Ovarian torsion

Last reviewed: 1 Mar 2023
Last updated: 18 Jan 2022

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • pelvic or abdominal pain
  • nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea
  • abdominal/pelvic tenderness
  • palpable adnexal mass
  • presence of risk factors
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • feeding intolerance, vomiting, abdominal distension, and fussiness (neonates)
  • strenuous exercise
  • peritoneal signs
  • cervical motion tenderness
  • fever
Full details

Risk factors

  • ovarian neoplasm
  • non-functional ovarian cyst
  • para-ovarian cyst
  • hydrosalpinx
  • pregnancy
  • infertility treatment
  • strenuous exercise
  • sudden increased abdominal pressure
  • polycystic ovary syndrome
Full details

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

  • pregnancy test
  • urinalysis
  • FBC
  • group and save
  • sickle cell test
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • transvaginal ultrasound
  • abdominal or transrectal ultrasound
  • Doppler flow
  • PCR, nucleic acid amplification test, or cervical culture
  • surgical visualisation
Full details

Investigations to consider

  • CT abdomen/pelvis
  • MRI abdomen/pelvis
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

all patients

Contributors

Expert advisers

Jackie Ross, BSc, MBBS, FRCOG

Consultant Gynaecologist and Clinical Lead

Early Pregnancy and Gynaecology Assessment Unit

King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

London

UK

Biography

JR is Vice Chair of the Association of Early Pregnancy Units and a medical advisor to the Ectopic Pregnancy Trust. She is also a course organiser for the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) advanced skills training in Early Pregnancy and Acute Gynaecology, and South London RCOG ultrasound training co-ordinator for Gynaecology.

Disclosures

JR declares that she has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge the previous expert contributor, whose work has been retained in parts of the content:

Dr Sareena Singh, MD, FACOG

Assistant Professor

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Northeast Ohio Medical University

Rootstown

Chief of Gynecologic Oncology

Aultman Hospital

Canton

OH

Disclosures: SS declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Cecilia Bottomley, MBBChir, MD, MRCOG

Consultant Gynaecologist and Clinical Lead for Gynaecology Governance

University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

London

UK

Disclosures

CB declares that she has no competing interests.

Editors

Susan Mayor

Section Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Disclosures

SM works as a freelance medical journalist and editor, video editorial director and presenter, and communications trainer. In this capacity, she has been paid, and continues to be paid, by a wide range of organisations for providing these skills on a professional basis. These include: NHS organisations, including the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, NHS Choices, NHS Kidney Care, and others; publishers and medical education companies, including the BMJ Group, the Lancet group, Medscape, and others; professional organisations, including the British Thoracic Oncology Group, the European Society for Medical Oncology, the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death, and others; charities and patients’ organisations, including the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation and others; pharmaceutical companies, including Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, and others; and communications agencies, including Publicis, Red Healthcare and others. She has no stock options or shares in any pharmaceutical or healthcare companies; however, she invests in a personal pension, which may invest in these types of companies. She is managing director of Susan Mayor Limited, the company name under which she provides medical writing and communications services.

Rachel Wheeler

Lead Section Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Disclosures

RW declares that she has no competing interests.

Annabel Sidwell

Comorbidities Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Disclosures

AS declares that she has no competing interests.

Adam Mitchell

Drug Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Disclosures

AM declares that he has no competing interests.

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