References
Key articles
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text
Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke. October 2016 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Mechanical clot retrieval for treating acute ischaemic stroke. February 2016 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alteplase for treating acute ischaemic stroke. September 2012 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Aho K, Harmsen P, Hatano S, et al. Cerebrovascular disease in the community: results of a WHO collaborative study. Bull World Health Organ. 1980;58(1):113-30.Full text Abstract
2. Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, et al. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet. 1991 Jun 22;337(8756):1521-6. Abstract
3. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al; TOAST Investigators. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke: definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial (TOAST - Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment). Stroke. 1993 Jan;24(1):35-41.Full text Abstract
4. Ay H, Benner T, Arsava EM, et al. A computerized algorithm for etiologic classification of ischemic stroke: the causative classification of stroke system. Stroke. 2007 Nov;38(11):2979-84.Full text Abstract
5. Royal College of Physicians. Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme (SSNAP). Is stroke care improving? The second SSNAP annual report. December 2015 [internet publication].Full text
6. Stroke Association. Stroke statistics [internet publication].Full text
7. Public Health England. Health profile for England 2021. November 2021 [internet publication].Full text
8. Wang Y, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. Age and ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke over time: the South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013 Dec;44(12):3298-304.Full text Abstract
9. Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018 Mar 20;137(12):e67-492.Full text Abstract
10. Seminog OO, Scarborough P, Wright FL, et al. Determinants of the decline in mortality from acute stroke in England: linked national database study of 795 869 adults. BMJ. 2019 May 22;365:l1778.Full text Abstract
11. Ekker MS, Boot EM, Singhal AB, et al. Epidemiology, aetiology, and management of ischaemic stroke in young adults. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Sep;17(9):790-801. Abstract
12. GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Oct;20(10):795-820.Full text Abstract
13. Pandian JD, Gall SL, Kate MP, et al. Prevention of stroke: a global perspective. Lancet. 2018 Oct 6;392(10154):1269-78. Abstract
14. GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Feigin VL, Nguyen G, et al. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016. N Engl J Med. 2018 Dec 20;379(25):2429-37.Full text Abstract
15. Wang W, Jiang B, Sun H, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of stroke in china: results from a nationwide population-based survey of 480 687 adults. Circulation. 2017 Feb 21;135(8):759-71.Full text Abstract
16. Sacco RL. Risk factors, outcomes, and stroke subtypes for ischemic stroke. Neurology. 1997 Nov;49(5 suppl 4):S39-44. Abstract
17. Flossmann E, Schulz UG, Rothwell PM. Systematic review of methods and results of studies of the genetic epidemiology of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2004 Jan;35(1):212-27.Full text Abstract
18. Rosand J, Bayley N, Rost N, et al. Many hypotheses but no replication for the association between PDE4D and stroke. Nat Genet. 2006 Oct;38(10):1091-2. Abstract
19. Amarenco P, Lavallée PC, Labreuche J, et al. One-year risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 21;374(16):1533-42.Full text Abstract
20. Shahjouei S, Sadighi A, Chaudhary D, et al. A 5-decade analysis of incidence trends of ischemic stroke after transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2021 Jan 1;78(1):77-87.Full text Abstract
21. Lioutas VA, Ivan CS, Himali JJ, et al. Incidence of transient ischemic attack and association with long-term risk of stroke. JAMA. 2021 Jan 26;325(4):373-81.Full text Abstract
22. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Verter J, et al. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke: the Framingham study. JAMA. 1970 Oct 12;214(2):301-10. Abstract
23. Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, et al. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. JAMA. 1988 Feb 19;259(7):1025-9. Abstract
24. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. JAMA. 1979 May 11;241(19):2035-8. Abstract
25. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. Stroke. 1991 Aug;22(8):983-8. Abstract
26. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Becker K, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2001 Jan;32(1):280-99.Full text Abstract
27. Chambers BR, Norris JW. Outcome in patients with asymptomatic neck bruits. N Engl J Med. 1986 Oct 2;315(14):860-5. Abstract
28. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Haynes RB, et al; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 15;325(7):445-53.Full text Abstract
29. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1998 Nov 12;339(20):1415-25.Full text Abstract
30. Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, et al. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul 2;339(1):5-11.Full text Abstract
31. Iso H, Jacobs DR Jr, Wentworth D, et al. Serum cholesterol levels and six-year mortality from stroke in 350,977 men screened for the multiple risk factor intervention trial. N Engl J Med. 1989 Apr 6;320(14):904-10. Abstract
32. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Touboul PJ. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and risk of stroke and carotid atherosclerosis: a systematic review. Atherosclerosis. 2008 Feb;196(2):489-96. Abstract
33. Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, et al. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):415-21.Full text Abstract
34. Oshunbade AA, Yimer WK, Valle KA, et al. Cigarette smoking and incident stroke in blacks of the Jackson Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jun 16;9(12):e014990.Full text Abstract
35. Yang Q, Tong X, Schieb L, et al. Vital signs: recent trends in stroke death rates - United States, 2000-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Sep 8;66(35):933-9.Full text Abstract
36. Howard VJ. Reasons underlying racial differences in stroke incidence and mortality. Stroke. 2013 Jun;44(6 suppl 1):S126-8.Full text Abstract
37. Bazzano LA, Serdula MK, Liu S. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003 Nov;5(6):492-9. Abstract
38. Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Key TJ, et al. The associations of major foods and fibre with risks of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke: a prospective study of 418 329 participants in the EPIC cohort across nine European countries. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jul 21;41(28):2632-40.Full text Abstract
39. He J, Ogden LG, Vupputuri S, et al. Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. JAMA. 1999 Dec 1;282(21):2027-34.Full text Abstract
40. Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality: a 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jan 29;316(5):235-40. Abstract
41. Sacco RL, Gan R, Boden-Albala B, et al. Leisure-time physical activity and ischemic stroke risk: the Northern Manhattan stroke study. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):380-7.Full text Abstract
42. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Rexrode KM, et al. Prospective study of body mass index and risk of stroke in apparently healthy women. Circulation. 2005 Apr 19;111(15):1992-8.Full text Abstract
43. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Berger K, et al. Body mass index and the risk of stroke in men. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Dec 9-23;162(22):2557-62.Full text Abstract
44. Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003 Feb 5;289(5):579-88. Abstract
45. Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC. Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000 Jul 5;284(1):72-8. Abstract
46. Hendrix SL, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Johnson KC, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation. 2006 May 23;113(20):2425-34.Full text Abstract
47. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33.Full text Abstract
48. Bassetti CLA, Randerath W, Vignatelli L, et al. EAN/ERS/ESO/ESRS statement on the impact of sleep disorders on risk and outcome of stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Jul;27(7):1117-36.Full text Abstract
49. Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul 20;144(3):e56-e67.Full text Abstract
50. Kurth T, Slomke MA, Kase CS, et al. Migraine, headache, and the risk of stroke in women: a prospective study. Neurology. 2005 Mar 22;64(6):1020-6. Abstract
51. Toole JF, Malinow MR, Chambless LE, et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Feb 4;291(5):565-75.Full text Abstract
52. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, et al. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 13;354(15):1567-77.Full text Abstract
53. Bønaa KH, Njølstad I, Ueland PM, et al. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 13;354(15):1578-88.Full text Abstract
54. Ulivi L, Squitieri M, Cohen H, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2020 Oct;20(5):356-67.Full text Abstract
55. Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Chang CH, et al. Relation of C-reactive protein to stroke, cognitive disorders, and depression in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Jun;4(6):371-80. Abstract
56. Di Tullio MR, Russo C, Jin Z, et al. Aortic arch plaques and risk of recurrent stroke and death. Circulation. 2009 May 5;119(17):2376-82.Full text Abstract
57. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Sep 2016 [internet publication].Full text
58. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Surveillance report 2018 – Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification (2014) NICE guideline CG181. January 2018 [internet publication].Full text
59. Meschia JF, Bushnell C, Boden-Albala B, et al. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014 Dec;45(12):3754-832.Full text Abstract
60. Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E, et al. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 29;(7):CD000213.Full text Abstract
61. Man S, Xian Y, Holmes DN, et al. Association between thrombolytic door-to-needle time and 1-year mortality and readmission in patients with acute ischemic stroke. JAMA. 2020 Jun 2;323(21):2170-84.Full text Abstract
62. BC Guidelines. Stroke and transient ischemic attack – acute and long-term management. April 2015 [internet publication].Full text
63. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text
64. Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke. October 2016 [internet publication].Full text
65. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):e344-e418.Full text Abstract
66. White PM, Bhalla A, Dinsmore J, et al. Standards for providing safe acute ischaemic stroke thrombectomy services (September 2015). Clin Radiol. 2017 Feb;72(2):175.e1-9. Abstract
67. Markus H, Pereira A, Cloud G. Stroke medicine (Oxford specialist handbooks in neurology). Oxford Medicine Online. January 2017 [internet publication].Full text
68. Nor AM, Davis J, Sen B, et al. The Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) scale: development and validation of a stroke recognition instrument. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Nov;4(11):727-34. Abstract
69. Harbison J, Hossain O, Jenkinson D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of stroke referrals from primary care, emergency room physicians, and ambulance staff using the face arm speech test. Stroke. 2003 Jan;34(1):71-6.Full text Abstract
70. Kobayashi A, Czlonkowska A, Ford GA, et al. European Academy of Neurology and European Stroke Organization consensus statement and practical guidance for pre-hospital management of stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2018 Mar;25(3):425-33.Full text Abstract
71. Brandler ES, Sharma M, Sinert RH, et al. Prehospital stroke scales in urban environments: a systematic review. Neurology. 2014 Jun 17;82(24):2241-9. Abstract
72. Fothergill RT, Williams J, Edwards MJ, et al. Does use of the recognition of stroke in the emergency room stroke assessment tool enhance stroke recognition by ambulance clinicians? Stroke. 2013 Nov;44(11):3007-12.Full text Abstract
73. Merwick Á, Werring D. Posterior circulation ischaemic stroke. BMJ. 2014 May 19;348:g3175.Full text Abstract
74. Mehdiratta M, Perez Y. Anterior circulation: large artery occlusive disease and embolism. In: Caplan LR, Biller J, Leary MC, et al., eds. Primer on cerebrovascular diseases. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2017:384–8.
75. Tao WD, Liu M, Fisher M, et al. Posterior versus anterior circulation infarction: how different are the neurological deficits? Stroke. 2012 Aug;43(8):2060-5.Full text Abstract
76. Simons LA, McCallum J, Friedlander Y, et al. Risk factors for ischemic stroke: Dubbo Study of the elderly. Stroke. 1998 Jul;29(7):1341-6.Full text Abstract
77. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Verter J, et al. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke: the Framingham Study. 1970. JAMA. 1996 Oct 16;276(15):1269-78. Abstract
78. Best JG, Bell R, Haque M, et al. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: a practical guide. Pract Neurol. 2019 Jun;19(3):208-24. Abstract
79. Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MS. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ Res. 2017 Feb 3;120(3):472-95.Full text Abstract
80. Hand PJ, Kwan J, Lindley RI, et al. Distinguishing between stroke and mimic at the bedside: the brain attack study. Stroke. 2006 Mar;37(3):769-75.Full text Abstract
81. Rudd AG, Bowen A, Young GR, et al. The latest national clinical guideline for stroke. Clin Med (Lond). 2017 Apr;17(2):154-5.Full text Abstract
82. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Mechanical clot retrieval for treating acute ischaemic stroke. February 2016 [internet publication].Full text
83. Albers GW, Marks MP, Kemp S, et al. Thrombectomy for stroke at 6 to 16 hours with selection by perfusion imaging. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 22;378(8):708-18.Full text Abstract
84. Nogueira RG, Jadhav AP, Haussen DC, et al. Thrombectomy 6 to 24 hours after stroke with a mismatch between deficit and infarct. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 4;378(1):11-21.Full text Abstract
85. Snelling B, Mccarthy DJ, Chen S, et al. Extended window for stroke thrombectomy. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2019 Apr-Jun;10(2):294-300. Abstract
86. Cohen A, Donal E, Delgado V, et al. EACVI recommendations on cardiovascular imaging for the detection of embolic sources: endorsed by the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021 May 10;22(6):e24-e57.Full text Abstract
88. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Implantable cardiac monitors to detect atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke. September 2020 [internet publication].Full text
89. Venkataraman P, Tadi P, Lui F. Lacunar syndromes. StatPearls. July 2022 [internet publication].Full text Abstract
90. Giles MF, Rothwell PM. Risk of stroke early after transient ischaemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Dec;6(12):1063-72. Abstract
91. Alberts MJ, Latchaw RE, Jagoda A, et al. Revised and updated recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers: a summary statement from the brain attack coalition. Stroke. 2011 Sep;42(9):2651-65.Full text Abstract
92. NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text
93. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. September 2017 [internet publication].Full text
94. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Full text Abstract
95. Berge E, Whiteley W, Audebert H, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Mar;6(1):I-LXII.Full text Abstract
96. Pocket ICU management. ATLS algorithms. April 2010 [internet publication].Full text
97. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text Abstract
98. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract
99. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-ii90.Full text Abstract
100. Ntaios G, Dziedzic T, Michel P, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of temperature in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke. 2015 Aug;10(6):941-9.Full text Abstract
101. Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76.Full text Abstract
102. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
103. British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen use in healthcare and emergency settings. December 2019 [internet publication].Full text
104. Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021.Full text Abstract
105. Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11).Full text Abstract
106. ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group., Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative Oxygen Therapy during Mechanical Ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98.Full text Abstract
107. Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;(9):CD013708.Full text Abstract
108. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Sep 11;(9):CD000197.Full text Abstract
109. Langhorne P, Ramachandra S, Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke: network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 23;4:CD000197.Full text Abstract
110. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alteplase for treating acute ischaemic stroke. September 2012 [internet publication].Full text
111. Sandset EC, Anderson CS, Bath PM, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on blood pressure management in acute ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Jun;6(2):XLVIII-LXXXIX.Full text Abstract
112. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al; ECASS Investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 25;359(13):1317-29.Full text Abstract
113. Davis S, Holmes M, Simpson E, et al. Alteplase for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (review of technology appraisal 122): a single technology appraisal. School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield. May 2012 [internet publication].Full text
114. Hanna MH, Fatone M, Newth-Clark C, et al. Purification, characterization, and partial structure of D factor from Polysphondylium violaceum. Dev Genet. 1988;9(4-5):653-62.Full text Abstract
115. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for thrombectomy. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
116. Hacke W, Lyden P, Emberson J, et al. Effects of alteplase for acute stroke according to criteria defining the European Union and United States marketing authorizations: individual-patient-data meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Stroke. 2018 Feb;13(2):175-89.Full text Abstract
117. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Alteplase for treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: independent review. July 2015 [internet publication].Full text
118. IST-3 collaborative group; Sandercock P, Wardlaw JM, et al. The benefits and harms of intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator within 6 h of acute ischaemic stroke (the third international stroke trial [IST-3]): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Jun 23;379(9834):2352-63.Full text Abstract
119. Bluhmki E, Danays T, Biegert G, et al. Alteplase for acute ischemic stroke in patients aged >80 years: pooled analyses of individual patient data. Stroke. 2020 Aug;51(8):2322-31.Full text Abstract
120. Griessenauer CJ, Medin C, Maingard J, et al. Endovascular mechanical thrombectomy in large-vessel occlusion ischemic stroke presenting with low National Institutes of Health stroke scale: systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2018 Feb;110:263-9. Abstract
121. Katsanos AH, Turc G, Psychogios M, et al. Utility of intravenous alteplase prior to endovascular stroke treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Neurology. 2021 Aug 24;97(8):e777-84. Abstract
122. ClinicalTrials.gov. Basilar Artery International Cooperation Study (BASICS). January 2018 [internet publication].Full text
123. Liu X, Dai Q, Ye R, et al. Endovascular treatment versus standard medical treatment for vertebrobasilar artery occlusion (BEST): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Feb;19(2):115-22.Full text Abstract
124. Piironen K, Putaala J, Rosso C, et al. Glucose and acute stroke: evidence for an interlude. Stroke. 2012 Mar;43(3):898-902.Full text Abstract
125. Fuentes B, Ntaios G, Putaala J, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on glycaemia management in acute stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2018 Mar;3(1):5-21.Full text Abstract
126. Johnston KC, Bruno A, Pauls Q, et al. Intensive vs standard treatment of hyperglycemia and functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the SHINE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jul 23;322(4):326-35.Full text Abstract
127. Bellolio MF, Gilmore RM, Ganti L. Insulin for glycaemic control in acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 23;(1):CD005346.Full text Abstract
128. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA, et al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol. 2007 May;6(5):397-406. Abstract
129. Zhang J, Yang J, Zhang C, et al. Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD001928.Full text Abstract
130. Bath PM, Krishnan K, Appleton JP. Nitric oxide donors (nitrates), L-arginine, or nitric oxide synthase inhibitors for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Apr 21;(4):CD000398.Full text Abstract
131. Bath PM, Krishnan K. Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 28;(10):CD000039.Full text Abstract
132. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischaemic stroke. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
133. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for decompressive hemicraniectomy. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
134. van der Worp HB, Hofmeijer J, Jüttler E, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on the management of space-occupying brain infarction. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Jun;6(2):XC-CX.Full text Abstract
135. Prasad K, Siemieniuk R, Hao Q, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for acute high risk transient ischaemic attack and minor ischaemic stroke: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Dec 18;363:k5130.Full text Abstract
136. Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Tseng MC, et al. Oral antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Mar 26;(3):CD000029.Full text Abstract
137. Sandercock P, Gubitz G, Foley P, et al. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(2):CD000029.Full text Abstract
138. CAST Collaborative Group. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke: CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1997 Jun 7;349(9066):1641-9. Abstract
139. Sandercock PAG, Collins R, Counsell C, et al. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke: International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1997 May 31;349(9065):1569-81. Abstract
140. Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Kane EJ. Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 12;(3):CD000024.Full text Abstract
141. Gubitz G, Sandercock P, Counsell C. Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(3):CD000024.Full text Abstract
142. Ferro JM, Bousser MG, Canhão P, et al. European Stroke Organization guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis - endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology. Eur J Neurol. 2017 Oct;24(10):1203-13.Full text Abstract
143. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for head positioning. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
144. Olavarría VV, Lavados PM, Muñoz-Venturelli P, et al. Flat-head positioning increases cerebral blood flow in anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke. A cluster randomized phase IIb trial. Int J Stroke. 2018 Aug;13(6):600-1.Full text Abstract
145. Anderson CS, Arima H, Lavados P, et al. Cluster-randomized, crossover trial of head positioning in acute stroke. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 22;376(25):2437-47. Abstract
146. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for very early mobilisation. NICE guideline NG128 intervention evidence review. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
147. Diserens K, Moreira T, Hirt L, et al. Early mobilization out of bed after ischaemic stroke reduces severe complications but not cerebral blood flow: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil. 2012 May;26(5):451-9. Abstract
148. Poletto SR, Rebello LC, Valença MJ, et al. Early mobilization in ischemic stroke: a pilot randomized trial of safety and feasibility in a public hospital in Brazil. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2015 Jan-Apr;5(1):31-40.Full text Abstract
149. Langhorne P, Wu O, Rodgers H, et al. A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial after stroke (AVERT): a phase III, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2017 Sep;21(54):1-120.Full text Abstract
150. AVERT Trial Collaboration group. Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Jul 4;386(9988):46-55.Full text Abstract
151. Bernhardt J, Churilov L, Dewey H, et al. Statistical analysis plan (SAP) for A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT): an international trial to determine the efficacy and safety of commencing out of bed standing and walking training (very early mobilization) within 24 h of stroke onset vs. usual stroke unit care. Int J Stroke. 2015 Jan;10(1):23-4. Abstract
152. Bernhardt J, Churilov L, Ellery F, et al. Prespecified dose-response analysis for A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial (AVERT). Neurology. 2016 Jun 7;86(23):2138-45.Full text Abstract
153. Bernhardt J, Raffelt A, Churilov L, et al. Exploring threats to generalisability in a large international rehabilitation trial (AVERT). BMJ Open. 2015 Aug 17;5(8):e008378.Full text Abstract
154. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Full text Abstract
155. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR, eds. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2004.
156. Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022 Aug 17 [Epub ahead of print].Full text Abstract
157. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]Full text
158. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2022 [internet publication]Full text
159. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text
160. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group; BTS Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90 Abstract
161. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 Abstract
162. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169Full text Abstract
163. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
164. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
165. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract
166. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
167. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during the inpatient enteral feeding of stroke patients with diabetes. Nov 2019 [internet publication].Full text
168. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text
169. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
170. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
171. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text Abstract
172. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text
173. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93Full text Abstract
174. Fuentes B, Ntaios G, Putaala J, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on glycaemia management in acute stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2018 Mar;3(1):5-21Full text Abstract
175. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, et al. Prevalence of admission hyperglycaemia across clinical subtypes of acute stroke. Lancet. 1999 Jan 30;353(9150):376-7 Abstract
176. Luitse MJ, Biessels GJ, Rutten GE, et al. Diabetes, hyperglycaemia, and acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Mar;11(3):261-71 Abstract
177. Muir KW, McCormick M, Baird T, et al. Prevalence, predictors and prognosis of post-stroke hyperglycaemia in acute stroke trials: individual patient data pooled analysis from the virtual international stroke trials archive (VISTA). Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2011 Jan-Dec;1(1):17-27Full text Abstract
178. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication]Full text
179. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
180. Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke. 2016 [internet publication]Full text
181. Bellolio MF, Gilmore RM, Ganti L. Insulin for glycaemic control in acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 23;(1):CD005346.Full text Abstract
182. Johnston KC, Bruno A, Pauls Q, et al. Intensive vs standard treatment of hyperglycemia and functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke: the SHINE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Jul 23;322(4):326-35Full text Abstract
183. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/ AHA/ AAPA/ABC/ ACPM/ AGS/ APhA/ ASH/ ASPC/ NMA/ PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-e248Full text Abstract
184. Bath PM, Krishnan K. Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Oct 28;(10):CD000039Full text Abstract
185. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. December 2019 [internet publication]Full text
186. Hsu CY, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, et al. The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Apr 2;74(1):101-7Full text Abstract
187. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]Full text
188. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88Full text Abstract
189. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text
190. Wallis SJ, Wall J, Biram RW, et al. Association of the clinical frailty scale with hospital outcomes. QJM. 2015 Dec;108(12):943-9Full text Abstract
191. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract
192. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text Abstract
193. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text
194. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. October 2014 [internet publiction]Full text
195. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text
196. Royal College of Radiologists. iRefer: making the best use of clinical radiology. 8th edition 2017 [internet publication]Full text
197. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text Abstract
198. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract
199. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
200. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
201. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
202. Nova Scotia Health Authority. This is not my Mom. 2012 [internet publication]Full text
203. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73 Abstract
204. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502Full text Abstract
205. MacLullich AM, Shenkin SD, Goodacre S, et al. The 4 'A's test for detecting delirium in acute medical patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Health Technol Assess. 2019 Aug;23(40):1-194Full text Abstract
206. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text Abstract
207. Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 11;3:CD005563Full text Abstract
208. Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N. Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Age Ageing. 2014 Nov 25;44(2):196-204Full text Abstract
209. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text
210. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. 2021 [internet publication]Full text
211. Ma H, Huang Y, Cong Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(3):915-37 Abstract
212. Huybrechts KF, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012 Feb 23;344:e977Full text Abstract
213. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726Full text Abstract
214. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract
215. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 Mar 7;106(5):906-14 Abstract
216. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text
217. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text
218. Pan A, Sun Q, Okereke OI, et al. Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis and systematic review. JAMA. 2011 Sep 21;306(11):1241-9 Abstract
219. Towfighi A, Ovbiagele B, El Husseini N, et al. Poststroke depression: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017 Feb;48(2):e30-e43Full text Abstract
220. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract
221. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(7 suppl):S54-60 Abstract
222. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text
223. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2014 Nov 8;78(1):25-33Full text Abstract
224. World Health Organization. Excess mortality in persons with severe mental disorders. 2016 [internet publication]Full text
225. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text Abstract
226. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021
227. Renoux C, Vahey S, Dell'Aniello S, et al. Association of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the risk for spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. JAMA Neurol. 2017 Feb 1;74(2):173-80Full text Abstract
228. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20 Abstract
229. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract
230. Dalton SO, Sørensen HT, Johansen C. SSRIs and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: what is known and how should it influence prescribing? CNS Drugs. 2006;20(2):143-51 Abstract
231. Dalton SO, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L, et al. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jan 13;163(1):59-64Full text Abstract
232. Cheng YL, Hu HY, Lin XH, et al. Use of SSRI, but not SNRI, increased upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Nov;94(46):e2022Full text Abstract
233. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Full text Abstract
234. Kneebone I, Baker J, O’Malley H. Screening for depression after stroke: developing protocols for the occupational therapist. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2010;73(2):71-6Full text
235. NHS Improvement. Psychological care after stroke: improving stroke services for people with cognitive and mood disorders. August 2011 [internet publication]Full text
236. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke rehabilitation in adults. June 2013 [internet publication]Full text
237. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(suppl 1):S267-78.Full text Abstract
238. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text
239. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text
240. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
241. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text
242. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text Abstract
243. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text Abstract
244. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2023 [internet publication]Full text
245. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text Abstract
246. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text
247. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text
248. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text Abstract
249. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
250. Lindson N, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 18;4(4):CD013308.Full text Abstract
251. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text Abstract
252. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text Abstract
253. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract
254. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text
255. Royal College of Physicians. Acute care toolkit 3. Acute care for older people living with frailty. December 2020 [internet publication]Full text
256. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text
257. Dawson J, Merwick Á, Webb A, et al. European Stroke Organisation expedited recommendation for the use of short-term dual antiplatelet therapy early after minor stroke and high-risk TIA. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Jun;6(2):CLXXXVII-CXCI.Full text Abstract
258. Hao Q, Tampi M, O'Donnell M, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for acute minor ischaemic stroke or high risk transient ischaemic attack: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2018 Dec 18;363:k5108.Full text Abstract
259. Johnston SC, Amarenco P, Denison H, et al. Ticagrelor and aspirin or aspirin alone in acute ischemic stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 16;383(3):207-17.Full text Abstract
260. Aboyans V, Bauersachs R, Mazzolai L, et al. Antithrombotic therapies in aortic and peripheral arterial diseases in 2021: a consensus document from the ESC working group on aorta and peripheral vascular diseases, the ESC working group on thrombosis, and the ESC working group on cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. Eur Heart J. 2021 Oct 14;42(39):4013-24.Full text Abstract
261. Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Feb 23;143(8):e254-e743.Full text Abstract
262. Cooray C, Mazya M, Bottai M, et al. External validation of the ASTRAL and DRAGON scores for prediction of functional outcome in stroke. Stroke. 2016 Jun;47(6):1493-9.Full text Abstract
263. Ferrarello F, Baccini M, Rinaldi LA, et al. Efficacy of physiotherapy interventions late after stroke: a meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;82(2):136-43. Abstract
264. Starkstein SE, Mizrahi R, Power BD. Antidepressant therapy in post-stroke depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Jun;9(8):1291-8. Abstract
265. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 suppl):381-453S. Abstract
266. Dennis M, Caso V, Kappelle LJ, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in immobile patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Eur Stroke J. 2016 Mar;1(1):6-19.Full text Abstract
267. Hinkle JL, Becker KJ, Kim JS, et al. Poststroke fatigue: emerging evidence and approaches to management: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):e159-70.Full text Abstract
268. Wu S, Kutlubaev MA, Chun HY, et al. Interventions for post-stroke fatigue. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 2;(7):CD007030.Full text Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer