References
Key articles
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text
Royal College of Physicians; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. National clinical guideline for stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. April 2023 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Mechanical clot retrieval for treating acute ischaemic stroke. February 2016 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alteplase for treating acute ischaemic stroke. September 2012 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Aho K, Harmsen P, Hatano S, et al. Cerebrovascular disease in the community: results of a WHO collaborative study. Bull World Health Organ. 1980;58(1):113-30.Full text Abstract
2. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, et al. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet. 1991 Jun 22;337(8756):1521-6. Abstract
3. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al; TOAST Investigators. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial (TOAST - Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment). Stroke. 1993 Jan;24(1):35-41.Full text Abstract
4. Ay H, Benner T, Arsava EM, et al. A computerized algorithm for etiologic classification of ischemic stroke: the causative classification of stroke system. Stroke. 2007 Nov;38(11):2979-84.Full text Abstract
5. Royal College of Physicians. Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP). Is stroke care improving? The second SSNAP annual report. December 2015 [internet publication].Full text
6. Stroke Association. Stroke statistics [internet publication].Full text
7. Public Health England. Health profile for England 2021. February 2023 [internet publication].Full text
8. Wang Y, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Age and ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke over time: the South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013 Dec;44(12):3298-304.Full text Abstract
9. Ali R, Chowdhury A, Forouhi N, et al; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge. Ethnic disparities in the major causes of mortality and their risk factors: a rapid review. April 2021 [internet publication].Full text
10. Gardener H, Sacco RL, Rundek T, et al. Race and ethnic disparities in stroke incidence in the Northern Manhattan Study. Stroke. 2020 Apr;51(4):1064-9.Full text Abstract
11. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Feb 21;147(8):e93-621.Full text Abstract
12. Howard G, Moy CS, Howard VJ, et al. Where to focus efforts to reduce the black-white disparity in stroke mortality: incidence versus case fatality? Stroke. 2016 Jul;47(7):1893-8.Full text Abstract
13. Xiuyun W, Qian W, Minjun X, et al. Education and stroke: evidence from epidemiology and Mendelian randomization study. Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 3;10(1):21208.Full text Abstract
14. Seminog OO, Scarborough P, Wright FL, et al. Determinants of the decline in mortality from acute stroke in England: linked national database study of 795 869 adults. BMJ. 2019 May 22;365:l1778.Full text Abstract
15. Ekker MS, Boot EM, Singhal AB, et al. Epidemiology, aetiology, and management of ischaemic stroke in young adults. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Sep;17(9):790-801. Abstract
16. GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Oct;20(10):795-820.Full text Abstract
17. Pandian JD, Gall SL, Kate MP, et al. Prevention of stroke: a global perspective. Lancet. 2018 Oct 6;392(10154):1269-78. Abstract
18. GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Feigin VL, Nguyen G, et al. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016. N Engl J Med. 2018 Dec 20;379(25):2429-37.Full text Abstract
19. Wang W, Jiang B, Sun H, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of stroke in china: results from a nationwide population-based survey of 480 687 adults. Circulation. 2017 Feb 21;135(8):759-71.Full text Abstract
20. Sacco RL. Risk factors, outcomes, and stroke subtypes for ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1997 Nov;49(5 suppl 4):S39-44. Abstract
21. Flossmann E, Schulz UG, Rothwell PM. Systematic review of methods and results of studies of the genetic epidemiology of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2004 Jan;35(1):212-27.Full text Abstract
22. Rosand J, Bayley N, Rost N, et al. Many hypotheses but no replication for the association between PDE4D and stroke. Nat Genet. 2006 Oct;38(10):1091-2. Abstract
23. Amarenco P, Lavallée PC, Labreuche J, et al. One-year risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 21;374(16):1533-42.Full text Abstract
24. Shahjouei S, Sadighi A, Chaudhary D, et al. A 5-decade analysis of incidence trends of ischemic stroke after transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Jan 1;78(1):77-87.Full text Abstract
25. Lioutas VA, Ivan CS, Himali JJ, et al. Incidence of transient ischemic attack and association with long-term risk of stroke. JAMA. 2021 Jan 26;325(4):373-81.Full text Abstract
26. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Verter J, et al. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke: the Framingham study. JAMA. 1970 Oct 12;214(2):301-10. Abstract
27. Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, et al. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. JAMA. 1988 Feb 19;259(7):1025-9. Abstract
28. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. JAMA. 1979 May 11;241(19):2035-8. Abstract
29. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. Stroke. 1991 Aug;22(8):983-8. Abstract
30. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Becker K, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2001 Jan;32(1):280-99.Full text Abstract
31. Chambers BR, Norris JW. Outcome in patients with asymptomatic neck bruits. N Engl J Med. 1986 Oct 2;315(14):860-5. Abstract
32. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, et al; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 15;325(7):445-53.Full text Abstract
33. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1998 Nov 12;339(20):1415-25.Full text Abstract
34. Fox CK, Leykina L, Hills NK, et al. Hemorrhagic stroke in children and adults with sickle cell anemia: the Post-STOP cohort. Stroke. 2022 Nov;53(11):e463-6.Full text Abstract
35. Iso H, Jacobs DR Jr, Wentworth D, et al. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med. 1989 Apr 6;320(14):904-10. Abstract
36. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Touboul PJ. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and risk of stroke and carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Feb;196(2):489-96. Abstract
37. Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, et al. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):415-21.Full text Abstract
38. Oshunbade AA, Yimer WK, Valle KA, et al. Cigarette smoking and incident stroke in blacks of the Jackson Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jun 16;9(12):e014990.Full text Abstract
39. Yang Q, Tong X, Schieb L, et al. Vital signs: recent trends in stroke death rates - United States, 2000-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Sep 8;66(35):933-9.Full text Abstract
40. Howard VJ. Reasons underlying racial differences in stroke incidence and mortality. Stroke. 2013 Jun;44(6 suppl 1):S126-8.Full text Abstract
41. Bazzano LA, Serdula MK, Liu S. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003 Nov;5(6):492-9. Abstract
42. Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Key TJ, et al. The associations of major foods and fibre with risks of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke: a prospective study of 418 329 participants in the EPIC cohort across nine European countries. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jul 21;41(28):2632-40.Full text Abstract
43. He J, Ogden LG, Vupputuri S, et al. Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. JAMA. 1999 Dec 1;282(21):2027-34.Full text Abstract
44. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality: a 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jan 29;316(5):235-40. Abstract
45. Sacco RL, Gan R, Boden-Albala B, et al. Leisure-time physical activity and ischemic stroke risk: the Northern Manhattan stroke study. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):380-7.Full text Abstract
46. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Rexrode KM, et al. Prospective study of body mass index and risk of stroke in apparently healthy women. Circulation. 2005 Apr 19;111(15):1992-8.Full text Abstract
47. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Berger K, et al. Body mass index and the risk of stroke in men. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Dec 9-23;162(22):2557-62.Full text Abstract
48. Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003 Feb 5;289(5):579-88. Abstract
49. Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC. Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000 Jul 5;284(1):72-8. Abstract
50. Hendrix SL, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Johnson KC, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation. 2006 May 23;113(20):2425-34.Full text Abstract
51. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33.Full text Abstract
52. Bassetti CLA, Randerath W, Vignatelli L, et al. EAN/ERS/ESO/ESRS statement on the impact of sleep disorders on risk and outcome of stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Jul;27(7):1117-36.Full text Abstract
53. Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul 20;144(3):e56-e67.Full text Abstract
54. Kurth T, Slomke MA, Kase CS, et al. Migraine, headache, and the risk of stroke in women: a prospective study. Neurology. 2005 Mar 22;64(6):1020-6. Abstract
55. Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):565-75.Full text Abstract
56. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, et al. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 13;354(15):1567-77.Full text Abstract
57. Bønaa KH, Njølstad I, Ueland PM, et al. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 13;354(15):1578-88.Full text Abstract
58. Ulivi L, Squitieri M, Cohen H, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2020 Oct;20(5):356-67.Full text Abstract
59. Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Chang CH, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to stroke, cognitive disorders, and depression in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Jun;4(6):371-80. Abstract
60. Di Tullio MR, Russo C, Jin Z, et al. Aortic arch plaques and risk of recurrent stroke and death. Circulation. 2009 May 5;119(17):2376-82.Full text Abstract
61. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text
62. Meschia JF, Bushnell C, Boden-Albala B, et al. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Dec;45(12):3754-832.Full text Abstract
63. Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, et al. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 29;(7):CD000213.Full text Abstract
64. Man S, Xian Y, Holmes DN, et al. Association between thrombolytic door-to-needle time and 1-year mortality and readmission in patients with acute ischemic stroke. JAMA. 2020 Jun 2;323(21):2170-84.Full text Abstract
65. Berge E, Whiteley W, Audebert H, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Mar;6(1):I-LXII.Full text Abstract
66. BC Guidelines. Stroke and transient ischemic attack – acute and long-term management. April 2015 [internet publication].Full text
67. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. April 2022 [internet publication].Full text
68. Royal College of Physicians; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. National clinical guideline for stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. April 2023 [internet publication].Full text
69. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):e344-e418.Full text Abstract
70. White PM, Bhalla A, Dinsmore J, et al. Standards for providing safe acute ischaemic stroke thrombectomy services (September 2015). Clin Radiol. 2017 Feb;72(2):175.e1-9. Abstract
71. Markus H, Pereira A, Cloud G. Stroke medicine (Oxford specialist handbooks in neurology). Oxford Medicine Online. November 2016 [internet publication].Full text
72. Nor AM, Davis J, Sen B, et al. The Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Nov;4(11):727-34. Abstract
73. Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians, and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke. 2003 Jan;34(1):71-6.Full text Abstract
74. Kobayashi A, Czlonkowska A, Ford GA, et al. European Academy of Neurology and European Stroke Organization consensus statement and practical guidance for pre-hospital management of stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2018 Mar;25(3):425-33.Full text Abstract
75. Merwick Á, Werring D. Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke. BMJ. 2014 May 19;348:g3175.Full text Abstract
76. Mehdiratta M, Perez Y. Anterior circulation: large artery occlusive disease and embolism. In: Caplan LR, Biller J, Leary MC, et al., eds. Primer on cerebrovascular diseases. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2017:384–8.
77. Tao WD, Liu M, Fisher M, et al. Posterior versus anterior circulation infarction: how different are the neurological deficits? Stroke. 2012 Aug;43(8):2060-5.Full text Abstract
78. Simons LA, McCallum J, Friedlander Y, et al. Risk factors for ischemic stroke: Dubbo Study of the elderly. Stroke. 1998 Jul;29(7):1341-6.Full text Abstract
79. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Verter J, et al. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke: the Framingham Study. 1970. JAMA. 1996 Oct 16;276(15):1269-78. Abstract
80. Best JG, Bell R, Haque M, et al. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2019 Jun;19(3):208-24. Abstract
81. Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MS. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ Res. 2017 Feb 3;120(3):472-95.Full text Abstract
82. Hand PJ, Kwan J, Lindley RI, et al. Distinguishing between stroke and mimic at the bedside: the brain attack study. Stroke. 2006 Mar;37(3):769-75.Full text Abstract
83. Rudd AG, Bowen A, Young GR, et al. The latest national clinical guideline for stroke. Clin Med (Lond). 2017 Apr;17(2):154-5.Full text Abstract
84. van Everdingen KJ, van der Grond J, Kappelle LJ, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in acute stroke. Stroke. 1998 Sep;29(9):1783-90.Full text Abstract
85. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Mechanical clot retrieval for treating acute ischaemic stroke. February 2016 [internet publication].Full text
86. Albers GW, Marks MP, Kemp S, et al. Thrombectomy for stroke at 6 to 16 hours with selection by perfusion imaging. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 22;378(8):708-18.Full text Abstract
87. Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC, et al. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 4;378(1):11-21.Full text Abstract
88. Snelling B, Mccarthy DJ, Chen S, et al. Extended window for stroke thrombectomy. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2019 Apr-Jun;10(2):294-300. Abstract
89. Cohen A, Donal E, Delgado V, et al. EACVI recommendations on cardiovascular imaging for the detection of embolic sources: endorsed by the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021 May 10;22(6):e24-e57.Full text Abstract
91. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Implantable cardiac monitors to detect atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke. September 2020 [internet publication].Full text
92. Venkataraman P, Tadi P, Lui F. Lacunar syndromes. StatPearls. January 2023 [internet publication].Full text Abstract
93. Giles MF, Rothwell PM. Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Dec;6(12):1063-72. Abstract
94. Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, et al. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul 2;339(1):5-11.Full text Abstract
95. Alberts MJ, Latchaw RE, Jagoda A, et al. Revised and updated recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers: a summary statement from the brain attack coalition. Stroke. 2011 Sep;42(9):2651-65.Full text Abstract
96. Stone J, Burton C, Carson A. Recognising and explaining functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2020 Oct 21;371:m3745. Abstract
97. Brown RJ, Reuber M. Psychological and psychiatric aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;45:157-82.Full text Abstract
98. NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text
99. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text
100. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Full text Abstract
101. Pocket ICU management. ATLS algorithms. April 2010 [internet publication].Full text
102. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text Abstract
103. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract
104. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-ii90.Full text Abstract
105. Ntaios G, Dziedzic T, Michel P, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of temperature in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke. 2015 Aug;10(6):941-9.Full text Abstract
106. Alamowitch S, Turc G, Palaiodimou L, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) expedited recommendation on tenecteplase for acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2023 Mar;8(1):8-54.Full text Abstract
107. Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76.Full text Abstract
108. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
109. British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen use in healthcare and emergency settings. December 2019 [internet publication].Full text
110. Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021.Full text Abstract
111. Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11).Full text Abstract
112. ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group., Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative Oxygen Therapy during Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98.Full text Abstract
113. Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;(9):CD013708.Full text Abstract
114. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 11;(9):CD000197.Full text Abstract
115. Langhorne P, Ramachandra S, Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke: network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 23;4:CD000197.Full text Abstract
116. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alteplase for treating acute ischaemic stroke. September 2012 [internet publication].Full text
117. Sandset EC, Anderson CS, Bath PM, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on blood pressure management in acute ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Jun;6(2):XLVIII-LXXXIX.Full text Abstract
118. Logallo N, Novotny V, Assmus J, et al. Tenecteplase versus alteplase for management of acute ischaemic stroke (NOR-TEST): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Oct;16(10):781-8. Abstract
119. Kvistad CE, Næss H, Helleberg BH, et al. Tenecteplase versus alteplase for the management of acute ischaemic stroke in Norway (NOR-TEST 2, part A): a phase 3, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Jun;21(6):511-9. Abstract
120. Haley EC Jr, Thompson JL, Grotta JC, et al. Phase IIB/III trial of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke: results of a prematurely terminated randomized clinical trial. Stroke. 2010 Apr;41(4):707-11.Full text Abstract
121. Wang Y, Li S, Pan Y, et al. Tenecteplase versus alteplase in acute ischaemic cerebrovascular events (TRACE-2): a phase 3, multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2023 Feb 25;401(10377):645-54. Abstract
122. Yogendrakumar V, Churilov L, Guha P, et al. Tenecteplase treatment and thrombus characteristics associated with early reperfusion: an EXTEND-IA TNK trials analysis. Stroke. 2023 Mar;54(3):706-14.Full text Abstract
123. Roaldsen MB, Eltoft A, Wilsgaard T, et al. Safety and efficacy of tenecteplase in patients with wake-up stroke assessed by non-contrast CT (TWIST): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Feb;22(2):117-26. Abstract
124. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al; ECASS Investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 25;359(13):1317-29.Full text Abstract
125. Davis S, Holmes M, Simpson E, et al. Alteplase for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (review of technology appraisal 122): a single technology appraisal. School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield. May 2012 [internet publication].Full text
126. Thomalla G, Simonsen CZ, Boutitie F, et al. MRI-guided thrombolysis for stroke with unknown time of onset. N Engl J Med. 2018 Aug 16;379(7):611-22.Full text Abstract
127. Campbell BCV, Ma H, Ringleb PA, et al. Extending thrombolysis to 4·5-9 h and wake-up stroke using perfusion imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet. 2019 Jul 13;394(10193):139-47. Abstract
128. Ma H, Campbell BCV, Parsons MW, et al. Thrombolysis guided by perfusion imaging up to 9 hours after onset of stroke. N Engl J Med. 2019 May 9;380(19):1795-803.Full text Abstract
129. Ringleb P, Bendszus M, Bluhmki E, et al. Extending the time window for intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke using magnetic resonance imaging-based patient selection. Int J Stroke. 2019 Jul;14(5):483-90. Abstract
130. Davis SM, Donnan GA, Parsons MW, et al. Effects of alteplase beyond 3 h after stroke in the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial (EPITHET): a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008 Apr;7(4):299-309. Abstract
131. Roaldsen MB, Lindekleiv H, Mathiesen EB. Intravenous thrombolytic treatment and endovascular thrombectomy for ischaemic wake-up stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 1;12(12):CD010995.Full text Abstract
132. Goyal M, Menon BK, van Zwam WH, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet. 2016 Apr 23;387(10029):1723-31. Abstract
133. Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 1;372(1):11-20.Full text Abstract
134. Campbell BC, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 12;372(11):1009-18.Full text Abstract
135. Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015 Mar 12;372(11):1019-30.Full text Abstract
136. Jovin TG, Chamorro A, Cobo E, et al. Thrombectomy within 8 hours after symptom onset in ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 11;372(24):2296-306.Full text Abstract
137. Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A, et al. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 11;372(24):2285-95.Full text Abstract
138. NHS England. Clinical commissioning policy: mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke (all ages). May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
139. Muir KW, White P. HERMES: messenger for stroke interventional treatment. Lancet. 2016 Apr 23;387(10029):1695-7.Full text Abstract
140. Bracard S, Ducrocq X, Mas JL, et al. Mechanical thrombectomy after intravenous alteplase versus alteplase alone after stroke (THRACE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Oct;15(11):1138-47. Abstract
141. Mocco J, Zaidat OO, von Kummer R, et al. Aspiration thrombectomy after intravenous alteplase versus intravenous alteplase alone. Stroke. 2016 Sep;47(9):2331-8.Full text Abstract
142. Sarraj A, Hassan AE, Abraham MG, et al. Trial of endovascular thrombectomy for large ischemic strokes. N Engl J Med. 2023 Apr 6;388(14):1259-71. Abstract
143. Huo X, Ma G, Tong X, et al. Trial of endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke with large infarct. N Engl J Med. 2023 Apr 6;388(14):1272-83. Abstract
144. Langezaal LCM, van der Hoeven EJRJ, Mont'Alverne FJA, et al. Endovascular therapy for stroke due to basilar-artery occlusion. N Engl J Med. 2021 May 20;384(20):1910-20.Full text Abstract
145. Liu X, Dai Q, Ye R, et al. Endovascular treatment versus standard medical treatment for vertebrobasilar artery occlusion (BEST): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Feb;19(2):115-22.Full text Abstract
146. Jovin TG, Li C, Wu L, et al. Trial of thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke due to basilar-artery occlusion. N Engl J Med. 2022 Oct 13;387(15):1373-84.Full text Abstract
147. Ghozy S, El‐Qushayri AE, Elfil M, et al. Endovascular treatment for basilar artery occlusion: revisiting evidence from randomized clinical trials. Stroke Vasc Interv Neurol. 2023 Feb 15;0:e000655.Full text
148. Tao C, Nogueira RG, Zhu Y, et al. Trial of endovascular treatment of acute basilar-artery occlusion. N Engl J Med. 2022 Oct 13;387(15):1361-72.Full text Abstract
149. Piironen K, Putaala J, Rosso C, et al. Glucose and acute stroke: evidence for an interlude. Stroke. 2012 Mar;43(3):898-902.Full text Abstract
150. Fuentes B, Ntaios G, Putaala J, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on glycaemia management in acute stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2018 Mar;3(1):5-21.Full text Abstract
151. Johnston KC, Bruno A, Pauls Q, et al. Intensive vs standard treatment of hyperglycemia and functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the SHINE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jul 23;322(4):326-35.Full text Abstract
152. Bellolio MF, Gilmore RM, Ganti L. Insulin for glycaemic control in acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 23;(1):CD005346.Full text Abstract
153. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA, et al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol. 2007 May;6(5):397-406. Abstract
154. Zhang J, Yang J, Zhang C, et al. Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD001928.Full text Abstract
155. Bath PM, Krishnan K, Appleton JP. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;(4):CD000398.Full text Abstract
156. Bath PM, Krishnan K. Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 28;(10):CD000039.Full text Abstract
157. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischaemic stroke. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
158. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for decompressive hemicraniectomy. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
159. van der Worp HB, Hofmeijer J, Jüttler E, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on the management of space-occupying brain infarction. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Jun;6(2):XC-CX.Full text Abstract
160. Prasad K, Siemieniuk R, Hao Q, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for acute high risk transient ischaemic attack and minor ischaemic stroke: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Dec 18;363:k5130.Full text Abstract
161. Sandercock P, Gubitz G, Foley P, et al. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD000029.Full text Abstract
162. Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Tseng MC, et al. Oral antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Mar 26;(3):CD000029.Full text Abstract
163. Dawson J, Merwick Á, Webb A, et al. European Stroke Organisation expedited recommendation for the use of short-term dual antiplatelet therapy early after minor stroke and high-risk TIA. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Jun;6(2):CLXXXVII-CXCI.Full text Abstract
164. Aboyans V, Bauersachs R, Mazzolai L, et al. Antithrombotic therapies in aortic and peripheral arterial diseases in 2021: a consensus document from the ESC working group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases, the ESC working group on thrombosis, and the ESC working group on cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. Eur Heart J. 2021 Oct 14;42(39):4013-24.Full text Abstract
165. Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 4;369(1):11-9.Full text Abstract
166. Johnston SC, Easton JD, Farrant M, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 19;379(3):215-25.Full text Abstract
167. Johnston SC, Amarenco P, Denison H, et al. Ticagrelor and aspirin or aspirin alone in acute ischemic stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 16;383(3):207-17.Full text Abstract
168. Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, et al. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Nov;6(11):961-9. Abstract
169. Wang Y, Pan Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (CHANCE) trial: one-year outcomes. Circulation. 2015 Jul 7;132(1):40-6.Full text Abstract
170. Grotta JC. Antiplatelet therapy after ischemic stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 19;379(3):291-2. Abstract
171. Pan Y, Elm JJ, Li H, et al. Outcomes associated with clopidogrel-aspirin use in minor stroke or transient ischemic attack: a pooled analysis of clopidogrel in high-risk patients with acute non-disabling cerebrovascular events (CHANCE) and platelet-oriented inhibition in new TIA and minor ischemic stroke (POINT) trials. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Dec 1;76(12):1466-73.Full text Abstract
172. Hao Q, Tampi M, O'Donnell M, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for acute minor ischaemic stroke or high risk transient ischaemic attack: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2018 Dec 18;363:k5108.Full text Abstract
173. Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Kane EJ. Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 12;(3):CD000024.Full text Abstract
174. Gubitz G, Sandercock P, Counsell C. Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD000024.Full text Abstract
175. Ferro JM, Bousser MG, Canhão P, et al. European Stroke Organization guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis - endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology. Eur J Neurol. 2017 Oct;24(10):1203-13.Full text Abstract
176. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for head positioning. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
177. Olavarría VV, Lavados PM, Muñoz-Venturelli P, et al. Flat-head positioning increases cerebral blood flow in anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke. A cluster randomized phase IIb trial. Int J Stroke. 2018 Aug;13(6):600-1.Full text Abstract
178. Anderson CS, Arima H, Lavados P, et al. Cluster-randomized, crossover trial of head positioning in acute stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 22;376(25):2437-47. Abstract
179. Langhorne P, Wu O, Rodgers H, et al. A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial after stroke (AVERT): a phase III, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2017 Sep;21(54):1-120.Full text Abstract
180. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for very early mobilisation. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
181. Diserens K, Moreira T, Hirt L, et al. Early mobilization out of bed after ischaemic stroke reduces severe complications but not cerebral blood flow: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2012 May;26(5):451-9. Abstract
182. Poletto SR, Rebello LC, Valença MJ, et al. Early mobilization in ischemic stroke: a pilot randomized trial of safety and feasibility in a public hospital in Brazil. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2015 Jan-Apr;5(1):31-40.Full text Abstract
183. AVERT Trial Collaboration group. Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Jul 4;386(9988):46-55.Full text Abstract
184. Bernhardt J, Churilov L, Dewey H, et al. Statistical analysis plan (SAP) for A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT): an international trial to determine the efficacy and safety of commencing out of bed standing and walking training (very early mobilization) within 24 h of stroke onset vs. usual stroke unit care. Int J Stroke. 2015 Jan;10(1):23-4. Abstract
185. Bernhardt J, Churilov L, Ellery F, et al. Prespecified dose-response analysis for A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT). Neurology. 2016 Jun 7;86(23):2138-45.Full text Abstract
186. Bernhardt J, Raffelt A, Churilov L, et al. Exploring threats to generalisability in a large international rehabilitation trial (AVERT). BMJ Open. 2015 Aug 17;5(8):e008378.Full text Abstract
187. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Full text Abstract
188. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR, eds. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2004.
189. Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022 Aug 17 [Epub ahead of print].Full text Abstract
190. Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Feb 23;143(8):e254-e743.Full text Abstract
191. Cooray C, Mazya M, Bottai M, et al. External validation of the ASTRAL and DRAGON scores for prediction of functional outcome in stroke. Stroke. 2016 Jun;47(6):1493-9.Full text Abstract
192. Ferrarello F, Baccini M, Rinaldi LA, et al. Efficacy of physiotherapy interventions late after stroke: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;82(2):136-43. Abstract
193. Hacke W, Lyden P, Emberson J, et al. Effects of alteplase for acute stroke according to criteria defining the European Union and United States marketing authorizations: individual-patient-data meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Stroke. 2018 Feb;13(2):175-89.Full text Abstract
194. Starkstein SE, Mizrahi R, Power BD. Antidepressant therapy in post-stroke depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Jun;9(8):1291-8. Abstract
195. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 suppl):381-453S. Abstract
196. Dennis M, Caso V, Kappelle LJ, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in immobile patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2016 Mar;1(1):6-19.Full text Abstract
197. Hinkle JL, Becker KJ, Kim JS, et al. Poststroke fatigue: emerging evidence and approaches to management: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):e159-70.Full text Abstract
198. Phipps MS, Cronin CA. Management of acute ischemic stroke. BMJ. 2020 Feb 13;368:l6983.Full text Abstract
199. Saunders DH, Sanderson M, Hayes S, et al. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 20;(3):CD003316.Full text Abstract
Comorbidities Manager reference articles
200. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]Full text
201. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication]Full text
202. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text
203. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90Full text Abstract
204. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 Abstract
205. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. Abstract
206. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
207. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
208. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract
209. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
210. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text
211. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text
212. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
213. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
214. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text Abstract
215. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text
216. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93Full text Abstract
217. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text Abstract
218. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text Abstract
219. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication]Full text
220. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
221. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, et al. Prevalence of admission hyperglycaemia across clinical subtypes of acute stroke. Lancet. 1999 Jan 30;353(9150):376-7 Abstract
222. Luitse MJ, Biessels GJ, Rutten GE, et al. Diabetes, hyperglycaemia, and acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Mar;11(3):261-71 Abstract
223. Muir KW, McCormick M, Baird T, et al. Prevalence, predictors and prognosis of post-stroke hyperglycaemia in acute stroke trials: individual patient data pooled analysis from the virtual international stroke trials archive (VISTA). Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2011 Jan-Dec;1(1):17-27Full text Abstract
224. Fuentes B, Ntaios G, Putaala J, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on glycaemia management in acute stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2018 Mar;3(1):5-21Full text Abstract
225. Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. April 2023 [internet publication].Full text
226. Bellolio MF, Gilmore RM, Ganti L. Insulin for glycaemic control in acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 23;(1):CD005346.Full text Abstract
227. Johnston KC, Bruno A, Pauls Q, et al. Intensive vs standard treatment of hyperglycemia and functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the SHINE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jul 23;322(4):326-35Full text Abstract
228. Bath PM, Krishnan K. Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 28;(10):CD000039Full text Abstract
229. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text
230. Hsu CY, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, et al. The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Apr 2;74(1):101-7Full text Abstract
231. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]Full text
232. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88Full text Abstract
233. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text
234. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text
235. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text Abstract
236. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract
237. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text Abstract
238. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
239. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text
240. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text
241. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text
242. Sharfuddin AA, Weisbord SD, Palevsky PM, et al. Acute kidney injury. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, et al., eds. Brenner and Rector's the kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2012.
243. Wilhelm-Leen E, Montez-Rath ME, Chertow G. Estimating the risk of radiocontrast-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Feb;28(2):653-9.Full text Abstract
244. Brinjikji W, Demchuk AM, Murad MH, et al. Neurons over nephrons: systematic review and meta-analysis of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):1862-8.Full text Abstract
245. Ehrmann S, Quartin A, Hobbs BP, et al. Contrast-associated acute kidney injury in the critically ill: systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jun;43(6):785-94. Abstract
246. Davenport MS, Perazella MA, Yee J, et al. Use of intravenous iodinated contrast media in patients with kidney disease: consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation. Radiology. 2020 Mar;294(3):660-8.Full text Abstract
247. Royal College of Radiologists. iRefer: making the best use of clinical radiology. 8th edition 2017 [internet publication]Full text
248. Janse RJ, Fu EL, Clase CM, et al. Stopping versus continuing renin-angiotensin-system inhibitors after acute kidney injury and adverse clinical outcomes: an observational study from routine care data. Clin Kidney J. 2022 Jun;15(6):1109-19.Full text Abstract
249. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text Abstract
250. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract
251. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text Abstract
252. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
253. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
254. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
255. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text Abstract
256. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text Abstract
257. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. 2023 [internet publication]Full text
258. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text Abstract
259. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text Abstract
260. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text Abstract
261. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text Abstract
262. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text Abstract
263. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text
264. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text
265. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text Abstract
266. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text Abstract
267. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text Abstract
268. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract
269. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract
270. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text
271. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text
272. Pan A, Sun Q, Okereke OI, et al. Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis and systematic review. JAMA. 2011 Sep 21;306(11):1241-9 Abstract
273. Towfighi A, Ovbiagele B, El Husseini N, et al. Poststroke depression: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017 Feb;48(2):e30-e43Full text Abstract
274. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract
275. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract
276. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text
277. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text Abstract
278. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13.Full text Abstract
279. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text Abstract
280. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text
281. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.
282. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021
283. Renoux C, Vahey S, Dell'Aniello S, et al. Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the risk for spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Feb 1;74(2):173-80Full text Abstract
284. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text Abstract
285. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract
286. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract
287. Kneebone I, Baker J, O’Malley H. Screening for depression after stroke: developing protocols for the occupational therapist. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2010;73(2):71-6
288. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke rehabilitation in adults. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text
289. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text Abstract
290. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text
291. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text
292. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
293. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text
294. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text Abstract
295. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text Abstract
296. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
297. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text Abstract
298. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text
299. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text
300. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text Abstract
301. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
302. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text Abstract
303. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text Abstract
304. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text Abstract
305. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text Abstract
306. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text Abstract
307. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text
308. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;5(5):CD001837.Full text Abstract
309. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract
310. British Geriatric Society, Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text
311. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text
312. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer