Rib fractures

References

Key articles

Williams A, Bigham C, Marchbank A. Anaesthetic and surgical management of rib fractures. BJA Educ. 2020 Oct;20(10):332-40.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rehabilitation after traumatic injury. January 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Sharma OP, Oswanski MF, Jolly S, et al. Perils of rib fractures. Am Surg. 2008 Apr;74(4):310-4. Abstract

2. Bulloch B, Schubert CJ, Brophy PD, et al. Cause and clinical characteristics of rib fractures in infants. Pediatrics. 2000 Apr;105(4):E48. Abstract

3. Paine CW, Fakeye O, Christian CW, et al. Prevalence of abuse among young children with rib fractures: a systematic review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019 Feb;35(2):96-103. Abstract

4. Siris ES, Brenneman SK, Barrett-Connor E, et al. The effect of age and bone mineral density on the absolute, excess, and relative risk of fracture in postmenopausal women aged 50-99: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(4):565-74. Abstract

5. Palvanen M, Kannus P, Niemi S, et al. Epidemiology of minimal trauma rib fractures in the elderly. Calcif Tissue Int. 1998 Mar;62(3):274-7. Abstract

6. Holcomb JB, McMullin NR, Kozar RA, et al. Morbidity from rib fractures increases after age 45. J Am Coll Surg. 2003 Apr;196(4):549-55. Abstract

7. Marini CP, Petrone P, Soto-Sánchez A, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with rib fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021 Oct;47(5):1527-34.Full text  Abstract

8. Sirmali M, Türüt H, Topçu S, et al. A comprehensive analysis of traumatic rib fractures: morbidity, mortality and management. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Jul;24(1):133-8.Full text  Abstract

9. Keel M, Meier C. Chest injuries - what is new? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007 Dec;13(6):674-9. Abstract

10. Liman ST, Kuzucu A, Tastepe AI, et al. Chest injury due to blunt trauma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Mar;23(3):374-8.Full text  Abstract

11. Pettiford BL, Luketich JD, Landreneau RJ. The management of flail chest. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007 Feb;17(1):25-33. Abstract

12. Hoke RS, Chamberlain D. Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2004 Dec;63(3):327-38. Abstract

13. Kim EY, Yang HJ, Sung YM, et al. Multidetector CT findings of skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2011 Jun 12;82(10):1285-8. Abstract

14. Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, et al. Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ. 2008 Oct 2;337:a1518.Full text  Abstract

15. Xu DL, Zhang XT, Wang GH, et al. Clinical features of pathologically confirmed metastatic bone tumors: a report of 390 cases [in Chinese]. Ai Zheng. 2005 Nov;24(11):1404-7. Abstract

16. Aydoğdu K, Findik G, Agackiran Y, et al. Primary tumors of the ribs; experience with 78 patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009 Aug;9(2):251-4.Full text  Abstract

17. Muñoz-Bermúdez R, Abella E, Zuccarino F, et al. Successfully non-surgical management of flail chest as first manifestation of multiple myeloma: a case report. World J Crit Care Med. 2019 Sep 11;8(5):82-6.Full text  Abstract

18. Dragoni S, Giombini A, Di Cesare A, et al. Stress fractures of the ribs in elite competitive rowers: a report of nine cases. Skeletal Radiol. 2007 Oct;36(10):951-4. Abstract

19. Kawahara H, Baba H, Wada M, et al. Multiple rib fractures associated with severe coughing--a case report. Int Orthop. 1997;21(4):279-81.Full text  Abstract

20. Low S, Kern M, Atanda A. First-rib stress fracture in two adolescent swimmers: a case report. J Sports Sci. 2015 Nov 5;34(13):1266-70. Abstract

21. Gerrie BJ, Harris JD, Lintner DM, et al. Lower thoracic rib stress fractures in baseball pitchers. Phys Sportsmed. 2015 Nov 26;44(1):93-6. Abstract

22. Smoljanović T, Bojanić I, Troha I, et al. Rib stress fractures in rowers: three case reports and review of literature [in Croatian]. Lijec Vjesn. 2007 Oct-Nov;129(10-11):327-32. Abstract

23. Gupta A, Jamshidi M, Rubin JR. Traumatic first rib fracture: is angiography necessary? A review of 730 cases. Cardiovasc Surg. 1997 Feb;5(1):48-53. Abstract

24. Fermanis GG, Deane SA, Fitzgerald PM. The significance of first and second rib fractures. Aust N Z J Surg. 1985 Aug;55(4):383-6. Abstract

25. Poole GV. Fracture of the upper ribs and injury to the great vessels. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989 Sep;169(3):275-82. Abstract

26. Davoodabadi A, Mosavibioki N, Mashayekhil M, et al. Correlation of rib fracture patterns with abdominal solid organ injury: a retrospective observational cohort study. Chin J Traumatol. 2022 Jan;25(1):45-8.Full text  Abstract

27. Brasel KJ, Moore EE, Albrecht RA, et al. Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: management of rib fractures. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Jan;82(1):200-3. Abstract

28. Kralj E, Podbregar M, Kejžar N, et al. Frequency and number of resuscitation related rib and sternum fractures are higher than generally considered. Resuscitation. 2015 Aug;93:136-41.Full text  Abstract

29. Bensen R, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A, et al. Evaluation of easily measured risk factors in the prediction of osteoporotic fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Sep 5;6:47.Full text  Abstract

30. Kent R, Woods W, Bostrom O. Fatality risk and the presence of rib fractures. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2008 Oct;52:73-82. Abstract

31. Resuscitation Council (UK). The ABCDE approach. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

32. Williams A, Bigham C, Marchbank A. Anaesthetic and surgical management of rib fractures. BJA Educ. 2020 Oct;20(10):332-40.Full text  Abstract

33. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Major trauma: assessment and initial management. February 2016 [internet publication].Full text

34. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (non-complex): assessment and management. February 2016 [internet publication].Full text

35. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS services. June 2021 [internet publication].Full text

36. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rehabilitation after traumatic injury. January 2022 [internet publication].Full text

37. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Child maltreatment: when to suspect maltreatment in under 18s. October 2017 [internet publication].Full text

38. Athanassiadi K, Gerazounis M, Theakos N. Management of 150 flail chest injuries: analysis of risk factors affecting outcome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004 Aug;26(2):373-6.Full text  Abstract

39. Royal College of Anaesthetists. Raising the standards: RCoA quality improvement compendium. Chapter 4: emergency anaesthesia. September 2020 [internet publication].Full text

40. Demirhan R, Onan B, Oz K, et al. Comprehensive analysis of 4205 patients with chest trauma: a 10-year experience. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009 Sep;9(3):450-3.Full text  Abstract

41. Bulger EM, Arneson MA, Mock CN, et al. Rib fractures in the elderly. J Trauma. 2000 Jun;48(6):1040-6. Abstract

42. Stengel D, Leisterer J, Ferrada P, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography for diagnosing thoracoabdominal injuries in patients with blunt trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 12;(12):CD012669.Full text  Abstract

43. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: rib fractures. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

44. Livingston DH, Shogan B, John P, et al. CT diagnosis of rib fractures and the prediction of acute respiratory failure. J Trauma. 2008 Apr;64(4):905-11. Abstract

45. Royal College of Radiologists; Society and College of Radiographers. The radiological investigation of suspected physical abuse in children. November 2018 [internet publication].Full text

46. Pieracci FM, Majercik S, Ali-Osman F, et al. Consensus statement: surgical stabilization of rib fractures rib fracture colloquium clinical practice guidelines. Injury. 2017 Feb;48(2):307-21. Abstract

47. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Insertion of metal rib reinforcements to stabilise a flail chest wall. October 2010 [internet publication].Full text

48. Battle C, Pelo C, Hsu J, et al. Expert consensus guidance on respiratory physiotherapy and rehabilitation of patients with rib fractures: an international, multidisciplinary e-Delphi study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023 Apr 1;94(4):578-83.Full text  Abstract

49. Kishawi SK, Ho VP, Bachman KC, et al. Are we underestimating the morbidity of single rib fractures? J Surg Res. 2021 Dec;268:174-80.Full text  Abstract

50. Reeder MT, Dick BH, Atkins JK, et al. Stress fractures: current concepts of diagnosis and treatment. Sports Med. 1996 Sep;22(3):198-212. Abstract

51. Karmakar MK, Ho AM. Acute pain management of patients with multiple fractured ribs. J Trauma. 2003 Mar;54(3):615-25. Abstract

52. Oncel M, Sencan S, Yildiz H, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain management in patients with uncomplicated minor rib fractures. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002 Jul;22(1):13-7.Full text  Abstract

53. Mukherjee K, Schubl SD, Tominaga G, et al. Non-surgical management and analgesia strategies for older adults with multiple rib fractures: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and joint practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma and the Chest Wall Injury Society. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023 Mar 1;94(3):398-407. Abstract

54. Hess DR, Kacmarek RM. eds. Chest Trauma. In: Essentials of mechanical ventilation. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2019.Full text

55. Simon B, Ebert J, Bokhari F, et al; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Management of pulmonary contusion and flail chest: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Nov;73(5 Suppl 4):S351-61.Full text  Abstract

56. Leinicke JA, Elmore L, Freeman BD, et al. Operative management of rib fractures in the setting of flail chest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2013 Dec;258(6):914-21. Abstract

57. Marasco SF, Davies AR, Cooper J, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of operative rib fixation in traumatic flail chest. J Am Coll Surg. 2013 May;216(5):924-32. Abstract

58. Kasotakis G, Hasenboehler EA, Streib EW, et al. Operative fixation of rib fractures after blunt trauma: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Mar;82(3):618-26.Full text  Abstract

59. Lucena-Amaro S, Cole E, Zolfaghari P. Long term outcomes following rib fracture fixation in patients with major chest trauma. Injury. 2022 Sep;53(9):2947-52. Abstract

60. Wang Z, Jia Y, Li M. The effectiveness of early surgical stabilization for multiple rib fractures: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2023 Apr 10;18(1):118.Full text  Abstract

61. Tanaka H, Yukioka T, Yamaguti Y, et al. Surgical stabilization of internal pneumatic stabilization? A prospective randomized study of management of severe flail chest patients. J Trauma. 2002 Apr;52(4):727-32. Abstract

62. Choi J, Gomez GI, Kaghazchi A, et al. Surgical stabilization of rib fracture to mitigate pulmonary complication and mortality: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 2021 Feb;232(2):211-9. Abstract

63. Brasel KJ, Guse CE, Layde P, et al. Rib fractures: relationship with pneumonia and mortality. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jun;34(6):1642-6. Abstract

64. Kerr-Valentic MA, Arthur M, Mullins RJ, et al. Rib fracture pain and disability: can we do better? J Trauma. 2003 Jun;54(6):1058-63. Abstract

65. Marasco S, Lee G, Summerhayes R, et al. Quality of life after major trauma with multiple rib fractures. Injury. 2014 Jun 21;46(1):61-5. Abstract

66. Prunet B, Bourenne J, David JS, et al. Patterns of invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with severe blunt chest trauma and lung contusion: A French multicentric evaluation of practices. J Intensive Care Soc. 2018 Apr 3;20(1):46-52.Full text  Abstract

67. Ho ML, Gutierrez FR. Chest radiography in thoracic polytrauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Mar;192(3):599-612.Full text  Abstract

68. Zuidem W. Angle stable plate osteosynthesis for non-union of rib fractures. 2007 [internet publication].Full text

69. British Orthopaedic Association. British Orthopaedic Association standards for trauma: rehabilitation and communication with trauma patients. August 2016 [internet publication].Full text

70. British Orthopaedic Association. British Orthopaedic Association standards for trauma: fracture liaison services. 2015 [internet publication].Full text

Comorbidities Manager reference articles

71. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract

72. British Geriatric Society, Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text

73. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text

74. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

75. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text

76. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text  Abstract

77. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text  Abstract

78. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text

79. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract

80. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (non-complex): assessment and management. February 2016 [internet publication]Full text

81. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS services. June 2021 [internet publication]Full text

82. Nickel C, Arendts G, Lucke J, et al; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: geriatric syndromes. February 2021 [internet publication].Full text

83. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

84. Williams A, Bigham C, Marchbank A. Anaesthetic and surgical management of rib fractures. BJA Educ. 2020 Oct;20(10):332-40Full text  Abstract

85. Ferreira-Valente MA, Pais-Ribeiro JL, Jensen MP. Validity of four pain intensity rating scales. Pain. 2011 Oct;152(10):2399-404 Abstract

86. Herr KA, Mobily PR, Kohout FJ, et al. Evaluation of the Faces Pain Scale for use with the elderly. Clin J Pain. 1998 Mar;14(1):29-38 Abstract

87. Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-15 Abstract

88. Chan S, Hadjistavropoulos T, Williams J, et al. Evidence-based development and initial validation of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate-II (PACSLAC-II). Clin J Pain. 2014 Sep;30(9):816-24 Abstract

89. Abbey J, Piller N, De Bellis A, et al. The Abbey pain scale: a 1-minute numerical indicator for people with end-stage dementia. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2004 Jan;10(1):6-13 Abstract

90. National Institue for Health and Care Excellence. Palliative care for adults: strong opioids for pain relief. Aug 2016 [internet publication].Full text

91. Davison SN. Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jun 7;14(6):917-31Full text  Abstract

92. UK Kidney Association. Kidney Patient Safety Committee: safe prescribing of opiates in kidney disease. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text

93. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

94. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726Full text  Abstract

95. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication]Full text

96. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]Full text

97. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

98. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90Full text  Abstract

99. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 Abstract

100. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. Abstract

101. The Trauma Audit & Research Network. Major trauma in older people. 2017 [internet publication]Full text

102. British Orthopaedic Association. The care of the older or frail orthopaedic trauma patient. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text

103. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rehabilitation after traumatic injury. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text

104. Battle CE, Hutchings H, Evans PA. Risk factors that predict mortality in patients with blunt chest wall trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury. 2012 Jan;43(1):8-17 Abstract

105. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Falls in older people: assessing risk and prevention. June 2013 [internet publication].Full text

106. Yang ZC, Lin H, Jiang GH, et al. Frailty is a risk factor for falls in the older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging. 2023;27(6):487-595.Full text  Abstract

107. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text  Abstract

108. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

109. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text

110. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text

111. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text

112. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

113. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

114. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract

115. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

116. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

117. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text

118. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

119. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

120. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text  Abstract

121. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text

122. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract

123. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text  Abstract

124. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text  Abstract

125. Hsu CY, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, et al. The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Apr 2;74(1):101-7Full text  Abstract

126. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract

127. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text  Abstract

128. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract

129. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text  Abstract

130. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text  Abstract

131. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract

132. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text  Abstract

133. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

134. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

135. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text  Abstract

136. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text  Abstract

137. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. 2023 [internet publication]Full text

138. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text  Abstract

139. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text  Abstract

140. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text  Abstract

141. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text  Abstract

142. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text  Abstract

143. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text

144. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text

145. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text  Abstract

146. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text  Abstract

147. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text  Abstract

148. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

149. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

150. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67Full text  Abstract

151. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text  Abstract

152. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51Full text  Abstract

153. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text

154. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text

155. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

156. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text

157. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text

158. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text  Abstract

159. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text  Abstract

160. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text  Abstract

161. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

162. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text  Abstract

163. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text

164. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract

165. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract

166. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text

167. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.

168. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

169. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text  Abstract

170. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract

171. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract

172. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Full text  Abstract

173. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Full text  Abstract

174. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text

175. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract

176. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text  Abstract

177. Roose SP, Rutherford BR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and operative bleeding risk: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):704-9 Abstract

178. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text

179. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text

180. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract

181. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract

182. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text

183. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text  Abstract

184. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text  Abstract

185. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text  Abstract

186. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

187. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text  Abstract

188. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text  Abstract

189. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text  Abstract

190. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text  Abstract

191. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text  Abstract

192. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text

193. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;5(5):CD001837.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer