Ovarian torsion

References

Key articles

Hibbard LT. Adnexal torsion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Jul 15;152(4):456-61. Abstract

Moro F, Bolomini G, Sibal M, et al. Imaging in gynecological disease (20): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of adnexal torsion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Dec;56(6):934-43.Full text  Abstract

Houry D, Abbott JT. Ovarian torsion: a fifteen-year review. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Aug;38(2):156-9. Abstract

Cass DL. Ovarian torsion. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2005 May;14(2):86-92. Abstract

Huchon C, Panel P, Kayem G, et al. Does this woman have adnexal torsion? Hum Reprod. 2012 Aug;27(8):2359-64.Full text  Abstract

Rey-Bellet Gasser C, Gehri M, Joseph JM, et al. Is it ovarian torsion? A systematic literature review and evaluation of prediction signs. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Apr;32(4):256-61. Abstract

Novoa M, Friedman J, Mayrink M. Ovarian torsion: can we save the ovary? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 Jul;304(1):191-5. Abstract

Oelsner G, Bider D, Goldenberg M, et al. Long-term follow-up of the twisted ischemic adnexa managed by detorsion. Fertil Steril. 1993 Dec;60(6):976-9. Abstract

Descargues G, Tinlot-Mauger F, Gravier A, et al. Adnexal torsion: a report on forty-five cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001 Sep;98(1):91-6. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Hibbard LT. Adnexal torsion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Jul 15;152(4):456-61. Abstract

2. Oelsner G, Shashar D. Adnexal torsion. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;49(3):459-63. Abstract

3. Moro F, Bolomini G, Sibal M, et al. Imaging in gynecological disease (20): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of adnexal torsion. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Dec;56(6):934-43.Full text  Abstract

4. Varras M, Tsikini A, Polyzos D, et al. Uterine adnexal torsion: pathologic and gray-scale ultrasonographic findings. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2004;31(1):34-8. Abstract

5. Pinto AB, Ratts VS, Williams DB, et al. Reduction of ovarian torsion 1 week after embryo transfer in a patient with bilateral hyperstimulated ovaries. Fertil Steril. 2001 Aug;76(2):403-6. Abstract

6. Child TJ, Watson NR, Ledger WL. Sequential bilateral adnexal torsion after a single cycle of gonadotropin ovulation induction with intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril. 1997 Mar;67(3):573-5. Abstract

7. Kang HJ, Davis OK, Rosenwaks Z. Simultaneous bilateral ovarian torsion in the follicular phase after gonadotropin stimulation. Fertil Steril. 2006 Aug;86(2):462.e13-4. Abstract

8. Rackow BW, Patrizio P. Successful pregnancy complicated by early and late adnexal torsion after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2007 Mar;87(3):697.e9-12. Abstract

9. Weitzman VN, DiLuigi AJ, Maier DB, et al. Prevention of recurrent adnexal torsion. Fertil Steril. 2008 Nov;90(5):2018.e1-3.Full text  Abstract

10. Young R, Cork K. Intermittent ovarian torsion in pregnancy. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med. 2017 May;1(2):108-110.Full text  Abstract

11. Houry D, Abbott JT. Ovarian torsion: a fifteen-year review. Ann Emerg Med. 2001 Aug;38(2):156-9. Abstract

12. Anders JF, Powell EC. Urgency of evaluation and outcome of acute ovarian torsion in pediatric patients. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Jun;159(6):532-5.Full text  Abstract

13. Kives S, Gascon S, Dubuc É, et al. No. 341 - diagnosis and management of adnexal torsion in children, adolescents, and adults. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017 Feb;39(2):82-90. Abstract

14. Cass DL. Ovarian torsion. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2005 May;14(2):86-92. Abstract

15. Beaunoyer M, Chapdelaine J, Bouchard S, et al. Asynchronous bilateral ovarian torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 2004 May;39(5):746-9. Abstract

16. Bider D, Mashiach S, Dulitzky M, et al. Clinical, surgical and pathologic findings of adnexal torsion in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991 Nov;173(5):363-6. Abstract

17. Sommerville M, Grimes DA, Koonings PP, et al. Ovarian neoplasms and the risk of adnexal torsion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Feb;164(2):577-8. Abstract

18. Littman ED, Rydfors J, Milki AA. Exercise-induced ovarian torsion in the cycle following gonadotropin therapy: case report. Hum Reprod. 2003 Aug;18(8):1641-2.Full text  Abstract

19. Djavadian D, Braendle W, Jaenicke F. Laparoscopic oophoropexy for the treatment of recurrent torsion of the adnexa in pregnancy: case report and review. Fertil Steril. 2004 Oct;82(4):933-6. Abstract

20. Karaman E, Beger B, Çetin O, et al. Ovarian Torsion in the Normal Ovary: A Diagnostic Challenge in Postmenarchal Adolescent Girls in the Emergency Department. Med Sci Monit. 2017 Mar 15;23:1312-1316.Full text  Abstract

21. Chang HC, Bhatt S, Dogra VS. Pearls and pitfalls in diagnosis of ovarian torsion. Radiographics. 2008 Sep-Oct;28(5):1355-68.Full text  Abstract

22. Yen CF, Lin SL, Murk W, et al. Risk analysis of torsion and malignancy for adnexal masses during pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2009 May;91(5):1895-902. Abstract

23. Bar-On S, Mashiach R, Stockheim D, et al. Emergency laparoscopy for suspected ovarian torsion: are we too hasty to operate? Fertil Steril. 2010 Apr;93(6):2012-5. Abstract

24. Huchon C, Panel P, Kayem G, et al. Does this woman have adnexal torsion? Hum Reprod. 2012 Aug;27(8):2359-64.Full text  Abstract

25. Cavaco-Gomes J, Jorge Moreira C, Rocha A, et al. Investigation and management of adnexal masses in pregnancy. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:3012802.Full text  Abstract

26. Rey-Bellet Gasser C, Gehri M, Joseph JM, et al. Is it ovarian torsion? A systematic literature review and evaluation of prediction signs. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Apr;32(4):256-61. Abstract

27. Ritchie J, O’Mahony F, Garden A. Guideline for the management of ovarian cysts in children and adolescents. British Society for Paediatric & Adolescent Gynaecology. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

28. Rousseau V, Massicot R, Darwish AA, et al. Emergency management and conservative surgery of ovarian torsion in children: a report of 40 cases. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2008 Aug;21(4):201-6. Abstract

29. Chiou SY, Lev-Toaff AS, Masuda E, et al. Adnexal torsion: new clinical and imaging observations by sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2007 Oct;26(10):1289-301. Abstract

30. Eitan R, Galoyan N, Zuckerman B, et al. The risk of malignancy in post-menopausal women presenting with adnexal torsion. Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Jul;106(1):211-4. Abstract

31. Lee RA, Welch JS. Torsion of the uterine adnexa. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1967 Apr 1;97(7):974-7. Abstract

32. Damigos E, Johns J, Ross J. An update on the diagnosis and management of ovarian torsion. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist. 2012;14(4):229-36.

33. White M, Stella J. Ovarian torsion: 10-year perspective. Emerg Med Australas. 2005 Jun;17(3):231-7. Abstract

34. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute pelvic pain in the reproductive age group. 2015 [internet publication].Full text

35. Wattar B, Rimmer M, Rogozinska E, et al. Accuracy of imaging modalities for adnexal torsion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2021 Jan;128(1):37-44.Full text  Abstract

36. Albayram F, Hamper UM. Ovarian and adnexal torsion: spectrum of sonographic findings with pathologic correlation. J Ultrasound Med. 2001 Oct;20(10):1083-9. Abstract

37. Breech LL, Hillard PJ. Adnexal torsion in pediatric and adolescent girls. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Oct;17(5):483-9. Abstract

38. Shadinger LL, Andreotti RF, Kurian RL. Preoperative sonographic and clinical characteristics as predictors of ovarian torsion. J Ultrasound Med. 2008 Jan;27(1):7-13. Abstract

39. Scoutt LM, Baltarowich OH, Lev-Toaff AS. Imaging of adnexal torsion. Ultrasound Clin. 2007;2:311-25.

40. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ovarian cancer: recognition and initial management. April 2011 [internet publication].Full text

41. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

42. Kimura I, Togashi K, Kawakami S, et al. Ovarian torsion: CT and MR imaging appearances. Radiology. 1994 Feb;190(2):337-41. Abstract

43. Rha SE, Byun JY, Jung SE, et al. CT and MR imaging features of adnexal torsion. Radiographics. 2002 Mar-Apr;22(2):283-94.Full text  Abstract

44. Nair S, Joy S, Nayar J. Five year retrospective case series of adnexal torsion. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Dec;8(12):OC09-13.Full text  Abstract

45. Novoa M, Friedman J, Mayrink M. Ovarian torsion: can we save the ovary? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 Jul;304(1):191-5. Abstract

46. Wang JH, Wu DH, Jin H, et al. Predominant etiology of adnexal torsion and ovarian outcome after detorsion in premenarchal girls. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Sep;20(5):298-301. Abstract

47. Dasgupta R, Renaud E, Goldin AB, et al. Ovarian torsion in pediatric and adolescent patients: a systematic review. J Pediatr Surg. 2018 Jul;53(7):1387-91. Abstract

48. Yasa C, Dural O, Bastu E, et al. Impact of laparoscopic ovarian detorsion on ovarian reserve. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2017 Feb;43(2):298-302. Abstract

49. Geimanaite L, Trainavicius K. Ovarian torsion in children: management and outcomes. J Pediatr Surg. 2013 Sep;48(9):1946-53. Abstract

50. Leon MG, Carrubba AR, Robertson M, et al. Video Cafe. 79. Avoiding oophorectomy in acute ovarian torsion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 March 1;222(3):S859.Full text

51. Cohen SB, Wattiez A, Seidman DS, et al. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for detorsion and sparing of twisted ischemic adnexa. JSLS. 2003 Oct-Dec;7(4):295-9. Abstract

52. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Management of suspected ovarian masses in premenopausal women. November 2011 [internet publication].Full text

53. Oelsner G, Cohen SB, Soriano D, et al. Minimal surgery for the twisted ischaemic adnexa can preserve ovarian function. Hum Reprod. 2003 Dec;18(12):2599-602.Full text  Abstract

54. Smorgick N, Melcer Y, Sarig-Meth T, et al. High risk of recurrent torsion in premenarchal girls with torsion of normal adnexa. Fertil Steril. 2016 Jun;105(6):1561-5.e3. Abstract

55. Mashiach S, Bider D, Moran O, et al. Adnexal torsion of hyperstimulated ovaries in pregnancies after gonadotropin therapy. Fertil Steril. 1990 Jan;53(1):76-80. Abstract

56. Gordon JD, Hopkins KL, Jeffrey RB, et al. Adnexal torsion: color Doppler diagnosis and laparoscopic treatment. Fertil Steril. 1994 Feb;61(2):383-5. Abstract

57. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Adnexal torsion in adolescents: ACOG Committee Opinion No, 783. Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Aug;134(2):e56-e63.Full text  Abstract

58. Germain M, Rarick T, Robins E. Management of intermittent ovarian torsion by laparoscopic oophoropexy. Obset Gynecol. 1996 Oct;88(4 Pt 2):715-7. Abstract

59. Levy T, Dicker D, Shalev J, et al. Laparoscopic unwinding of hyperstimulated ischaemic ovaries during the second trimester of pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 1995 Jun;10(6):1478-80. Abstract

60. Crouch NS, Gyampoh B, Cutner AS, et al. Ovarian torsion: to pex or not to pex? Case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2003 Dec;16(6):381-4. Abstract

61. Nagel TC, Sebastian J, Malo JW. Oophoropexy to prevent sequential or recurrent torsion. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc. 1997 Aug;4(4):495-8. Abstract

62. Grunewald B, Keating J, Brown S. Asynchronous ovarian torsion - the case for prophylactic oophoropexy. Postgrad Med J. 1993 Apr;69(810):318-9.Full text  Abstract

63. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 174: evaluation and management of adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Nov;128(5):e210-e226. Abstract

64. Nur Azurah AG, Zainol ZW, Zainuddin AA, et al. Update on the management of ovarian torsion in children and adolescents. World J Pediatr. 2015 Feb;11(1):35-40. Abstract

65. Adeyemi-Fowode O, Lin EG, Syed F, et al. Adnexal Torsion in Children and Adolescents: A Retrospective Review of 245 Cases at a Single Institution. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2019 Feb;32(1):64-69.Full text  Abstract

66. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text

67. Wallis SJ, Wall J, Biram RW, et al. Association of the clinical frailty scale with hospital outcomes. QJM. 2015 Dec;108(12):943-9Full text  Abstract

68. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract

69. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. December 2019 [internet publication]Full text

70. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract

71. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

72. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during the inpatient enteral feeding of stroke patients with diabetes. Nov 2019 [internet publication].Full text

73. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text

74. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

75. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

76. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text  Abstract

77. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text

78. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93Full text  Abstract

79. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

80. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

81. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(suppl 1):S267-78.Full text  Abstract

82. Way S. Ovarian cystectomy of twisted cysts. Lancet. 1946 Jul 13;2(6411):47-8.

83. McGovern PG, Noah R, Koenigsberg R, et al. Adnexal torsion and pulmonary embolism: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1999 Sep;54(9):601-8. Abstract

84. Gorkemli H, Camus M, Clasen K. Adnexal torsion after gonadotropin ovulation induction for IVF or ICSE and its conservative treatment. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2002 Nov;267(1):4-6. Abstract

85. Ben-Rafael Z, Bider D, Mashiach S. Laparoscopic unwinding of twisted ischemic hemorrhagic adnexum after in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 1990 Mar;53(3):569-71. Abstract

86. Oelsner G, Bider D, Goldenberg M, et al. Long-term follow-up of the twisted ischemic adnexa managed by detorsion. Fertil Steril. 1993 Dec;60(6):976-9. Abstract

87. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text  Abstract

88. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text

89. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. October 2014 [internet publiction]Full text

90. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text

91. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract

92. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract

93. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text  Abstract

94. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text  Abstract

95. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract

96. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

97. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

98. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

99. Nova Scotia Health Authority. This is not my Mom. 2012 [internet publication]Full text

100. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73 Abstract

101. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502Full text  Abstract

102. MacLullich AM, Shenkin SD, Goodacre S, et al. The 4 'A's test for detecting delirium in acute medical patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Health Technol Assess. 2019 Aug;23(40):1-194Full text  Abstract

103. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text  Abstract

104. Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 11;3:CD005563Full text  Abstract

105. Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N. Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Age Ageing. 2014 Nov 25;44(2):196-204Full text  Abstract

106. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text

107. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. 2021 [internet publication]Full text

108. Ma H, Huang Y, Cong Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(3):915-37 Abstract

109. Huybrechts KF, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012 Feb 23;344:e977Full text  Abstract

110. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726Full text  Abstract

111. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

112. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

113. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67Full text  Abstract

114. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators; Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text  Abstract

115. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51Full text  Abstract

116. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text

117. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text

118. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

119. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text

120. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text

121. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text  Abstract

122. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2023 [internet publication]Full text

123. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text  Abstract

124. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text  Abstract

125. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text  Abstract

126. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text

127. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

128. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2022 [internet publication]Full text

129. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract

130. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 Mar 7;106(5):906-14 Abstract

131. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text  Abstract

132. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text

133. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

134. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20 Abstract

135. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract

136. Dalton SO, Sørensen HT, Johansen C. SSRIs and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: what is known and how should it influence prescribing? CNS Drugs. 2006;20(2):143-51 Abstract

137. Dalton SO, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L, et al. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jan 13;163(1):59-64Full text  Abstract

138. Cheng YL, Hu HY, Lin XH, et al. Use of SSRI, but not SNRI, increased upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Nov;94(46):e2022Full text  Abstract

139. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Full text  Abstract

140. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text

141. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract

142. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text  Abstract

143. National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training. Smoking cessation and mental health. 2014 [internet publication]Full text

144. Roose SP, Rutherford BR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and operative bleeding risk: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):704-9 Abstract

145. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract

146. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(7 suppl):S54-60 Abstract

147. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2014 Nov 8;78(1):25-33Full text  Abstract

148. World Health Organization. Excess mortality in persons with severe mental disorders. 2016 [internet publication]Full text

149. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

150. Lindson N, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 18;4(4):CD013308.Full text  Abstract

151. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text  Abstract

152. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text  Abstract

153. Descargues G, Tinlot-Mauger F, Gravier A, et al. Adnexal torsion: a report on forty-five cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001 Sep;98(1):91-6. Abstract

154. Shalev E, Mann S, Romano S, et al. Laparoscopic detorsion of adnexa in childhood: a case report. J Pediatr Surg. 1991 Oct;26(10):1193-4. Abstract

155. Templeman C, Hertweck SP, Fallat ME. The clinical course of unresected ovarian torsion. J Pediatr Surg. 2000 Sep;35(9):1385-7. Abstract

156. Pryor RA, Wiczyk HP, O'Shea DL. Adnexal infarction after conservative surgical management of torsion of a hyperstimulated ovary. Fertil Steril. 1995 Jun;63(6):1344-6. Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer