Subarachnoid haemorrhage

References

Key articles

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by a ruptured aneurysm: diagnosis and management. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, et al. European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35(2):93-112.Full text  Abstract

Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

Cruickshank A, Auld P, Beetham R, et al; UK NEQAS Specialist Advisory Group for EQA of CSF Proteins and Biochemistry. Revised national guidelines for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008 May;45(Pt 3):238-44.Full text  Abstract

Lindgren A, Vergouwen MD, van der Schaaf I, et al. Endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping for people with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 15;(8):CD003085.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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4. Beck J, Raabe A, Szelenyi A, et al. Sentinel headache and the risk of rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006 Nov;37(11):2733-7. Abstract

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17. Wermer MJ, van der Schaaf IC, Velthuis BK, et al. Follow-up screening after subarachnoid haemorrhage: frequency and determinants of new aneurysms and enlargement of existing aneurysms. Brain. 2005 Oct;128(10):2421-9. Abstract

18. Backes D, Rinkel GJ, Laban KG, et al. Patient- and aneurysm-specific risk factors for intracranial aneurysm growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2016 Apr;47(4):951-7.Full text  Abstract

19. Brinjikji W, Zhu YQ, Lanzino G, et al. Risk factors for growth of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016 Apr;37(4):615-20.Full text  Abstract

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21. Connolly ES, Solomon RA. Management of unruptured aneurysms. In: Le Roux PD, Winn HR, Newell DW, eds. Management of cerebral aneurysms. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004:271-85.

22. International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms - risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. N Engl J Med. 1998 Dec 10;339(24):1725-33.Full text  Abstract

23. Thompson BG, Brown RD Jr, Amin-Hanjani S, et al. Guidelines for the management of patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015 Aug;46(8):2368-400.Full text  Abstract

24. Juvela S, Porras M, Poussa K. Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: probability of and risk factors for aneurysm rupture. J Neurosurg. 2000 Sep;93(3):379-87. Abstract

25. Tsutsumi K, Ueki K, Morita A, et al. Risk of rupture from incidental cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2000 Oct;93(4):550-3. Abstract

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27. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston J 3rd, et al. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet. 2003 Jul 12;362(9378):103-10. Abstract

28. Rinkel GJ. Intracranial aneurysm screening: indications and advice for practice. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Feb;4(2):122-8. Abstract

29. Broderick JP, Viscoli CM, Brott T, et al; Hemorrhagic Stroke Project Investigators. Major risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in the young are modifiable. Stroke. 2003 Jun;34(6):1375-81. Abstract

30. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, et al. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies. Stroke. 2005 Dec;36(12):2773-80. Abstract

31. Juvela S. Prehemorrhage risk factors for fatal intracranial aneurysm rupture. Stroke. 2003 Aug;34(8):1852-7. Abstract

32. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Yahia AM, et al. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2001 Sep;49(3):607-12. Abstract

33. Teunissen LL, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Stroke. 1996 Mar;27(3):544-9.Full text  Abstract

34. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Subarachnoid haemorrhage caused by a ruptured aneurysm: diagnosis and management. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

35. Schievink WI, Michels VV, Piepgras DG. Neurovascular manifestations of heritable connective tissue disorders. A review. Stroke. 1994 Apr;25(4):889-903. Abstract

36. Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, et al. European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35(2):93-112.Full text  Abstract

37. Royal College of Physicians. National clinical guideline for stroke. 2016 [internet publication].Full text

38. Siddiq F, Chaudhry SA, Tummala RP, et al. Factors and outcomes associated with early and delayed aneurysm treatment in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients in the United States. Neurosurgery. 2012 Sep;71(3):670-7. Abstract

39. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Managing the Flow? A review of the care received by patients who were diagnosed with an aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

40. Breen DP, Duncan CW, Pope AE, et al. Emergency department evaluation of sudden, severe headache. QJM. 2008 Jun;101(6):435-43. Abstract

41. Day JW, Raskin NH. Thunderclap headache: symptom of unruptured cerebral aneurysm. Lancet. 1986 Nov 29;2(8518):1247-8. Abstract

42. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract

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45. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for diagnostic accuracy of investigations. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

46. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for severity scoring systems. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

47. Perry JJ, Stiell I, Wells G, et al. Diagnostic test utilization in the emergency department for alert headache patients with possible subarachnoid hemorrhage. CJEM. 2002 Sep;4(5):333-7. Abstract

48. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Evidence review for symptoms and signs. NICE guideline NG228 methods, evidence and recommendations. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

49. van Gijn J, Kerr RS, Rinkel GJ. Subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 2007 Jan 27;369(9558):306-18. Abstract

50. Ducros A, Bousser MG. Thunderclap headache. BMJ. 2013 Jan 8;346:e8557. Abstract

51. Brilstra EH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, et al. Rebleeding, secondary ischemia, and timing of operation in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000 Dec 12;55(11):1656-60. Abstract

52. Suwatcharangkoon S, Meyers E, Falo C, et al. Loss of consciousness at onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage as an important marker of early brain injury. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Jan;73(1):28-35.Full text  Abstract

53. Tung P, Kopelnik A, Banki N, et al. Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004 Feb;35(2):548-51. Abstract

54. Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Newell JB, et al. Cardiac outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and electrocardiographic abnormalities. Neurosurgery. 1999 Jan;44(1):34-9. Abstract

55. Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Ogilvy CS, et al. Regional patterns of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage: evidence for neurally mediated cardiac injury. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000 Aug;13(8):774-9. Abstract

56. Jain R, Deveikis J, Thompson BG. Management of patients with stunned myocardium associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004 Jan;25(1):126-9. Abstract

57. Butzkueven H, Evans AH, Pitman A, et al. Onset seizures independently predict poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000 Nov 14;55(9):1315-20. Abstract

58. Lin CL, Dumont AS, Lieu AS, et al. Characterization of perioperative seizures and epilepsy following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003 Dec;99(6):978-85. Abstract

59. Ibrahim GM, Fallah A, Macdonald RL. Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic predictors of the occurrence of seizures following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2013 Aug;119(2):347-52. Abstract

60. McCarron MO, Alberts MJ, McCarron P. A systematic review of Terson's syndrome: frequency and prognosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;75(3):491-3.Full text  Abstract

61. Behrouz R, Birnbaum LA, Jones PM, et al. Focal neurological deficit at onset of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and causes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2016 Nov;25(11):2644-7. Abstract

62. Edlow JA, Caplan LR. Avoiding pitfalls in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 6;342(1):29-36. Abstract

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65. de Rooij NK, Linn FH, van der Plas JA, et al. Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Dec;78(12):1365-72.Full text  Abstract

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67. Chang TR, Kowalski RG, Caserta F, et al. Impact of acute cocaine use on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013 Jul;44(7):1825-9.Full text  Abstract

68. Vannemreddy P, Caldito G, Willis B, et al. Influence of cocaine on ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a case control study of poor prognostic indicators. J Neurosurg. 2008 Mar;108(3):470-6. Abstract

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72. Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Sivilotti ML, et al. Sensitivity of computed tomography performed within six hours of onset of headache for diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2011 Jul 18;343:d4277.Full text  Abstract

73. Backes D, Rinkel GJ, Kemperman H, et al. Time-dependent test characteristics of head computed tomography in patients suspected of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2012 Aug;43(8):2115-9.Full text  Abstract

74. Dubosh NM, Bellolio MF, Rabinstein AA, et al. Sensitivity of early brain computed tomography to exclude aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2016 Mar;47(3):750-5. Abstract

75. McGirt MJ, Mavropoulos JC, McGirt LY, et al. Leukocytosis as an independent risk factor for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003 Jun;98(6):1222-6. Abstract

76. de Oliveira Manoel AL, Goffi A, Marotta TR, et al. The critical care management of poor-grade subarachnoid haemorrhage. Crit Care. 2016 Jan 23;20:21.Full text  Abstract

77. Sherlock M, O'Sullivan E, Agha A, et al. The incidence and pathophysiology of hyponatraemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Mar;64(3):250-4. Abstract

78. Deibert E, Barzilai B, Braverman AC, et al. Clinical significance of elevated troponin I levels in patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003 Apr;98(4):741-6. Abstract

79. Bulsara KR, McGirt MJ, Liao L, et al. Use of the peak troponin value to differentiate myocardial infarction from reversible neurogenic left ventricular dysfunction associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003 Mar;98(3):524-8. Abstract

80. Zhang L, Wang Z, Qi S. Cardiac troponin elevation and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015 Oct;24(10):2375-84. Abstract

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83. Toussaint LG 3rd, Friedman JA, Wijdicks EF, et al. Survival of cardiac arrest after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2005 Jul;57(1):25-31. Abstract

84. Cruickshank A, Auld P, Beetham R, et al; UK NEQAS Specialist Advisory Group for EQA of CSF Proteins and Biochemistry. Revised national guidelines for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid for bilirubin in suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage. Ann Clin Biochem. 2008 May;45(Pt 3):238-44.Full text  Abstract

85. Perry JJ, Alyahya B, Sivilotti ML, et al. Differentiation between traumatic tap and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2015 Feb 18;350:h568.Full text  Abstract

86. Wijdicks EF, Kallmes DF, Manno EM, et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: neurointensive care and aneurysm repair. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Apr;80(4):550-9. Abstract

87. Ditta M, Galea J, Holland J, et al. Lumbar puncture and the diagnosis of CT negative subarachnoid haemorrhage: time for a new approach? Br J Neurosurg. 2013 Oct;27(5):599-602. Abstract

88. Sayer D, Bloom B, Fernando K, et al. An observational study of 2,248 patients presenting with headache, suggestive of subarachnoid hemorrhage, who received lumbar punctures following normal computed tomography of the head. Acad Emerg Med. 2015 Nov;22(11):1267-73.Full text  Abstract

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90. Wood MJ, Dimeski G, Nowitzke AM. CSF spectrophotometry in the diagnosis and exclusion of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 2005 Feb;12(2):142-6. Abstract

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