References
Key articles
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].Full text
European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on urolithiasis. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Stoller ML. Urinary stone disease. In: Tanagho EA, McAninch JW, eds. Smith's General Urology, 16th edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill: 2004: 256-91.
2. Khan SR, Pearle MS, Robertson WG, et al. Kidney stones. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Feb 25;2:16008. Abstract
3. Eisner BH, Goldfarb DS, Baum MA, et al. Evaluation and medical management of patients with cystine nephrolithiasis: a consensus statement. J Endourol. 2020 Nov;34(11):1103-10.Full text Abstract
4. Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, et al. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012 Jul;62(1):160-5.Full text Abstract
5. Sorokin I, Mamoulakis C, Miyazawa K, et al. Epidemiology of stone disease across the world. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-20. Abstract
6. Liu Y, Chen Y, Liao B, et al. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia. Asian J Urol. 2018 Oct;5(4):205-14.Full text Abstract
7. Tasian GE, Ross ME, Song L, et al. Annual incidence of nephrolithiasis among children and adults in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Mar 7;11(3):488-96.Full text Abstract
8. Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev Urol. 2010 Spring;12(2-3):e86-96. Abstract
9. Fakheri RJ, Goldfarb DS. Ambient temperature as a contributor to kidney stone formation: implications of global warming. Kidney Int. 2011 Jun;79(11):1178-85.Full text Abstract
10. Liu J, Varghese BM, Hansen A, et al. Hot weather as a risk factor for kidney disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Dec 20;801:149806. Abstract
11. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Body size and risk of kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 Sep;9(9):1645-52.Full text Abstract
12. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA. 2005 Jan 26;293(4):455-62.Full text Abstract
13. Aune D, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Norat T, et al. Body fatness, diabetes, physical activity and risk of kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018 Nov;33(11):1033-47.Full text Abstract
14. Worcester EM. Inhibitors of stone formation. Semin Nephrol. 1996 Sep;16(5):474-86. Abstract
15. Evan AP, Lingeman JE, Coe FL, et al. Randall's plaque of patients with nephrolithiasis begins in basement membranes of thin loops of Henle. J Clin Invest. 2003 Mar;111(5):607-16.Full text Abstract
16. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].Full text
17. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med. 1993 Mar 25;328(12):833-8.Full text Abstract
18. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, et al. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Apr 1;126(7):497-504. Abstract
19. Sakhaee K, Harvey JA, Padalino PK, et al. The potential role of salt abuse on the risk for kidney stone formation. J Urol. 1993 Aug;150(2 pt 1):310-2. Abstract
20. Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, et al. Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States. Kidney Int. 1994 Sep;46(3):893-9. Abstract
21. Sarmina I, Spirnak JP, Resnick MI. Urinary lithiasis in the black population: an epidemiological study and review of the literature. J Urol. 1987 Jul;138(1):14-7. Abstract
22. Hiatt RA, Dales LG, Friedman GD, et al. Frequency of urolithiasis in a prepaid medical care program. Am J Epidemiol. 1982 Feb;115(2):255-65. Abstract
23. Stamatelou KK, Francis ME, Jones CA, et al. Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976-1994. Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1817-23. Abstract
24. Perletti G, Magri V, Ferraro PM, et al. Influence of dietary energy intake on nephrolithiasis - a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2020 Apr 6;92(1):30-3.Full text Abstract
25. Rahman IA, Nusaly IF, Syahrir S, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome components and the risk of developing nephrolithiasis: a systematic review and bayesian meta-analysis. F1000Res. 2021 Feb 11:10:104.Full text Abstract
26. Geraghty R, Abdi A, Somani B, et al. Does chronic hyperglycaemia increase the risk of kidney stone disease? results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020 Jan 19;10(1):e032094.Full text Abstract
27. Wijarnpreecha K, Lou S, Panjawatanan P, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and urolithiasis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2018 Dec;27(4):427-32. Abstract
28. Jung H, Andonian S, Assimos D, et al. Urolithiasis: evaluation, dietary factors, and medical management: an update of the 2014 SIU-ICUD international consultation on stone disease. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1331-40. Abstract
29. Gadiyar N, Geraghty RM, Premakumar Y, et al. Changes in urine composition and risk of kidney stone disease following bariatric surgery: a systematic review over last 2 decades. Curr Urol Rep. 2022 Nov;23(11):279-95. Abstract
30. Premakumar Y, Gadiyar N, Hameed BMZ, et al. Association of kidney stone disease (KSD) with primary gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review over last 2 decades. Curr Urol Rep. 2021 May 24;22(6):34.Full text Abstract
31. Geraghty RM, Proietti S, Traxer O, et al. Worldwide impact of warmer seasons on the incidence of renal colic and kidney stone disease: evidence from a systematic review of literature. J Endourol. 2017 Aug;31(8):729-35. Abstract
32. Zhang Y, Long G, Ding B, et al. The impact of ambient temperature on the incidence of urolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2020 Mar 1;46(2):117-26.Full text Abstract
33. Policastro LJ, Saggi SJ, Goldfarb DS, et al. Personalized intervention in monogenic stone formers. J Urol. 2018 Mar;199(3):623-32. Abstract
34. Atmoko W, Raharja PAR, Birowo P, et al. Genetic polymorphisms as prognostic factors for recurrent kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021 May 6;16(5):e0251235.Full text Abstract
35. Daudon M, Frochot V, Bazin D, et al. Drug-induced kidney stones and crystalline nephropathy: pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Drugs. 2018 Feb;78(2):163-201. Abstract
36. Tasian GE, Jemielita T, Goldfarb DS, et al. Oral antibiotic exposure and kidney stone disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 Jun;29(6):1731-40. Abstract
37. Asoudeh F, Talebi S, Jayedi A, et al. Associations of total protein or animal protein intake and animal protein sources with risk of kidney stones: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Adv Nutr. 2022 Jun 1;13(3):821-32.Full text Abstract
38. Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 10;346(2):77-84.Full text Abstract
39. Ferraro PM, Mandel EI, Curhan GC, et al. Dietary protein and potassium, diet-dependent net acid load, and risk of incident kidney stones. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Oct 7;11(10):1834-44.Full text Abstract
40. Dai JC, Pearle MS. Diet and stone disease in 2022. J Clin Med. 2022 Aug 13;11(16):4740.Full text Abstract
41. Jiang K, Tang K, Liu H, et al. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stones incidence among men and women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol J. 2019 May 5;16(2):115-20.Full text Abstract
42. Thomas LD, Elinder CG, Tiselius HG, et al. Ascorbic acid supplements and kidney stone incidence among men: a prospective study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Mar 11;173(5):386-8. Abstract
43. Agarwal MM, Singh SK, Mavuduru R, et al. Preventive fluid and dietary therapy for urolithiasis: an appraisal of strength, controversies and lacunae of current literature. Indian J Urol. 2011 Jul;27(3):310-9.Full text Abstract
44. Borghi L, Meschi T, Schianchi T, et al. Urine volume: stone risk factor and preventive measure. Nephron. 1999;8(suppl 1):31-7. Abstract
45. Lin BB, Lin ME, Huang RH, et al. Dietary and lifestyle factors for primary prevention of nephrolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2020 Jul 11;21(1):267.Full text Abstract
46. Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wei W. Effect of dietary treatment and fluid intake on the prevention of recurrent calcium stones and changes in urine composition: a meta-analysis and systematic review. PLoS One. 2021 Apr 19;16(4):e0250257.Full text Abstract
47. European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on urolithiasis. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
48. Williams JC Jr, Gambaro G, Rodgers A, et al. Urine and stone analysis for the investigation of the renal stone former: a consensus conference. Urolithiasis. 2021 Feb;49(1):1-16.Full text Abstract
49. Minotti B, Treglia G, Pascale M, et al. Prevalence of microhematuria in renal colic and urolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol. 2020 Aug 8;20(1):119.Full text Abstract
50. Mefford JM, Tungate RM, Amini L, et al. A comparison of urolithiasis in the presence and absence of microscopic hematuria in the emergency department. West J Emerg Med. 2017 Jun;18(4):775-9.Full text Abstract
51. Ganesan C, Weia B, Thomas IC, et al. Analysis of primary hyperparathyroidism screening among US veterans with kidney stones. JAMA Surg. 2020 Sep 1;155(9):861-8.Full text Abstract
52. Fulgham PF, Assimos DG, Pearle MS, et al. Clinical effectiveness protocols for imaging in the management of ureteral calculous disease: AUA Technology Assessment. J Urol. 2013 Apr;189(4):1203-13.Full text Abstract
53. Grivas N, Thomas K, Drake T, et al. Imaging modalities and treatment of paediatric upper tract urolithiasis: a systematic review and update on behalf of the EAU urolithiasis guidelines panel. J Pediatr Urol. 2020 Oct;16(5):612-24. Abstract
54. Ripollés T, Agramunt M, Errando J, et al. Suspected ureteral colic: plain film and sonography vs unenhanced helical CT. A prospective study in 66 patients. Eur Radiol. 2004 Jan;14(1):129-36. Abstract
55. Gorelik U, Ulish Y, Yagil Y. The use of standard imaging techniques and their diagnostic value in the workup of renal colic in the setting of intractable flank pain. Urology. 1996 May;47(5):637-42. Abstract
56. Dalla Palma L, Stacul F, Bazzocchi M, et al. Ultrasonography and plain film versus intravenous urography in ureteric colic. Clin Radiol. 1993 May;47(5):333-6. Abstract
57. Smith-Bindman R, Aubin C, Bailitz J, et al. Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 18;371(12):1100-10.Full text Abstract
58. Metzler IS, Smith-Bindman R, Moghadassi M, et al. Emergency department imaging modality effect on surgical management of nephrolithiasis: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Urol. 2017 Mar;197(3 pt 1):710-4. Abstract
59. Wong C, Teitge B, Ross M, et al. The accuracy and prognostic value of point-of-care ultrasound for nephrolithiasis in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2018 Jun;25(6):684-98.Full text Abstract
60. McGrath TA, Frank RA, Schieda N, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) to differentiate uric acid from non-uric acid calculi: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2020 May;30(5):2791-801. Abstract
61. ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion no. 723: Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Oct;130(4):e210-6.Full text Abstract
62. Valovska MI, Pais VM Jr. Contemporary best practice urolithiasis in pregnancy. Ther Adv Urol. 2018 Apr;10(4):127-38.Full text Abstract
63. Worcester EM, Coe FL. Clinical practice. Calcium kidney stones. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 2;363(10):954-63.Full text Abstract
64. Uribarri J, Oh MS, Carroll HJ. The first kidney stone. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Dec 15;111(12):1006-9. Abstract
65. Moore CL, Daniels B, Ghita M, et al. Accuracy of reduced-dose computed tomography for ureteral stones in emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Feb;65(2):189-98.e2. Abstract
66. Sammon JD, Ghani KR, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Temporal trends, practice patterns, and treatment outcomes for infected upper urinary tract stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2013 Jul;64(1):85-92. Abstract
67. Pathan SA, Mitra B, Cameron PA. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and paracetamol in the treatment of acute renal colic. Eur Urol. 2018 Apr;73(4):583-95. Abstract
68. Afshar K, Jafari S, Marks AJ, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and non-opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 29;(6):CD006027.Full text Abstract
69. Davenport K, Waine E. The role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in renal colic. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010 Apr 28;3(5):1304-10.Full text Abstract
70. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].Full text
71. Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al.; American Urological Association. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014 Aug;192(2):316-24.Full text Abstract
72. Cheungpasitporn W, Rossetti S, Friend K, et al. Treatment effect, adherence, and safety of high fluid intake for the prevention of incident and recurrent kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2016 Apr;29(2):211-9. Abstract
73. Bao Y, Tu X, Wei Q. Water for preventing urinary stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Feb 11;2:CD004292.Full text Abstract
74. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Preventing excess weight gain. March 2015 [internet publication].Full text
75. Gu HY, Luo J, Wu JY, et al. Increasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and reducing opioids or paracetamol in the management of acute renal colic: based on three-stage study design of network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Feb 22:10:96.Full text Abstract
76. Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Efficacy and safety of alpha blockers in medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones: a mixed treatment network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Mar;11(3):291-307. Abstract
77. Meltzer AC, Burrows PK, Wolfson AB, et al. Effect of tamsulosin on passage of symptomatic ureteral stones: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Aug 1;178(8):1051-7.Full text Abstract
78. Hollingsworth JM, Canales BK, Rogers MA, et al. Alpha blockers for treatment of ureteric stones: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016 Dec 1;355:i6112.Full text Abstract
79. Wang RC, Smith-Bindman R, Whitaker E, et al. Effect of tamsulosin on stone passage for ureteral stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Mar;69(3):353-61.e3. Abstract
80. Aboumarzouk OM, Jones P, Amer T, et al. What is the role of α-blockers for medical expulsive therapy? Results from a meta-analysis of 60 randomized trials and over 9500 patients. Urology. 2018 Sep;119:5-16. Abstract
81. Hsu YP, Hsu CW, Bai CH, et al. Silodosin versus tamsulosin for medical expulsive treatment of ureteral stones: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018 Aug 28;13(8):e0203035.Full text Abstract
82. Oestreich MC, Vernooij RW, Sathianathen NJ, et al. Alpha-blockers after shock wave lithotripsy for renal or ureteral stones in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 12;11:CD013393.Full text Abstract
83. Campschroer T, Zhu X, Vernooij RW, et al. Alpha-blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 5;(4):CD008509.Full text Abstract
84. Micali S, Grande M, Sighinolfi MC, et al. Medical therapy of urolithiasis. J Endourol. 2006 Nov;20(11):841-7. Abstract
85. Mantica G, Balzarini F, Chierigo F, et al. The fight between PCNL, laparoscopic and robotic pyelolithotomy: do we have a winner? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Urol Nephrol. 2022 Apr;74(2):169-77.Full text Abstract
86. Zhu Y, Duijvesz D, Rovers MM, et al. Alpha-blockers to assist stone clearance after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2010 Jul;106(2):256-61. Abstract
87. Wang Z, Bai Y, Wang J. Effects of diuretic administration on outcomes of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020 Mar 5;15(3):e0230059.Full text Abstract
88. Liu LR, Li QJ, Wei Q, et al. Percussion, diuresis, and inversion therapy for the passage of lower pole kidney stones following shock wave lithotripsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 8:(12):CD008569.Full text Abstract
89. Dong L, Wang F, Chen H, et al. The efficacy and safety of diuretics on extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy treatment of urolithiasis: a systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Jun 19;99(25):e20602.Full text Abstract
90. Reynolds LF, Kroczak T, Pace KT. Indications and contraindications for shock wave lithotripsy and how to improve outcomes. Asian J Urol. 2018 Oct;5(4):256-63.Full text Abstract
91. Bozzini G, Verze P, Arcaniolo D, et al. A prospective randomized comparison among SWL, PCNL and RIRS for lower calyceal stones less than 2 cm: a multicenter experience: a better understanding on the treatment options for lower pole stones. World J Urol. 2017 Dec;35(12):1967-75. Abstract
92. Davis NF, Quinlan MR, Browne C, et al. Single-use flexible ureteropyeloscopy: a systematic review. World J Urol. 2018 Apr;36(4):529-36. Abstract
93. Dell'Atti L, Papa S. Ten-year experience in the management of distal ureteral stones greater than 10 mm in size. G Chir. 2016 Jan-Feb;37(1):27-30.Full text Abstract
94. Cui X, Ji F, Yan H, et al. Comparison between extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopic lithotripsy for treating large proximal ureteral stones: a meta-analysis. Urology. 2015 Apr;85(4):748-56. Abstract
95. Aboumarzouk OM, Monga M, Kata SG, et al. Flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for stones >2 cm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endourol. 2012 Oct;26(10):1257-63. Abstract
96. Barone B, Crocetto F, Vitale R, et al. Retrograde intra renal surgery versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal stones >2 cm. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 2020 Aug;72(4):441-50.Full text Abstract
97. Drake T, Grivas N, Dabestani S, et al. What are the benefits and harms of ureteroscopy compared with shock-wave lithotripsy in the treatment of upper ureteral stones? A systematic review. Eur Urol. 2017 Nov;72(5):772-86. Abstract
98. Aboumarzouk OM, Kata SG, Keeley FX, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus ureteroscopic management for ureteric calculi. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16:(5):CD006029.Full text Abstract
99. Soderberg L, Ergun O, Ding M, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov 13;(11):CD013445.Full text Abstract
100. Fahmy O, Shsm H, Lee C, et al. Impact of preoperative stenting on the outcome of flexible ureterorenoscopy for upper urinary tract urolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Int. 2022;106(7):679-87. Abstract
101. Chen H, Pan Y, Xiao M, et al. The outcomes of pre-stenting on renal and ureteral stones: a meta-analysis. Urol Int. 2022;106(5):495-503. Abstract
102. Law YXT, Teoh JYC, Castellani D, et al. Role of pre-operative ureteral stent on outcomes of retrograde intra-renal surgery (RIRS): systematic review and meta-analysis of 3831 patients and comparison of Asian and non-Asian cohorts. World J Urol. 2022 Jun;40(6):1377-89. Abstract
103. Assimos D, Krambeck A, Miller NL, et al. Surgical management of stones: American Urological Association/Endourological Society guideline, PART I. J Urol. 2016 Oct;196(4):1153-60. Abstract
104. Zeng G, Zhong W, Pearle M, et al. European Association of Urology Section of Urolithiasis and International Alliance of Urolithiasis joint consensus on percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Eur Urol Focus. 2022 Mar;8(2):588-97. Abstract
105. Breda A, Territo A, Scoffone C, et al. The evaluation of radiologic methods for access guidance in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review of the literature. Scand J Urol. 2018 Apr;52(2):81-6. Abstract
106. Lingeman JE, Coury TA, Newman DM, et al. Comparison of results and morbidity of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol. 1987 Sep;138(3):485-90. Abstract
107. Dorantes-Carrillo LA, Basulto-Martínez M, Suárez-Ibarrola R, et al. Retrograde intrarenal surgery versus miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy for kidney stones >1cm: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Urol Focus. 2022 Jan;8(1):259-70. Abstract
108. Zhang B, Hu Y, Gao J, et al. Micropercutaneous versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for the management of moderately sized kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Int. 2020;104(1-2):94-105. Abstract
109. Güler A, Erbin A, Ucpinar B, et al. Comparison of miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy and standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy for the treatment of large kidney stones: a randomized prospective study. Urolithiasis. 2019 Jun;47(3):289-95. Abstract
110. Kandemir E, Savun M, Sezer A, et al. Comparison of miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy and standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy in secondary patients: a randomized prospective study. J Endourol. 2020 Jan;34(1):26-32. Abstract
111. Feng D, Hu X, Tang Y, et al. The efficacy and safety of miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Investig Clin Urol. 2020 Mar;61(2):115-26.Full text Abstract
112. Semins MJ, Matlaga BR. Kidney stones during pregnancy. Nat Rev Urol. 2014 Mar;11(3):163-8. Abstract
113. Burgess KL, Gettman MT, Rangel LJ, et al. Diagnosis of urolithiasis and rate of spontaneous passage during pregnancy. J Urol. 2011 Dec;186(6):2280-4. Abstract
114. Zhou Q, Chen WQ, Xie XS, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy complicated by urolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2021 Oct;34(5):1569-80. Abstract
115. Semins MJ, Trock BJ, Matlaga BR. The safety of ureteroscopy during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol. 2009 Jan;181(1):139-43. Abstract
116. Gambaro G, Croppi E, Coe F, et al; Consensus Conference Group. Metabolic diagnosis and medical prevention of calcium nephrolithiasis and its systemic manifestations: a consensus statement. J Nephrol. 2016 Dec;29(6):715-34.Full text Abstract
117. Kern A, Grimsby G, Mayo H, et al. Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary stones in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Nov 9;(11):CD011252.Full text Abstract
118. Barreto L, Jung JH, Abdelrahim A, et al. Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 9;(10):CD010784.Full text Abstract
119. Harper JD, Lingeman JE, Sweet RM, et al. Fragmentation of stones by burst wave lithotripsy in the first 19 humans. J Urol. 2022 May;207(5):1067-76. Abstract
120. Razi A, Farrokhi E, Lotfabadi P, et al. Dexamethasone and ketorolac compare with ketorolac alone in acute renal colic: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2022 Aug;58:245-50. Abstract
121. Garrelfs SF, Frishberg Y, Hulton SA, et al. Lumasiran, an RNAi therapeutic for primary hyperoxaluria type 1. N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 1;384(13):1216-26.Full text Abstract
122. Brain E, Geraghty RM, Lovegrove CE, et al. Natural history of post-treatment kidney stone fragments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol. 2021 Sep;206(3):526-38.Full text Abstract
123. Lovegrove CE, Geraghty RM, Yang B, et al. Natural history of small asymptomatic kidney and residual stones over a long-term follow-up: systematic review over 25 years. BJU Int. 2022 Apr;129(4):442-56.Full text Abstract
124. Rule AD, Lieske JC, Li X, et al. The ROKS nomogram for predicting a second symptomatic stone episode. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014 Dec;25(12):2878-86. Abstract
125. Moore SL, Cook P, de Coninck V, et al. Outcomes and long-term follow-up of patients with cystine stones: a systematic review. Curr Urol Rep. 2019 Apr 15;20(6):27. Abstract
Comorbidities Manager reference articles
126. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication]Full text
127. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726Full text Abstract
128. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text
129. Davison SN. Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jun 7;14(6):917-31Full text Abstract
130. UK Kidney Association. Kidney Patient Safety Committee: safe prescribing of opiates in kidney disease. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text
131. Dalhousie University. Using the Clinical Frailty Scale to rapidly assay grades of fitness and frailty. April 2020 [internet publication].Full text
132. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (non-complex): assessment and management. February 2016 [internet publication]Full text
133. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS services. June 2021 [internet publication]Full text
134. Nickel C, Arendts G, Lucke J, et al; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: geriatric syndromes. February 2021 [internet publication].Full text
135. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
136. Williams A, Bigham C, Marchbank A. Anaesthetic and surgical management of rib fractures. BJA Educ. 2020 Oct;20(10):332-40Full text Abstract
137. Ferreira-Valente MA, Pais-Ribeiro JL, Jensen MP. Validity of four pain intensity rating scales. Pain. 2011 Oct;152(10):2399-404 Abstract
138. Herr KA, Mobily PR, Kohout FJ, et al. Evaluation of the Faces Pain Scale for use with the elderly. Clin J Pain. 1998 Mar;14(1):29-38 Abstract
139. Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-15 Abstract
140. Chan S, Hadjistavropoulos T, Williams J, et al. Evidence-based development and initial validation of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate-II (PACSLAC-II). Clin J Pain. 2014 Sep;30(9):816-24 Abstract
141. Abbey J, Piller N, De Bellis A, et al. The Abbey pain scale: a 1-minute numerical indicator for people with end-stage dementia. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2004 Jan;10(1):6-13 Abstract
142. National Institue for Health and Care Excellence. Palliative care for adults: strong opioids for pain relief. Aug 2016 [internet publication].Full text
143. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
144. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
145. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract
146. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
147. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text
148. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text
149. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
150. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
151. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text Abstract
152. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text
153. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract
154. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text Abstract
155. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text Abstract
156. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text Abstract
157. Hsu CY, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, et al. The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Apr 2;74(1):101-7Full text Abstract
158. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract
159. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text Abstract
160. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract
161. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text Abstract
162. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text Abstract
163. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract
164. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text Abstract
165. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
166. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
167. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text Abstract
168. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text Abstract
169. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. 2023 [internet publication]Full text
170. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text Abstract
171. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text Abstract
172. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text Abstract
173. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text Abstract
174. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text Abstract
175. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text
176. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text
177. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text Abstract
178. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text Abstract
179. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text Abstract
180. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract
181. British Geriatric Society, Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text
182. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text
183. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text
184. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text
185. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text Abstract
186. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text
187. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract
188. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text Abstract
189. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
190. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text
191. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text
192. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text
193. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text
194. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
195. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67Full text Abstract
196. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text Abstract
197. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51Full text Abstract
198. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text
199. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text
200. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
201. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text
202. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text
203. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text Abstract
204. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text Abstract
205. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
206. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text Abstract
207. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text
208. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract
209. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract
210. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text
211. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.
212. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021
213. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text Abstract
214. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract
215. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract
216. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Full text Abstract
217. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Full text Abstract
218. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text
219. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract
220. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text Abstract
221. Roose SP, Rutherford BR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and operative bleeding risk: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):704-9 Abstract
222. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text
223. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text
224. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract
225. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract
226. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text
227. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text Abstract
228. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text Abstract
229. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text Abstract
230. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text
231. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text Abstract
232. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
233. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text Abstract
234. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text Abstract
235. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text Abstract
236. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text Abstract
237. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text Abstract
238. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer