References
Key articles
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.Full text
American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2021.Full text
American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5-TR™ update supplement to diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2023.Full text
Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.Full text
2. McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, et al. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev. 2008 Nov 1;30(1):67-76.Full text Abstract
3. McGrath JJ. Myths and plain truths about schizophrenia epidemiology - the NAPE lecture 2004. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005 Jan;111(1):4-11. Abstract
4. Jablensky A, Sartorius N, Ernberg G, et al. Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten-country study. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl. 1992;20:1-97. Abstract
5. GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022 Feb;9(2):137-50.Full text Abstract
6. Gupta S, Murray RM. The relationship of environmental temperature to the incidence and outcome of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1992 Jun;160:788-92. Abstract
7. Piotrowski P, Gondek TM, Królicka-Deręgowska A, et al. Causes of mortality in schizophrenia: an updated review of European studies. Psychiatr Danub. 2017 Jun;29(2):108-20.Full text Abstract
8. Mitchell AJ, Malone D. Physical health and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;19(4):432-7. Abstract
9. Fazel S, Wolf A, Palm C, et al. Violent crime, suicide, and premature mortality in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders: a 38-year total population study in Sweden. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014 Jun;1(1):44-54.Full text Abstract
10. Torrey EF, Miller J, Rawlings R, et al. Seasonal birth patterns of neurological disorders. Neuroepidemiology. 2000 Jul-Aug;19(4):177-85. Abstract
11. McGrath JJ, Welham JL. Season of birth and schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from the Southern Hemisphere. Schizophr Res. 1999 Feb 15;35(3):237-42. Abstract
12. Bota RG, Munro JS, Sagduyu K. Identification of the schizophrenia prodrome in a hospital-based patient population. Mo Med. 2005 Mar-Apr;102(2):142-6. Abstract
13. Werbeloff N, Levine SZ, Rabinowitz J. Elaboration on the association between immigration and schizophrenia: a population-based national study disaggregating annual trends, country of origin and sex over 15 years. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012 Feb;47(2):303-11. Abstract
14. Bourque F, van der Ven E, Malla A. A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychol Med. 2011 May;41(5):897-910. Abstract
15. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in children and young people: recognition and management. Oct 2016 [internet publication].Full text
16. Kirkbride JB, Errazuriz A, Croudace TJ, et al. Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in England, 1950-2009: a systematic review and meta-analyses. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e31660.Full text Abstract
17. Walker EF, Diforio D. Schizophrenia: a neural diathesis-stress model. Psychol Rev. 1997 Oct;104(4):667-85. Abstract
18. Tsuang M. Schizophrenia: genes and environment. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Feb 1;47(3):210-20. Abstract
19. McCutcheon RA, Reis Marques T, Howes OD. Schizophrenia - an overview. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 1;77(2):201-10. Abstract
20. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS, Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-analysis of twin studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Dec;60(12):1187-92.Full text Abstract
21. Marder SR, Cannon TD. Schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 31;381(18):1753-61. Abstract
22. Bennett MR. Schizophrenia: susceptibility genes, dendritic-spine pathology and gray matter loss. Prog Neurobiol. 2011 Nov;95(3):275-300. Abstract
23. Kuswanto CN, Teh I, Lee T-S, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging findings of white matter changes in first episode schizophrenia: a systematic review. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2012 Apr;10(1):13-24.Full text Abstract
24. Huber G. Prodromal symptoms in schizophrenia [in German]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1995 Apr;63(4):131-8. Abstract
25. McCarley RW, Wible CG, Frumin M, et al. MRI anatomy of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 May 1;45(9):1099-119.Full text Abstract
26. Parellada E, Gassó P. Glutamate and microglia activation as a driver of dendritic apoptosis: a core pathophysiological mechanism to understand schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2021 May 6;11(1):271.Full text Abstract
27. Kambeitz J, Kambeitz-Ilankovic L, Cabral C, et al. Aberrant functional whole-brain network architecture in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2016 Jul;42(suppl 1):S13-21.Full text Abstract
28. Cannon TD, Chung Y, He G, et al. Progressive reduction in cortical thickness as psychosis develops: a multisite longitudinal neuroimaging study of youth at elevated clinical risk. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Jan 15;77(2):147-57. Abstract
29. Sawa A, Snyder SH. Schizophrenia: diverse approaches to a complex disease. Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):692-5. Abstract
30. Laruelle M. Imaging dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis. Q J Nucl Med. 1998 Sep;42(3):211-21. Abstract
31. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A. Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. J Psychopharmacol. 1999 Dec;13(4):358-71. Abstract
32. Schobel SA, Chaudhury NH, Khan UA, et al. Imaging patients with psychosis and a mouse model establishes a spreading pattern of hippocampal dysfunction and implicates glutamate as a driver. Neuron. 2013 Apr 10;78(1):81-93.Full text Abstract
33. Smith TE, Hull JW, Huppert JD, et al. Insight and recovery from psychosis in chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients. J Psychiatr Res. 2004 Mar-Apr;38(2):169-76. Abstract
34. Miller B, Messias E, Miettunen J, et al. Meta-analysis of paternal age and schizophrenia risk in male versus female offspring. Schizophr Bull. 2011 Sep;37(5):1039-47.Full text Abstract
35. Clarke MC, Harley M, Cannon M. The role of obstetric events in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2006 Jan;32(1):3-8.Full text Abstract
36. Macleod J, Davey Smith G, Hickman M. Does cannabis use cause schizophrenia? Lancet. 2006 Apr 1;367(9516):1055. Abstract
37. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Witton J, et al. Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence. Br J Psychiatry. 2004 Feb;184:110-7. Abstract
38. Arendt M, Rosenberg R, Foldager L, et al. Cannabis-induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: follow-up study of 535 incident cases. Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;187:510-5. Abstract
39. Kuepper R, van Os J, Lieb R, et al. Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and persistence of psychotic symptoms: 10 year follow-up cohort study. BMJ. 2011 Mar 1;342:d738.Full text Abstract
40. McGrath J, Welham J, Scott J, et al. Association between cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 May;67(5):440-7.Full text Abstract
41. Hjorthøj C, Albert N, Nordentoft M. Association of substance use disorders with conversion from schizotypal disorder to schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Jul 1;75(7):733-9.Full text Abstract
42. Hindley G, Beck K, Borgan F, et al. Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Apr;7(4):344-53.Full text Abstract
43. Belbasis L, Köhler CA, Stefanis N, et al. Risk factors and peripheral biomarkers for schizophrenia spectrum disorders: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018 Feb;137(2):88-97. Abstract
44. Firth J, Siddiqi N, Koyanagi A, et al. The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Aug;6(8):675-712. Abstract
45. Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, et al. Poor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: a prospective analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Aug;4(8):627-33.Full text Abstract
46. Ziermans T, de Wit S, Schothorst P, et al. Neurocognitive and clinical predictors of long-term outcome in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a 6-year follow-up. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 4;9(4):e93994.Full text Abstract
47. Mittal VA, Dean DJ, Bernard JA, et al. Neurological soft signs predict abnormal cerebellar-thalamic tract development and negative symptoms in adolescents at high risk for psychosis: a longitudinal perspective. Schizophr Bull. 2014 Nov;40(6):1204-15.Full text Abstract
48. Dean DJ, Bernard JA, Orr JM, et al. Cerebellar morphology and procedural learning impairment in neuroleptic-naive youth at ultrahigh risk of psychosis. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014 Mar;2(2):152-64.Full text Abstract
49. Bernard JA, Dean DJ, Kent JS, et al. Cerebellar networks in individuals at ultra high-risk of psychosis: impact on postural sway and symptom severity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014 Aug;35(8):4064-78.Full text Abstract
50. Corcoran C, Walker E, Huot R, et al. The stress cascade and schizophrenia: etiology and onset. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(4):671-92. Abstract
51. Morgan C, Fisher H. Environment and schizophrenia: environmental factors in schizophrenia: childhood trauma - a critical review. Schizophr Bull. 2007 Jan;33(1):3-10.Full text Abstract
52. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: prevention and management. Mar 2014 [internet publication].Full text
53. Norman RM, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med. 2001 Apr;31(3):381-400. Abstract
54. McGlashan TH. Duration of untreated psychosis in first-episode schizophrenia: marker or determinant of course? Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Oct 1;46(7):899-907. Abstract
55. Harrigan SM, McGorry PD, Krstev H. Does treatment delay in first-episode psychosis really matter? Psychol Med. 2003 Jan;33(1):97-110. Abstract
56. Craig TJ, Bromet EJ, Fennig S, et al. Is there an association between duration of untreated psychosis and 24-month clinical outcome in a first-admission series? Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Jan;157(1):60-6. Abstract
57. Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Mar;56(3):241-7. Abstract
58. Marshall M, Rathbone J. Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD004718.Full text Abstract
59. Correll CU, Galling B, Pawar A, et al. Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Jun 1;75(6):555-65.Full text Abstract
60. Fusar-Poli P, Salazar de Pablo G, Correll CU, et al. Prevention of psychosis: advances in detection, prognosis, and intervention. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 1;77(7):755-65. Abstract
61. Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Faraone SV. Understanding predisposition to schizophrenia: toward intervention and prevention. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Aug;47(6):518-26. Abstract
62. Yung AR, McGorry PD. The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(2):353-70. Abstract
63. Chan RC, Xu T, Heinrichs RW, et al. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2010 Nov;36(6):1089-104.Full text Abstract
64. Herold CJ, Essig M, Schröder J. Neurological soft signs (NSS) and brain morphology in patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy controls. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231669.Full text Abstract
65. American Psychiatric Association. The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2021.Full text
66. Barnes TR, Drake R, Paton C, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: updated recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2020 Jan;34(1):3-78.Full text Abstract
68. Rector NA, Beck AT, Stolar N. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a cognitive perspective. Can J Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;50(5):247-57. Abstract
69. Chapman CL, Mullin K, Ryan CJ. Meta-analysis of the association between suicidal ideation and later suicide among patients with either a schizophrenia spectrum psychosis or a mood disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015 Mar;131(3):162-73. Abstract
70. Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM. The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;62(3):247-53.Full text Abstract
71. Hawton K, Sutton L, Haw C, et al. Schizophrenia and suicide: systematic review of risk factors. Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;187:9-20. Abstract
72. Hor K, Taylor M. Suicide and schizophrenia: a systematic review of rates and risk factors. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Nov;24(4 suppl):81-90.Full text Abstract
73. Dazzan P, Murray RM. Neurological soft signs in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2002 Sep;43:s50-7. Abstract
74. Tosato S, Dazzan P. The psychopathology of schizophrenia and the presence of neurological soft signs: a review. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005 May;18(3):285-8. Abstract
75. Rossi A, De Cataldo S, Di Michele V, et al. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1990 Nov;157:735-9. Abstract
76. Venkatasubramanian G, Latha V, Gangadhar BN, et al. Neurological soft signs in never-treated schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003 Aug;108(2):144-6. Abstract
77. Ferruccio NP, Tosato S, Lappin JM, et al. Neurological signs at the first psychotic episode as correlates of long-term outcome: results from the AESOP-10 study. Schizophr Bull. 2021 Jan 23;47(1):118-27.Full text Abstract
78. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems, 11th revision (ICD-11). Chapter 6: mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
79. Hobkirk AL, Towe SL, Lion R, et al. Primary and secondary HIV prevention among persons with severe mental illness: recent findings. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015 Dec;12(4):406-12. Abstract
80. Hughes E, Bassi S, Gilbody S, et al. Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in people with severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Jan;3(1):40-8.Full text Abstract
81. Bradizza CM, Stasiewicz PR. Integrating substance abuse treatment for the seriously mentally ill into inpatient psychiatric treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1997 Mar-Apr;14(2):103-11. Abstract
82. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5-TR™ update supplement to diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2023.Full text
83. Ebel H, Schlegel U, Klosterkötter J. Chronic schizophreniform psychosis in primary hyperparathyroidism [in German]. Nervenarzt. 1992 Mar;63(3):180-3. Abstract
84. Engelhardt. Psychosis in primary hyperparathyroidism [in German]. Internist (Berl). 1991 Dec;32(12):738. Abstract
85. Joborn C, Hetta J, Palmér M, et al. Psychiatric symptomatology in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Ups J Med Sci. 1986;91(1):77-87. Abstract
86. Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes. Brain. 2010 Jun;133(pt 6):1655-67.Full text Abstract
87. Wang M, Cao X, Liu Q, et al. Clinical features of limbic encephalitis with LGI1 antibody. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:1589-96.Full text Abstract
88. Thompson J, Bi M, Murchison AG, et al. The importance of early immunotherapy in patients with faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Brain. 2018 Feb 1;141(2):348-56.Full text Abstract
89. Taylor DM, Gaughran F, Pillinger P. The Maudsley practice guidelines for physical health conditions in psychiatry. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2020.
90. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Coexisting severe mental illness (psychosis) and substance misuse: assessment and management in healthcare settings. Mar 2011 [internet publication].Full text
91. Amador XF, Flaum M, Andreasen NC, et al. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective and mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Oct;51(10):826-36. Abstract
92. Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, et al. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;4(4):295-301. Abstract
93. Vermeulen J, van Rooijen G, Doedens P, et al. Antipsychotic medication and long-term mortality risk in patients with schizophrenia; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2017 Oct;47(13):2217-28. Abstract
94. Bola JR, Kao DT, Soydan H. Antipsychotic medication for early-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012 Jan;38(1):23-5.Full text Abstract
95. Tharyan P, Adams CE. Electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD000076. Abstract
96. Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;13(5):318-78.Full text Abstract
97. Drake RJ, Husain N, Marshall M, et al. Effect of delaying treatment of first-episode psychosis on symptoms and social outcomes: a longitudinal analysis and modelling study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Jul;7(7):602-610.Full text Abstract
98. Puntis S, Minichino A, De Crescenzo F, et al. Specialised early intervention teams for recent-onset psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 2;11(11):CD013288.Full text Abstract
99. Bola J, Kao D, Soydan H. Antipsychotic medication for early episode schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD006374.Full text Abstract
100. Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, et al. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36:94-103.Full text Abstract
101. Samara MT, Leucht C, Leeflang MM, et al. Early improvement as a predictor of later response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a diagnostic test review. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jul;172(7):617-29. Abstract
102. Samara MT, Klupp E, Helfer B, et al. Increasing antipsychotic dose versus switching antipsychotic for non response in schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 11;(5):CD011884.Full text Abstract
103. Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, et al. Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;(5):CD008016.Full text Abstract
104. Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, et al. Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012 Jun 2;379(9831):2063-71. Abstract
105. Pollack CV Jr. Inhaled loxapine for the urgent treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Curr Med Res Opin. 2016 Jul;32(7):1253-60.Full text Abstract
106. Correll CU, Yu X, Xiang Y, et al. Biological treatment of acute agitation or aggression with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in the inpatient setting. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2017 May;29(2):92-107. Abstract
107. Chan EW, Lao KSJ, Lam L, et al. Intramuscular midazolam, olanzapine, or haloperidol for the management of acute agitation: A multi-centre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Feb;32:100751.Full text Abstract
108. Victoroff J, Coburn K, Reeve A, et al. Pharmacological management of persistent hostility and aggression in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014 Fall;26(4):283-312.Full text Abstract
109. Keers R, Ullrich S, Destavola BL, et al. Association of violence with emergence of persecutory delusions in untreated schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Mar;171(3):332-9.Full text Abstract
110. Stroup TS, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Comparative effectiveness of adjunctive psychotropic medications in patients with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 May 1;76(5):508-15. Abstract
111. Correll CU, Rubio JM, Inczedy-Farkas G, et al. Efficacy of 42 pharmacologic cotreatment strategies added to antipsychotic monotherapy in schizophrenia: systematic overview and quality appraisal of the meta-analytic evidence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 1;74(7):675-84.Full text Abstract
112. Masuda T, Misawa F, Takase M, et al. Association With Hospitalization and All-Cause Discontinuation Among Patients With Schizophrenia on Clozapine vs Other Oral Second-Generation Antipsychotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Oct 1;76(10):1052-1062.Full text Abstract
113. Potkin SG, Kane JM, Correll CU, et al. The neurobiology of treatment-resistant schizophrenia: paths to antipsychotic resistance and a roadmap for future research. NPJ Schizophr. 2020 Jan 7;6(1):1.Full text Abstract
114. Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Agid O, et al. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) working group consensus guidelines on diagnosis and terminology. Am J Psychiatry. 2017 Mar 1;174(3):216-29.Full text Abstract
115. Wagner E, Kane JM, Correll CU, et al. Clozapine combination and augmentation strategies in patients with schizophrenia - recommendations from an international expert survey among the Treatment Response and Resistance in Psychosis (TRRIP) Working Group. Schizophr Bull. 2020 Dec 1;46(6):1459-70. Abstract
116. Petrides G, Malur C, Braga RJ, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, randomized study. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2019 Jan;17(1):76-82.Full text Abstract
117. Wang G, Zheng W, Li XB, et al. ECT augmentation of clozapine for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2018 Oct;105:23-32. Abstract
118. Grover S, Hazari N, Kate N. Combined use of clozapine and ECT: a review. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2015 Jun;27(3):131-42. Abstract
119. Lally J, Tully J, Robertson D, et al. Augmentation of clozapine with electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2016 Mar;171(1-3):215-24.Full text Abstract
120. Melzer-Ribeiro DL, Rigonatti SP, Kayo M. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy augmentation for partial response to clozapine: a pilot randomized ECT – sham controlled trial. Arc Clin Psychiatr. 2017 Mar-Apr;44(2).Full text
121. Ahmed S, Khan AM, Mekala HM, et al. Combined use of electroconvulsive therapy and antipsychotics (both clozapine and non-clozapine) in treatment resistant schizophrenia: A comparative meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2017 Nov;3(11):e00429.Full text Abstract
122. Pompili M, Lester D, Dominici G, et al. Indications for electroconvulsive treatment in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophr Res. 2013 May;146(1-3):1-9.Full text Abstract
123. Leucht C, Heres S, Kane JM, et al. Oral versus depot antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia - a critical systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised long-term trials. Schizophr Res. 2011 Apr;127(1-3):83-92. Abstract
124. Koola MM, Wehring HJ, Kelly DL. The potential role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in people with schizophrenia and comorbid substance use. J Dual Diagn. 2012;8(1):50-61.Full text Abstract
125. Kishimoto T, Nitta M, Borenstein M, et al. Long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mirror-image studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Oct;74(10):957-65. Abstract
126. Tiihonen J, Mittendorfer-Rutz E, Majak M, et al. Real-world effectiveness of antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of 29 823 patients with schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 1;74(7):686-93. Abstract
127. Nielsen J, Damkier P, Lublin H, et al. Optimizing clozapine treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Jun;123(6):411-22. Abstract
128. Belgamwar RB, El-Sayeh HG. Aripiprazole vs placebo for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012 May;38(3):382-3.Full text Abstract
129. Belgamwar RB, El-Sayeh HG. Aripiprazole versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Aug 10;(8):CD006622.Full text Abstract
130. Khanna P, Suo T, Komossa K, et al. Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 2;(1):CD006569.Full text Abstract
131. Bellantuono C, Santone G. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder [in Italian]. Riv Psichiatr. 2012 Jan-Feb;47(1):5-20. Abstract
132. Singh J, Robb A, Vijapurkar U, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of paliperidone extended-release in treatment of acute schizophrenia in adolescents. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Dec 15;70(12):1179-87. Abstract
133. Srisurapanont M, Maneeton B, Maneeton N. Quetiapine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD000967.Full text Abstract
134. Sparshatt A, Taylor D, Patel MX, et al. Relationship between daily dose, plasma concentrations, dopamine receptor occupancy, and clinical response to quetiapine: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Aug;72(8):1108-23. Abstract
135. Li C, Xia J, Wang J. Risperidone dose for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD007474.Full text Abstract
136. Bagnall A, Lewis RA, Leitner ML, et al. Ziprasidone for schizophrenia and severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001945.Full text Abstract
137. Hay A, Byers A, Sereno M, et al. Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 24;(11):CD011458.Full text Abstract
138. Citrome L. Lurasidone for schizophrenia: a review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved second-generation antipsychotic. Int J Clin Pract. 2011 Feb;65(2):189-210.Full text Abstract
139. Citrome L, Cucchiaro J, Sarma K, et al. Long-term safety and tolerability of lurasidone in schizophrenia: a 12-month, double-blind, active-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 May;27(3):165-76. Abstract
140. Correll CU, Skuban A, Ouyang J, et al. Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole for the treatment of acute schizophrenia: a 6-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Sep 1;172(9):870-80. Abstract
141. Marder SR, Hakala MJ, Josiassen MK, et al. Brexpiprazole in patients with schizophrenia: overview of short- and long-term phase 3 controlled studies. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2017 Oct;29(5):278-90. Abstract
142. Durgam S, Starace A, Li D, et al. An evaluation of the safety and efficacy of cariprazine in patients with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a phase II, randomized clinical trial. Schizophr Res. 2014 Feb;152(2-3):450-7.Full text Abstract
143. Correll CU, Davis RE, Weingart M, et al. Efficacy and safety of lumateperone for treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Apr 1;77(4):349-58.Full text Abstract
144. Lieberman JA, Davis RE, Correll CU, et al. ITI-007 for the treatment of schizophrenia: a 4-week randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2016 Jun 15;79(12):952-61.Full text Abstract
145. Nussbaum A, Stroup TS. Oral paliperidone for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD006369.Full text Abstract
146. Nussbaum AM, Stroup TS. Paliperidone palmitate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13;(6):CD008296.Full text Abstract
147. Coppola DM, Melkote R, Lannie C, et al. Efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended release 1.5 mg/day - a double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled, study in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2011 May 15;44(2):54-72.Full text Abstract
148. Citrome L. Paliperidone palmitate - review of the efficacy, safety and cost of a new second-generation depot antipsychotic medication. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Jan;64(2):216-39. Abstract
149. Maayan N, Quraishi SN, David A, et al. Fluphenazine decanoate (depot) and enanthate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 5;(2):CD000307.Full text Abstract
150. Rosenheck RA, Krystal JH, Lew R, et al. Long-acting risperidone and oral antipsychotics in unstable schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 3;364(9):842-51.Full text Abstract
151. Newton R, Hustig H, Lakshmana R, et al. Practical guidelines on the use of paliperidone palmitate in schizophrenia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Apr;28(4):559-67. Abstract
152. Ascher-Svanum H, Zhao F, Detke HC, et al. Early response predicts subsequent response to olanzapine long-acting injection in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial of treatment for schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2011 Sep 23;11:152.Full text Abstract
153. Witte MM, Case MG, Schuh KJ, et al. Effects of olanzapine long-acting injection on levels of functioning among acutely ill patients with schizophrenia. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012 Mar;28(3):315-23. Abstract
154. Fagiolini A, De Filippis S, Azzarelli O, et al. Intramuscular aripiprazole for the treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: from clinical research to clinical practice. J Psychopath. 2013 Mar;19(1):34-41.Full text
155. Fusar-Poli P, Kempton MJ, Rosenheck RA. Efficacy and safety of second-generation long-acting injections in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Mar;28(2):57-66. Abstract
156. Kishimoto T, Agarwal V, Kishi T, et al. Relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of second-generation antipsychotics versus first-generation antipsychotics. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;18(1):53-66.Full text Abstract
157. Gründer G, Heinze M, Cordes J, et al. Effects of first-generation antipsychotics versus second-generation antipsychotics on quality of life in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomised study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016 Aug;3(8):717-29. Abstract
158. Buchanan RW, Panagides J, Zhao J, et al. Asenapine versus olanzapine in people with persistent negative symptoms of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Feb;32(1):36-45. Abstract
159. Stephenson CM, Pilowsky LS. Psychopharmacology of olanzapine: a review. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1999;(38):52-8. Abstract
160. Leucht S, Kissling W, Davis JM. Second-generation antipsychotics for schizophrenia: can we resolve the conflict? Psychol Med. 2009 Oct;39(10):1591-602. Abstract
161. Naber D, Lambert M. The CATIE and CUtLASS studies in schizophrenia: results and implications for clinicians. CNS Drugs. 2009 Aug;23(8):649-59. Abstract
162. Sussman N. Choosing an atypical antipsychotic. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Aug;17 suppl 3:S29-33. Abstract
163. Zhang Y, Dai G. Efficacy and metabolic influence of paliperidone ER, aripiprazole and ziprasidone to patients with first-episode schizophrenia through 52 weeks follow-up in China. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012 Nov;27(6):605-14. Abstract
164. Corponi F, Fabbri C, Bitter I, et al. Novel antipsychotics specificity profile: a clinically oriented review of lurasidone, brexpiprazole, cariprazine and lumateperone. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019 Sep;29(9):971-85. Abstract
165. Schneider-Thoma J, Efthimiou O, Bighelli I, et al. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs and short-term somatic serious adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019 Sep;6(9):753-65. Abstract
166. Schneider-Thoma J, Efthimiou O, Huhn M, et al. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs and short-term mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomised controlled trials. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;5(8):653-63. Abstract
167. Citrome L. Activating and sedating adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: absolute risk increase and number needed to harm. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Apr;37(2):138-47. Abstract
168. Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Hunger H, et al. Olanzapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD006654.Full text Abstract
169. Zhang Y, Liu Y, Su Y, et al. The metabolic side effects of 12 antipsychotic drugs used for the treatment of schizophrenia on glucose: a network meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2017 Nov 21;17(1):373.Full text Abstract
170. Correll CU, Newcomer JW, Silverman B, et al. Effects of olanzapine combined with samidorphan on weight gain in schizophrenia: a 24-week phase 3 study. Am J Psychiatry. 2020 Dec 1;177(12):1168-78.Full text Abstract
171. Corponi F, Serretti A, Montgomery S, et al. Cariprazine specificity profile in the treatment of acute schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized-controlled trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Nov;32(6):309-18. Abstract
172. Pajonk FG. Risperidone in acute and long-term therapy of schizophrenia - a clinical profile. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004 Jan;28(1):15-23. Abstract
173. Weiden PJ. EPS profiles: the atypical antipsychotics are not all the same. J Psychiatr Pract. 2007 Jan;13(1):13-24. Abstract
174. Komossa K, Rummel-Kluge C, Schwarz S, et al. Risperidone versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD006626.Full text Abstract
175. Greenwood J, Acharya RB, Marcellus V, et al. Lumateperone: a novel antipsychotic for schizophrenia. Ann Pharmacother. 2021 Jan;55(1):98-104.Full text Abstract
176. Correll CU, Vanover KE, Davis RE, et al. Safety and tolerability of lumateperone 42 mg: An open-label antipsychotic switch study in outpatients with stable schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2021 Feb;228:198-205.Full text Abstract
177. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Tower V, et al. Brigg's drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 12th ed. Philadephia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2021.
178. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 5: treatment and management of mental health conditions during pregnancy and postpartum. Obstet Gynecol. 2023 Jun 1;141(6):1262-88.Full text Abstract
179. Chisolm MS, Payne JL. Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. BMJ. 2016 Jan 20;532:h5918. Abstract
180. Wang Z, Brauer R, Man KKC, et al. Prenatal exposure to antipsychotic agents and the risk of congenital malformations in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Nov;87(11):4101-23.Full text Abstract
181. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: antipsychotic drug labels updated on use during pregnancy and risk of abnormal muscle movements and withdrawal symptoms in newborns. Feb 2011 [internet publication].Full text
182. US Food and Drug Administration. Medication guides database: AbbVie medication guide for Depakote extended-release tablets, tablets and sprinkle capsules. June 2021 [internet publication].Full text
183. American Epilepsy Society. Position statement on the use of valproate by women of childbearing potential. June 2021 [internet publication].Full text
184. Helfer B, Samara MT, Huhn M, et al. Efficacy and safety of antidepressants added to antipsychotics for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Sep 1;173(9):876-86. Abstract
185. Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ, Frankenburg FR, et al. Serum levels of clozapine and norclozapine in patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Jun;153(6):820-2. Abstract
186. Lu ML, Lane HY, Chen KP, et al. Fluvoxamine reduces the clozapine dosage needed in refractory schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;61(8):594-9. Abstract
187. Levkovitz Y, Menlovich S, Riwkes S, et al. A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010 Feb;71(2):138-49. Abstract
188. Liu F, Guo X, Wu R, et al. Minocycline supplementation for treatment of negative symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2014 Mar;153(1-3):169-76. Abstract
189. Xiang YQ, Zheng W, Wang SB, et al. Adjunctive minocycline for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 Jan;27(1):8-18. Abstract
190. Singh J, Kour K, Jayaram MB. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD007967.Full text Abstract
191. Tuominen HJ, Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K. Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19;(2):CD003730.Full text Abstract
192. Andrade C, Kisely S, Monteiro I, et al. Antipsychotic augmentation with modafinil or armodafinil for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2015 Jan;60:14-21. Abstract
193. Bodkin JA, Siris SG, Bermanzohn PC, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of selegiline augmentation of antipsychotic medication to treat negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Feb;162(2):388-90.Full text Abstract
194. Rezaei F, Mohammad-Karimi M, Seddighi S, et al. Memantine add-on to risperidone for treatment of negative symptoms in patients with stable schizophrenia: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Jun;33(3):336-42. Abstract
195. Kishi T, Matsuda Y, Iwata N. Memantine add-on to antipsychotic treatment for residual negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2017 Jul;234(14):2113-25. Abstract
196. Bennett AC, Vila TM. The role of ondansetron in the treatment of schizophrenia. Ann Pharmacother. 2010 Jul-Aug;44(7-8):1301-6. Abstract
197. Dondé C, Vignaud P, Poulet E, et al. Management of depression in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a critical review of international guidelines. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018 Oct;138(4):289-99. Abstract
198. Opoka SM, Lincoln TM. The effect of cognitive behavioral interventions on depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia spectrum sisorders: a systematic review. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017 Dec;40(4):641-59. Abstract
199. Chakos MH, Glick ID, Miller AL, et al. Baseline use of concomitant psychotropic medications to treat schizophrenia in the CATIE trial. Psychiatr Serv. 2006 Aug;57(8):1094-101. Abstract
200. Ali SA, Mathur N, Malhotra AK, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy and schizophrenia: a systematic review. Mol Neuropsychiatry. 2019 Apr;5(2):75-83.Full text Abstract
201. Sinclair DJ, Zhao S, Qi F, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 19;(3):CD011847.Full text Abstract
202. Zheng W, Cao XL, Ungvari GS, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy added to non-clozapine antipsychotic medication for rreatment resistant schizophrenia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156510.Full text Abstract
203. Read J, Bentall R. The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy: a literature review. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2010 Oct-Dec;19(4):333-47. Abstract
204. Petrides G, Malur C, Braga RJ, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy augmentation in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;172(1):52-8. Abstract
205. Asher L, Patel V, De Silva MJ. Community-based psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia in low and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2017 Oct 30;17(1):355.Full text Abstract
206. Bighelli I, Rodolico A, García-Mieres H, et al. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Nov;8(11):969-980.Full text Abstract
207. Dieterich M, Irving CB, Bergman H, et al. Intensive case management for severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 6;(1):CD007906.Full text Abstract
208. Turner DT, van der Gaag M, Karyotaki E, et al. Psychological interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 May;171(5):523-38. Abstract
209. Jauhar S, McKenna PJ, Radua J, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for the symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis with examination of potential bias. Br J Psychiatry. 2014 Jan;204(1):20-9. Abstract
210. McGurk SR, Mueser KT, Xie H, et al. Cognitive enhancement treatment for people with mental illness who do not respond to supported employment: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Sep 1;172(9):852-61. Abstract
211. Kluwe-Schiavon B, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Kristensen CH, et al. Executive functions rehabilitation for schizophrenia: a critical systematic review. J Psychiatr Res. 2013 Jan;47(1):91-104. Abstract
212. Cella M, Preti A, Edwards C, et al. Cognitive remediation for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017 Mar;52:43-51.Full text Abstract
213. Darmedru C, Demily C, Franck N. Cognitive remediation and social cognitive training for violence in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2017 May;251:266-74. Abstract
214. Katschnig H. Rehabilitation in schizophrenia - guidelines for including psychosocial measures [in German]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1998;148(11-12):273-80. Abstract
215. Pharoah F, Mari J, Rathbone J, et al. Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD000088.Full text Abstract
216. Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD002831.Full text Abstract
217. Rodolico A, Bighelli I, Avanzato C, et al. Family interventions for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022 Mar;9(3):211-221.Full text Abstract
218. Hoffmann H, Jäckel D, Glauser S, et al. Long-term effectiveness of supported employment: 5-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 1;171(11):1183-90.Full text Abstract
219. Suijkerbuijk YB, Schaafsma FG, van Mechelen JC, et al. Interventions for obtaining and maintaining employment in adults with severe mental illness, a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 12;(9):CD011867.Full text Abstract
220. Carmona VR, Gómez-Benito J, Huedo-Medina TB, et al. Employment outcomes for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2017 May 8;30(3):345-66.Full text Abstract
221. Drake RE, Frey W, Bond GR, et al. Assisting Social Security Disability Insurance beneficiaries with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression in returning to work. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;170(12):1433-41. Abstract
222. Almerie MQ, Okba Al Marhi M, Jawoosh M, et al. Social skills programmes for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 9;(6):CD009006.Full text Abstract
223. Zhuo C, Triplett PT. Association of schizophrenia with the risk of breast cancer incidence: a meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 Apr 1;75(4):363-9.Full text Abstract
224. Munetz MR, Benjamin S. How to examine patients using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1988 Nov;39(11):1172-7. Abstract
225. Halbreich U, Kahn LS. Hyperprolactinemia and schizophrenia: mechanisms and clinical aspects. J Psychiatr Pract. 2003 Sep;9(5):344-53. Abstract
226. Labad J, Montalvo I, González-Rodríguez A, et al. Pharmacological treatment strategies for lowering prolactin in people with a psychotic disorder and hyperprolactinaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2020 Aug;222:88-96.Full text Abstract
227. Shah AA, Aftab A, Coverdale J. QTc prolongation with antipsychotics: is routine ECG monitoring recommended? J Psychiatr Pract. 2014 May;20(3):196-206. Abstract
228. Gugger JJ. Antipsychotic pharmacotherapy and orthostatic hypotension: identification and management. CNS Drugs. 2011 Aug;25(8):659-71. Abstract
229. Bora E, Akdede BB, Alptekin K. The relationship between cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2017 Apr;47(6):1030-40. Abstract
230. Hagi K, Nosaka T, Dickinson D, et al. Association between cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 May 1;78(5):510-8.Full text Abstract
231. American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, et al. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:267-272. Abstract
232. Fan X, Borba CP, Copeland P, et al. Metabolic effects of adjunctive aripiprazole in clozapine-treated patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2013 Mar;127(3):217-26.Full text Abstract
233. Ijaz S, Bolea B, Davies S, et al. Antipsychotic polypharmacy and metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: a review of systematic reviews. BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 3;18(1):275.Full text Abstract
234. Daumit GL, Dickerson FB, Wang NY, et al. A behavioral weight-loss intervention in persons with serious mental illness. N Engl J Med. 2013 Apr 25;368(17):1594-602.Full text Abstract
235. Bartels SJ, Pratt SI, Aschbrenner KA, et al. Pragmatic replication trial of health promotion coaching for obesity in serious mental illness and maintenance of outcomes. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Apr;172(4):344-52.Full text Abstract
236. Ayerbe L, Forgnone I, Addo J, et al. Hypertension risk and clinical care in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia; a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2018 Jan 1;225:665-70. Abstract
237. Bauer-Staeb C, Jörgensen L, Lewis G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in people with severe mental illness: a total population study of Sweden. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Sep;4(9):685-93.Full text Abstract
238. Zaman H, Sampson SJ, Beck AL, et al. Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 8;(12):CD003079.Full text Abstract
239. Nair PC, Chalker JM, McKinnon RA, et al. Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1): molecular and clinical insights for the treatment of schizophrenia and related comorbidities. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2022 Mar 11;5(3):183-8.Full text Abstract
240. Koblan KS, Kent J, Hopkins SC, et al. A non-D2-receptor-binding drug for the treatment of schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 16;382(16):1497-506.Full text Abstract
241. Correll CU, Koblan KS, Hopkins SC, et al. Safety and effectiveness of ulotaront (SEP-363856) in schizophrenia: results of a 6-month, open-label extension study. NPJ Schizophr. 2021 Dec 9;7(1):63.Full text Abstract
242. Dedic N, Dworak H, Zeni C, et al. Therapeutic potential of TAAR1 agonists in schizophrenia: evidence from preclinical models and clinical studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 7;22(24):13185.Full text Abstract
243. Paul SM, Yohn SE, Popiolek M, et al. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonists as novel treatments for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2022 Sep;179(9):611-27. Abstract
244. Brannan SK, Sawchak S, Miller AC, et al. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist and peripheral antagonist for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 25;384(8):717-26.Full text Abstract
245. Balu DT, Coyle JT. The NMDA receptor 'glycine modulatory site' in schizophrenia: D-serine, glycine, and beyond. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2015 Feb;20:109-15.Full text Abstract
246. Fleischhacker WW, Podhorna J, Gröschl M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel glycine transporter inhibitor BI 425809 once daily in patients with schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Mar;8(3):191-201. Abstract
247. Citrome L, Preskorn SH, Lauriello J, et al. Sublingual dexmedetomidine for the treatment of acute agitation in adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022 Oct 3;83(6):22m14447.Full text Abstract
248. Preskorn SH, Zeller S, Citrome L, et al. Effect of sublingual dexmedetomidine vs placebo on acute agitation associated with bipolar disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022 Feb 22;327(8):727-36.Full text Abstract
249. Penney D, Sauvé G, Mendelson D, et al. Immediate and sustained outcomes and moderators associated with metacognitive training for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 May 1;79(5):417-29.Full text Abstract
250. Moritz S, Menon M, Balzan R, et al. Metacognitive training for psychosis (MCT): past, present, and future. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2022 Mar 25;1-7.Full text Abstract
251. Firth J, Cotter J, Carney R, et al. The pro-cognitive mechanisms of physical exercise in people with schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol. 2017 Oct;174(19):3161-72.Full text Abstract
252. Firth J, Stubbs B, Rosenbaum S, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2017 May 1;43(3):546-56.Full text Abstract
253. Vera-Garcia E, Mayoral-Cleries F, Vancampfort D, et al. A systematic review of the benefits of physical therapy within a multidisciplinary care approach for people with schizophrenia: An update. Psychiatry Res. 2015 Oct 30;229(3):828-39. Abstract
254. Cabral P, Meyer HB, Ames D. Effectiveness of yoga therapy as a complementary treatment for major psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2011;13(4):PCC.0r01068.Full text Abstract
255. Vancampfort D, Vansteelandt K, Scheewe T, et al. Yoga in schizophrenia: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 Jul;126(1):12-20. Abstract
256. Broderick J, Knowles A, Chadwick J, et al. Yoga versus standard care for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 21;(10):CD010554.Full text Abstract
257. Broderick J, Vancampfort D. Yoga as part of a package of care versus standard care for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 29;(9):CD012145.Full text Abstract
258. Geretsegger M, Mössler KA, Bieleninik Ł, et al. Music therapy for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 29;(5):CD004025.Full text Abstract
259. Fattahi C, Hamada K, Chiang M, et al. A narrative review of mindfulness-based therapy for schizophrenia, co-occurring substance use and comorbid cardiometabolic problems. Psychiatry Res. 2021 Feb;296:113707.Full text Abstract
260. Chiang M, Reid-Varley WB, Fan X. Creative art therapy for mental illness. Psychiatry Res. 2019 May;275:129-36.Full text Abstract
261. Cheung A, Agwu V, Stojcevski M, et al. A pilot remote drama therapy program using the co-active therapeutic theater model in people with serious mental illness. Community Ment Health J. 2022 Nov;58(8):1613-20. Abstract
262. Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia - a short version for primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2017 Feb 24;21(2):82-90.Full text Abstract
263. Hasan A, Falkai P, Wobrock T, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 2: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and management of antipsychotic-induced side effects. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Feb;14(1):2-44.Full text Abstract
264. GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018 Nov 10;392(10159):1789-858.Full text Abstract
265. Huxley P, Krayer A, Poole R, et al. Schizophrenia outcomes in the 21st century: a systematic review. Brain Behav. 2021 Jun;11(6):e02172.Full text Abstract
266. Leamy M, Bird V, Le Boutillier C, et al. Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: systematic review and narrative synthesis. Br J Psychiatry. 2011 Dec;199(6):445-52.Full text Abstract
267. Leendertse JCP, Wierdsma AI, van den Berg D, et al. Personal recovery in people with a psychotic disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of associated factors. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:622628.Full text Abstract
268. Isaacs AN, Brooks H, Lawn S, et al. Effectiveness of personal recovery facilitators in adults with schizophrenia and other psychoses: a systematic review of reviews and narrative synthesis. Schizophr Res. 2022 Aug;246:132-47.Full text Abstract
269. Penttilä M, Jääskeläinen E, Hirvonen N, et al. Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2014 Aug;205(2):88-94.Full text Abstract
270. Cechnicki A, Cichocki Ł, Kalisz A, et al. Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and the course of schizophrenia in a 20-year follow-up study. Psychiatry Res. 2014 Nov 30;219(3):420-5.Full text Abstract
271. Coyle JT. Substance use disorders and schizophrenia: a question of shared glutamatergic mechanisms. Neurotox Res. 2006 Dec;10(3-4):221-33. Abstract
272. Tsoi DT, Porwal M, Webster AC. Interventions for smoking cessation and reduction in individuals with schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28;(2):CD007253.Full text Abstract
273. Cubo E, Gracies JM, Benabou R, et al. Early morning off-medication dyskinesias, dystonia, and choreic subtypes. Arch Neurol. 2001 Sep;58(9):1379-82.Full text Abstract
274. Glassman AH. Schizophrenia, antipsychotic drugs, and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 suppl 6:5-10. Abstract
275. Mar PL, Raj SR. Orthostatic hypotension for the cardiologist. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2018 Jan;33(1):66-72. Abstract
276. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2017 Aug 1;136(5):e60-e122.Full text Abstract
277. Gray R, Gournay K. What can we do about acute extrapyramidal symptoms? J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2000 Jun;7(3):205-11. Abstract
278. Velamoor VR, Swamy GN, Parmar RS, et al. Management of suspected neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Can J Psychiatry. 1995 Nov;40(9):545-50. Abstract
279. Klemp M, Tvete IF, Skomedal T, et al. A review and Bayesian meta-analysis of clinical efficacy and adverse effects of 4 atypical neuroleptic drugs compared with haloperidol and placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Dec;31(6):698-704. Abstract
280. Allison DB, Casey DE. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 7:22-31. Abstract
281. Nasrallah H. A review of the effect of atypical antipsychotics on weight. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 Jan;28 suppl 1:83-96. Abstract
282. Das C, Mendez G, Jagasia S, et al. Second-generation antipsychotic use in schizophrenia and associated weight gain: a critical review and meta-analysis of behavioral and pharmacologic treatments. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Aug;24(3):225-39. Abstract
283. Mahmood S, Booker I, Huang J, et al. Effect of topiramate on weight gain in patients receiving atypical antipsychotic agents. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013 Feb;33(1):90-4. Abstract
284. Mukundan A, Faulkner G, Cohn T, et al. Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic-induced weight or metabolic problems.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Dec 8;(12):CD006629.Full text Abstract
285. Jin H, Meyer JM, Jeste DV. Atypical antipsychotics and glucose dysregulation: a systematic review. Schizophr Res. 2004 Dec 1;71(2-3):195-212. Abstract
286. Newcomer JW. Metabolic considerations in the use of antipsychotic medications: a review of recent evidence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68 suppl 1:20-7. Abstract
287. Nunes LV, Moreira HC, Razzouk D, et al. Strategies for the treatment of antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunction and/or hyperprolactinemia among patients of the schizophrenia spectrum: a review. J Sex Marital Ther. 2012;38(3):281-301. Abstract
288. Bacconi L, Gressier F. Efficacy and tolerance of PDE-5 in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in schizophrenic patients: a literature review [in French]. Encephale. 2017 Feb;43(1):55-61. Abstract
289. Glassman AH, Bigger JT, Jr. Antipsychotic drugs: prolonged QTc interval, torsade de pointes, and sudden death. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Nov;158(11):1774-82.Full text Abstract
290. Royal Pharmaceutical Society; British Medical Association. British national formulary. London: BNF Publications; 2019.Full text
291. Myles N, Myles H, Xia S, et al. Meta-analysis examining the epidemiology of clozapine-associated neutropenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018 Aug;138(2):101-109.Full text Abstract
292. Farooq S, Johal RK, Ziff C, et al. Different communication strategies for disclosing a diagnosis of schizophrenia and related disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 24;(10):CD011707.Full text Abstract
293. Reynolds RJ, Day SM, Shafer A, et al. Mortality rates and excess death rates for the seriously mentally ill. J Insur Med. 2018;47(4):212-9. Abstract
294. Tam J, Warner KE, Meza R. Smoking and the reduced life expectancy of individuals with serious mental illness. Am J Prev Med. 2016 Dec;51(6):958-66. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer