in under 5s: assessment and initial management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

28. Meningitis Research Foundation. Management of bacterial meningitis in children and young people. Sep 2018 [internet publication].Full text

29. Henry BM, Roy J, Ramakrishnan PK, et al. Procalcitonin as a serum biomarker for differentiation of bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis in children: evidence from a meta-analysis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016 Jul;55(8):749-64. Abstract

30. Bell JM, Shields MD, Agus A, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of procalcitonin test for prodromal meningococcal disease: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128993.Full text  Abstract

31. Wei TT, Hu ZD, Qin BD, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin in bacterial meningitis versus nonbacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2016 Mar;95(11):e3079.Full text  Abstract

32. Vasilopoulou VA, Karanika M, Theodoridou K, et al. Prognostic factors related to sequelae in childhood bacterial meningitis: data from a Greek meningitis registry. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Aug 10;11:214.Full text  Abstract

33. Snaebjarnardóttir K, Erlendsdóttir H, Reynisson IK, et al. Bacterial meningitis in children in Iceland, 1975-2010: a nationwide epidemiological study. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013 Nov;45(11):819-24. Abstract

34. Nigrovic LE, Kuppermann N, Malley R, et al. Children with bacterial meningitis presenting to the emergency department during the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. Acad Emerg Med. 2008 Jun;15(6):522-8.Full text  Abstract

35. Franco-Paredes C, Lammoglia L, Hernández I, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of bacterial meningitis in Mexican children: 10-year experience (1993-2003). Int J Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;12(4):380-6.Full text  Abstract

36. Bargui F, D'Agostino I, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, et al. Factors influencing neurological outcome of children with bacterial meningitis at the emergency department. Eur J Pediatr. 2012 Sep;171(9):1365-71. Abstract

37. Namani S, Milenkovic Z, Kuchar E, et al. Mortality from bacterial meningitis in children in Kosovo. J Child Neurol. 2012 Jan;27(1):46-50. Abstract

38. van de Beek D, de Gans J, Spanjaard L, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 28;351(18):1849-59.Full text  Abstract

39. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

40. Wells LC, Smith JC, Weston VC, et al. The child with a non-blanching rash: how likely is meningococcal disease? Arch Dis Child. 2001 Sep;85(3):218-22.Full text  Abstract

41. Fayyaz J, Rehman A, Hamid A, et al. Age related clinical manifestation of acute bacterial meningitis in children presenting to emergency department of a tertiary care hospital. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014 Mar;64(3):296-9.Full text  Abstract

42. Vanopdenbosch LJ, Dedeken P, Casselman JW, et al. MRI with intrathecal gadolinium to detect a CSF leak: a prospective open-label cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;82(4):456-8. Abstract

43. Caltabiano GA, Viglianesi A, Bellomia D, et al. Spontaneous temporal cerebrospinal fluid leak. A case report and literature review. Neuroradiol J. 2010 Sep;23(4):420-5. Abstract

44. Oostenbrink R, Moons KG, Donders AR, et al. Prediction of bacterial meningitis in children with meningeal signs: reduction of lumbar punctures. Acta Paediatr. 2001 Jun;90(6):611-7. Abstract

45. Hansson LO, Axelsson G, Linné T, et al. Serum C-reactive protein in the differential diagnosis of acute meningitis. Scand J Infect Dis. 1993;25(5):625-30. Abstract

46. Leen WG, Willemsen MA, Wevers RA, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid glucose and lactate: age-specific reference values and implications for clinical practice. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42745.Full text  Abstract

47. Tamune H, Takeya H, Suzuki W, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid/blood glucose ratio as an indicator for bacterial meningitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2014 Mar;32(3):263-6. Abstract

48. Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, van de Beek D. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul;23(3):467-92.Full text  Abstract

49. Nigrovic LE, Malley R, Macias CG, et al. Effect of antibiotic pretreatment on cerebrospinal fluid profiles of children with bacterial meningitis. Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;122(4):726-30. Abstract

50. Ginsberg L, Kidd D. Chronic and recurrent meningitis. Pract Neurol. 2008 Dec;8(6):348-61. Abstract

51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

52. Public Health England. Meningococcal disease: guidance for public health management. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text

53. Meningitis Research Foundation. Meningococcal meningitis and sepsis guidance notes: diagnosis and treatment in general practice. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

54. Public Health England. Listeriosis in England and Wales: summary for 2019. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

55. Resuscitation Council UK. Paediatric advanced life support guidelines. May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

56. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tuberculosis. Sep 2019 [internet publication].Full text

57. Carreras-Abad C, Cochet M, Hall T, et al. Developing a serocorrelate of protection against invasive group B streptococcus disease in pregnant women: a feasibility study. Health Technol Assess. 2019 Dec;23(67):1-40.Full text  Abstract

58. Baraff LJ, Lee SI, Schriger DL. Outcomes of bacterial meningitis in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993 May;12(5):389-94. Abstract

59. Grimwood K, Anderson VA, Bond L, et al. Adverse outcomes of bacterial meningitis in school-age survivors. Pediatrics. 1995 May;95(5):646-56. Abstract

60. Koomen I, Grobbee DE, Roord JJ, et al. Hearing loss at school age in survivors of bacterial meningitis: assessment, incidence, and prediction. Pediatrics. 2003 Nov;112(5):1049-53. Abstract

61. Edmond K, Dieye Y, Griffiths UK, et al. Prospective cohort study of disabling sequelae and quality of life in children with bacterial meningitis in urban Senegal. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Nov;29(11):1023-9. Abstract

62. Koomen I, Grobbee DE, Roord JJ, et al. Prediction of academic and behavioural limitations in school-age survivors of bacterial meningitis. Acta Paediatr. 2004 Oct;93(10):1378-85. Abstract

63. King BA, Richmond P. Pneumococcal meningitis in Western Australian children: epidemiology, microbiology and outcome. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004 Nov;40(11):611-5. Abstract

64. Ispahani P, Slack RC, Donald FE, et al. Twenty year surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Nottingham: serogroups responsible and implications for immunisation. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Aug;89(8):757-62.Full text  Abstract

65. Zainel A, Mitchell H, Sadarangani M. Bacterial meningitis in children: neurological complications, associated risk factors, and prevention. Microorganisms. 2021 Mar 5;9(3):535.Full text  Abstract

66. Namani S, Milenković Z, Koci B. A prospective study of risk factors for neurological complications in childhood bacterial meningitis. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2013 May-Jun;89(3):256-62.Full text  Abstract

67. McCormick DW, Wilson ML, Mankhambo L, et al. Risk factors for death and severe sequelae in Malawian children with bacterial meningitis, 1997-2010. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Feb;32(2):e54-61.Full text  Abstract

68. Teixeira DC, Diniz LMO, Guimarães NS, et al. Risk factors associated with the outcomes of pediatric bacterial meningitis: a systematic review. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020 Mar - Apr;96(2):159-67.Full text  Abstract

69. Pelkonen T, Roine I, Monteiro L, et al. Risk factors for death and severe neurological sequelae in childhood bacterial meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 15;48(8):1107-10.Full text  Abstract

70. Chávez-Bueno S, McCracken GH Jr. Bacterial meningitis in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2005 Jun;52(3):795-vii. Abstract

71. Geiseler PJ, Nelson KE, Levin S, et al. Community-acquired purulent meningitis: a review of 1,316 cases during the antibiotic era, 1954-1976. Rev Infect Dis. 1980 Sep-Oct;2(5):725-45. Abstract

72. Brooks R, Woods CW, Benjamin DK Jr, et al. Increased case-fatality rate associated with outbreaks of Neisseria meningitidis infection, compared with sporadic meningococcal disease, in the United States, 1994-2002. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;43(1):49-54.Full text  Abstract

73. Beebeejaun K, Parikh SR, Campbell H, et al. Invasive meningococcal disease: timing and cause of death in England, 2008-2015. J Infect. 2020 Mar;80(3):286-90. Abstract

74. Proulx N, Fréchette D, Toye B, et al. Delays in the administration of antibiotics are associated with mortality from adult acute bacterial meningitis. QJM. 2005 Apr;98(4):291-8. Abstract

75. Zasowski EJ, Bassetti M, Blasi F, et al. A systematic review of the effect of delayed appropriate antibiotic treatment on the outcomes of patients with severe bacterial infections. Chest. 2020 Sep;158(3):929-38.Full text  Abstract

76. Kornelisse RF, Westerbeek CM, Spoor AB, et al. Pneumococcal meningitis in children: prognostic indicators and outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Dec;21(6):1390-7. Abstract

77. Chandran A, Herbert H, Misurski D, et al. Long-term sequelae of childhood bacterial meningitis: an underappreciated problem. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Jan;30(1):3-6. Abstract

78. Olarte L, Barson WJ, Barson RM, et al. Impact of the 13-Valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal meningitis in US children. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Sep 1;61(5):767-75.Full text  Abstract

79. Bigler D, Burke K, Laureano N, et al. Assessment and treatment of behavioral disorders in children with hearing loss: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Jan;160(1):36-48.Full text  Abstract

80. Karakoc K, Mujdeci B. Evaluation of balance in children with sensorineural hearing loss according to age. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021 Jan - Feb;42(1):102830. Abstract

81. Namani SA, Koci BM, Milenković Z, et al. Early neurologic complications and long-term sequelae of childhood bacterial meningitis in a limited-resource country (Kosovo). Childs Nerv Syst. 2013 Feb;29(2):275-80. Abstract

82. Snedeker JD, Kaplan SL, Dodge PR, et al. Subdural effusion and its relationship with neurologic sequelae of bacterial meningitis in infancy: a prospective study. Pediatrics. 1990 Aug;86(2):163-70. Abstract