Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection

References

Key articles

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on testing and specimen collection for patients with suspected infection with novel influenza A viruses with the potential to cause severe disease in humans. Jun 2023 [internet publication]​.Full text

UK Health Security Agency. Avian influenza: guidance, data and analysis. Jun 2023 [internet publication]​.Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance for infection control within healthcare settings when caring for confirmed cases, probable cases, and cases under investigation for infection with novel influenza A viruses associated with severe disease. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on follow-up of close contacts of persons infected with novel influenza A viruses and use of antiviral medications for chemoprophylaxis. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on influenza antiviral chemoprophylaxis of persons exposed to birds with avian influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease or with the potential to cause severe human disease. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Guidelines for the clinical management of severe illness from influenza virus infections. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on the use of antiviral medications for treatment of human infections with novel influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Abdel-Ghafar AN, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al; Writing Committee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus. Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 17;358(3):261-73.Full text  Abstract

2. World Health Organization. Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus - China. Feb 2017 [internet publication].Full text

3. Yang JR, Liu MT. Human infection caused by an avian influenza A (H7N9) virus with a polybasic cleavage site in Taiwan, 2017. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017 Mar;116(3):210-2.Full text  Abstract

4. Yu H, Cowling BJ, Feng L, et al. Human infection with avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an assessment of clinical severity. Lancet. 2013 Jul 13;382(9887):138-45.Full text  Abstract

5. Chen Y, Liang W, Yang S, et al. Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome. Lancet. 2013 Jun 1;381(9881):1916-25. Abstract

6. Yu X, Jin T, Cui Y, et al. Influenza H7N9 and H9N2 viruses: coexistence in poultry linked to human H7N9 infection and genome characteristics. J Virol. 2014 Mar;88(6):3423-31.Full text  Abstract

7. Li Q, Zhou L, Zhou M, et al. Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China. N Engl J Med. 2014 Feb 6;370(6):520-32.Full text  Abstract

8. Qi X, Qian YH, Bao CJ, et al. Probable person to person transmission of novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Eastern China, 2013: epidemiological investigation. BMJ. 2013 Aug 6;347:f4752.Full text  Abstract

9. Xiang N, Iuliano AD, Zhang Y, et al. Comparison of the first three waves of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus circulation in the mainland of the People's Republic of China. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 5;16(1):734.Full text  Abstract

10. Wang X, Wu P, Pei Y, et al. Assessment of human-to-human transmissibility of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus across 5 waves by analyzing clusters of case patients in mainland China, 2013-2017. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Feb 1;68(4):623-31.Full text  Abstract

11. Zhou L, Chen E, Bao C, et al. Clusters of human infection and human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 2013-2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Feb 17;24(2):397-400.Full text  Abstract

12. Skowronski DM, Tweed SA, Petric M, et al. Human illness and isolation of low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus of the H7N3 subtype in British Columbia, Canada. J Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 15;193(6):899-900.Full text  Abstract

13. Peiris M, Yuen KY, Leung CW, et al. Human infection with influenza H9N2. Lancet. 1999 Sep 11;354(9182):916-7. Abstract

14. Uyeki TM, Chong YH, Katz JM, et al. Lack of evidence for human-to-human transmission of avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses in Hong Kong, China 1999. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002 Feb;8(2):154-9.Full text  Abstract

15. Avian influenza A/(H7N2) outbreak in the United Kingdom. Euro Surveill. 2007 May 31;12(5):E070531.2. Abstract

16. Kurtz J, Manvell RJ, Banks J. Avian influenza virus isolated from a woman with conjunctivitis. Lancet. 1996 Sep 28;348(9031):901-2. Abstract

17. Tong XC, Weng SS, Xue F, et al. First human infection by a novel avian influenza A(H7N4) virus. J Infect. 2018 Jun 10;77(3):249-57. Abstract

18. Tweed SA, Skowronski DM, David ST, et al. Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Dec;10(12):2196-9.Full text  Abstract

19. Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Nair P, Acheson P, et al. Outbreak of low pathogenicity H7N3 avian influenza in UK, including associated case of human conjunctivitis. Euro Surveill. 2006 May 4;11(5):E060504.2. Abstract

20. International Society for Infectious Diseases. ProMED-mail. Avian influenza (59): China (SC) LPAI H5N6, human, first case, poultry. May 2014 [internet publication].Full text

21. Zhou L, Tan Y, Kang M, et al. Preliminary epidemiology of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, China, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Aug;23(8):1355-9.Full text  Abstract

22. Liu D, Shi W, Shi Y, et al. Origin and diversity of novel avian influenza A H7N9 viruses causing human infection: phylogenetic, structural, and coalescent analyses. Lancet. 2013 Jun 1;381(9881):1926-32. Abstract

23. Lam TT, Wang J, Shen Y, et al. The genesis and source of the H7N9 influenza viruses causing human infections in China. Nature. 2013 Oct 10;502(7470):241-4.Full text  Abstract

24. Lu J, Wu J, Zeng X, et al. Continuing reassortment leads to the genetic diversity of influenza virus H7N9 in Guangdong, China. J Virol. 2014 Aug;88(15):8297-306.Full text  Abstract

25. Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Miller PJ, Spackman E, et al. Role of poultry in the spread of novel H7N9 influenza virus in China. J Virol. 2014 May;88(10):5381-90.Full text  Abstract

26. Iuliano AD, Jang Y, Jones J, et al. Increase in human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus during the fifth epidemic - China, October 2016-February 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Mar 10;66(9):254-5.Full text  Abstract

27. Ocaña-Macchi M, Bel M, Guzylack-Piriou L, et al. Hemagglutinin-dependent tropism of H5N1 avian influenza virus for human endothelial cells. J Virol. 2009 Dec;83(24):12947-55.Full text  Abstract

28. Baigent SJ, McCauley JW. Influenza type A in humans, mammals and birds: determinants of virus virulence, host-range and interspecies transmission. Bioessays. 2003 Jul;25(7):657-71. Abstract

29. Richard M, Herfst S, van den Brand JM, et al. Low virulence and lack of airborne transmission of the Dutch highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 in ferrets. PLoS One. 2015 Jun 19;10(6):e0129827.Full text  Abstract

30. Richard M, Schrauwen EJ, de Graaf M, et al. Limited airborne transmission of H7N9 influenza A virus between ferrets. Nature. 2013 Sep 26;501(7468):560-3.Full text  Abstract

31. Zhou J, Wang D, Gao R, et al. Biological features of novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. Nature. 2013 Jul 25;499(7459):500-3. Abstract

32. Hay AJ, Hayden FG. Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of H7N9 infection. Lancet. 2013 Jun 29;381(9885):2230-2. Abstract

33. Hu Y, Lu S, Song Z, et al. Association between adverse clinical outcome in human disease caused by novel influenza A H7N9 virus and sustained viral shedding and emergence of antiviral resistance. Lancet. 2013 Jun 29;381(9885):2273-9. Abstract

34. Liu X, Li T, Zheng Y, et al. Poor responses to oseltamivir treatment in a patient with influenza A (H7N9) virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2013 May;2(5):e27.Full text  Abstract

35. Marjuki H, Mishin VP, Chesnokov AP, et al. Neuraminidase mutations conferring resistance to oseltamivir in influenza A(H7N9) viruses. J Virol. 2015 May;89(10):5419-26.Full text  Abstract

36. Marjuki H, Mishin VP, Chesnokov AP, et al. Characterization of drug-resistant influenza A(H7N9) variants isolated from an oseltamivir-treated patient in Taiwan. J Infect Dis. 2015 Jan 15;211(2):249-57.Full text  Abstract

37. Gao HN, Yao HP, Liang WF, et al. Viral genome and antiviral drug sensitivity analysis of two patients from a family cluster caused by the influenza A(H7N9) virus in Zhejiang, China, 2013. Int J Infect Dis. 2014 Dec;29:254-8.Full text  Abstract

38. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Influenza A(H7N9) virus in China: implications for public health. Seventh update. Jul 2017 [internet publication].Full text

39. World Health Organization. Analysis of recent scientific information on avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Feb 2017 [internet publication].Full text

40. Gao R, Cao B, Hu Y, et al. Human infection with a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 16;368(20):1888-97.Full text  Abstract

41. Tang J, Zhang J, Zhou J, et al. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 viruses with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors showed comparable replication capacity to their sensitive counterparts. Virol J. 2019 Jul 2;16(1):87.Full text  Abstract

42. Olson SH, Gilbert M, Cheng MC, et al. Historical prevalence and distribution of avian influenza virus A(H7N9) among wild birds. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Dec;19(12):2031-3.Full text  Abstract

43. Ip DK, Liao Q, Wu P, et al. Detection of mild to moderate influenza A/H7N9 infection by China's national sentinel surveillance system for influenza-like illness: case series. BMJ. 2013 Jun 24;346:f3693.Full text  Abstract

44. World Health Organization. Avian influenza weekly update number 906. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

45. Uyeki TM, Katz JM, Jernigan DB. Novel influenza A viruses and pandemic threats. Lancet. 2017 Jun 3;389(10085):2172-4. Abstract

46. Wang X, Jiang H, Wu P, et al. Epidemiology of avian influenza A H7N9 virus in human beings across five epidemics in mainland China, 2013-17: an epidemiological study of laboratory-confirmed case series. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Aug;17(8):822-32. Abstract

47. Kile JC, Ren R, Liu L, et al. Update: increase in human infections with novel Asian lineage avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses during the fifth epidemic - China, October 1, 2016-August 7, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Sep 8;66(35):928-32.Full text  Abstract

48. Yuan J, Lau EH, Li K, et al. Effect of live poultry market closure on avian influenza A(H7N9) virus activity in Guangzhou, China, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Oct;21(10):1784-93.Full text  Abstract

49. Yu H, Wu JT, Cowling BJ, et al. Effect of closure of live poultry markets on poultry-to-person transmission of avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an ecological study. Lancet. 2014 Feb 8;383(9916):541-8.Full text  Abstract

50. Li Y, Wang Y, Shen C, et al. Closure of live bird markets leads to the spread of H7N9 influenza in China. PLoS One. 2018 Dec 12;13(12):e0208884.Full text  Abstract

51. Wu J, Ke C, Lau EH, et al. Influenza H5/H7 virus vaccination in poultry and reduction of zoonotic infections, Guangdong Province, China, 2017-18. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 Jan 17;25(1):116-8.Full text  Abstract

52. Cheng W, Chong KC, Lau SY, et al. Comparison of avian influenza virus contamination in the environment before and after massive poultry H5/H7 vaccination in Zhejiang Province, China. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019 Apr 24;6(6):ofz197.Full text  Abstract

53. Chang SY, Lin PH, Tsai JC, et al. The first case of H7N9 influenza in Taiwan. Lancet. 2013 May 11;381(9878):1621. Abstract

54. Ho PL, Sin WC, Chan JF, et al. Severe influenza A H7N9 pneumonia with rapid virological response to intravenous zanamivir. Eur Respir J. 2014 Aug;44(2):535-7.Full text  Abstract

55. William T, Thevarajah B, Lee SF, et al. Avian influenza (H7N9) virus infection in Chinese tourist in Malaysia, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jan;21(1):142-5.Full text  Abstract

56. Skowronski DM, Chambers C, Gustafson R, et al. Avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in 2 travelers returning from China to Canada, January 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jan;22(1):71-4.Full text  Abstract

57. Xiang N, Li X, Ren R, et al. Assessing change in avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infections during the fourth epidemic - China, September 2015-August 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Dec 16;65(49):1390-4.Full text  Abstract

58. Xu L, Bao L, Deng W, et al. Rapid adaptation of avian H7N9 virus in pigs. Virology. 2014 Feb 14;452-453:231-6.Full text  Abstract

59. Zhou P, Hong M, Merrill MM, et al. Serological report of influenza A (H7N9) infections among pigs in Southern China. BMC Vet Res. 2014 Sep 2;10:203.Full text  Abstract

60. Yum J, Park EH, Ku KB, et al. Low infectivity of a novel avian-origin H7N9 influenza virus in pigs. Arch Virol. 2014 Jun 7;159(10):2745-9. Abstract

61. Wang C, Wang J, Su W, et al. Relationship between domestic and wild birds in live poultry market and a novel human H7N9 virus in China. J Infect Dis. 2014 Jan 1;209(1):34-7.Full text  Abstract

62. Jones JC, Sonnberg S, Koçer ZA, et al. Possible role of songbirds and parakeets in transmission of influenza A(H7N9) virus to humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Mar;20(3):380-5.Full text  Abstract

63. Zhao B, Zhang X, Zhu W, et al. Novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in tree sparrow, Shanghai, China, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 May;20(5):850-3.Full text  Abstract

64. Kang M, Lau EHY, Guan W, et al. Epidemiology of human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Guangdong, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill. 2017 Jul 6;22(27):30568.Full text  Abstract

65. Lee SS, Wong NS, Leung CC. Exposure to avian influenza H7N9 in farms and wet markets. Lancet. 2013 May 25;381(9880):1815. Abstract

66. Yang S, Chen Y, Cui D, et al. Avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) infection in influenza A(H7N9)-affected areas of China: a serological study. J Infect Dis. 2014 Jan 15;209(2):265-9.Full text  Abstract

67. Quan C, Wang Q, Zhang J, et al. Avian influenza A viruses among occupationally exposed populations, China, 2014-2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 Dec;25(12):2215-25. Abstract

68. Yang P, Ma C, Cui S, et al. Avian influenza A(H7N9) and (H5N1) infections among poultry and swine workers and the general population in Beijing, China, 2013-2015. Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 27;6:33877. Abstract

69. Ma MJ, Zhao T, Chen SH, et al. Avian influenza A virus infection among workers at live poultry markets, China, 2013-2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Jul;24(7):1246-56. Abstract

70. Bai T, Zhou J, Shu Y. Serologic study for influenza A (H7N9) among high-risk groups in China. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 13;368(24):2339-40.Full text  Abstract

71. Wang W, Chen X, Wang Y, et al. Serological evidence of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2022 Aug 12;226(1):70-82.Full text  Abstract

72. Pan H, Zhang X, Hu J, et al. A case report of avian influenza H7N9 killing a young doctor in Shanghai, China. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Jun 23;15:237.Full text  Abstract

73. Farooqui A, Liu W, Zeng T, et al. Probable hospital cluster of H7N9 influenza infection. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 11;374(6):596-8.Full text  Abstract

74. Fang CF, Ma MJ, Zhan BD, et al. Nosocomial transmission of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in China: epidemiological investigation. BMJ. 2015 Nov 19;351:h5765.Full text  Abstract

75. Chen H, Liu S, Liu J, et al. Nosocomial co-transmission of avian influenza A(H7N9) and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses between 2 patients with hematologic disorders. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Apr;22(4):598-607.Full text  Abstract

76. World Health Organization. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A(H5N1) and influenza A(H9N2) viruses and candidate vaccine viruses developed for potential use in human vaccines - February 2010. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010 Mar 12;85(11):100-7. Abstract

77. Butt KM, Smith GJ, Chen H, et al. Human infection with an avian H9N2 influenza A virus in Hong Kong in 2003. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Nov;43(11):5760-7.Full text  Abstract

78. Bos ME, Te Beest DE, van Boven M, et al. High probability of avian influenza virus (H7N7) transmission from poultry to humans active in disease control on infected farms. J Infect Dis. 2010 May 1;201(9):1390-6.Full text  Abstract

79. Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, et al. Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet. 2004 Feb 21;363(9409):587-93. Abstract

80. Arzey GG, Kirkland PD, Arzey KE, et al. Influenza virus A (H10N7) in chickens and poultry abattoir workers, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 May;18(5):814-6.Full text  Abstract

81. Wei SH, Yang JR, Wu HS, et al. Human infection with avian influenza A H6N1 virus: an epidemiological analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2013 Dec;1(10):771-8. Abstract

82. Tong S, Zhu X, Li Y, et al. New world bats harbor diverse influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(10):e1003657.Full text  Abstract

83. Wu Y, Wu Y, Tefsen B, et al. Bat-derived influenza-like viruses H17N10 and H18N11. Trends Microbiol. 2014 Apr;22(4):183-91. Abstract

84. Yamada S, Suzuki Y, Suzuki T, et al. Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors. Nature. 2006 Nov 16;444(7117):378-82. Abstract

85. Peng J, Yang H, Jiang H, et al. The origin of novel avian influenza A (H7N9) and mutation dynamics for its human-to-human transmissible capacity. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 26;9(3):e93094.Full text  Abstract

86. Zhu W, Zhou J, Li Z, et al. Biological characterisation of the emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H7N9) viruses in humans, in mainland China, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill. 2017 May 11;22(19):30533.Full text  Abstract

87. Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, et al. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 18;360(25):2605-15.Full text  Abstract

88. Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y. Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005 Aug;3(8):591-600. Abstract

89. Virlogeux V, Li M, Tsang TK, et al. Estimating the distribution of the incubation periods of human avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infections. Am J Epidemiol. 2015 Oct 15;182(8):723-9.Full text  Abstract

90. Zhou L, Li Q, Uyeki TM. Estimated incubation period and serial interval for human-to-human influenza A(H7N9) virus transmission. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 Oct 17;25(10):1982-3.Full text  Abstract

91. van Riel D, Leijten LM, de Graaf M, et al. Novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus attaches to epithelium in both upper and lower respiratory tract of humans. Am J Pathol. 2013 Oct;183(4):1137-43.Full text  Abstract

92. Chan MC, Chan RW, Chan LL, et al. Tropism and innate host responses of a novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus: an analysis of ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures of the human respiratory tract. Lancet Respir Med. 2013 Sep;1(7):534-42. Abstract

93. Siegers JY, Short KR, Leijten LM, et al. Novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus attachment to the respiratory tract of five animal models. J Virol. 2014 Apr;88(8):4595-9.Full text  Abstract

94. Watanabe T, Kiso M, Fukuyama S, et al. Characterization of H7N9 influenza A viruses isolated from humans. Nature. 2013 Sep 26;501(7468):551-5.Full text  Abstract

95. Zhu H, Wang D, Kelvin DJ, et al. Infectivity, transmission, and pathology of human-isolated H7N9 influenza virus in ferrets and pigs. Science. 2013 Jul 12;341(6142):183-6. Abstract

96. Mok CK, Lee HH, Chan MC, et al. Pathogenicity of the novel A/H7N9 influenza virus in mice. MBio. 2013 Jul 2;4(4):e00362-13.Full text  Abstract

97. Chi Y, Zhu Y, Wen T, et al. Cytokine and chemokine levels in patients infected with the novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in China. J Infect Dis. 2013 Dec 15;208(12):1962-7.Full text  Abstract

98. Wang Z, Zhang A, Wan Y, et al. Early hypercytokinemia is associated with interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 dysfunction and predictive of fatal H7N9 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jan 14;111(2):769-74.Full text  Abstract

99. Everitt AR, Clare S, Pertel T, et al. IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. Nature. 2012 Mar 25;484(7395):519-23.Full text  Abstract

100. Zhang YH, Zhao Y, Li N, et al. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 genetic variant rs12252-C is associated with severe influenza in Chinese individuals. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1418.Full text  Abstract

101. Lee N, Cao B, Ke C, et al. IFITM3, TLR3, and CD55 genes SNPs and cumulative genetic risks for severe outcomes in Chinese patients with H7N9 / H1N1pdm09 influenza. J Infect Dis. 2017 Jul 1;216(1):97-104. Abstract

102. Yu L, Wang Z, Chen Y, et al. Clinical, virological, and histopathological manifestations of fatal human infections by avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Nov;57(10):1449-57.Full text  Abstract

103. Lu S, Li T, Xi X, et al. Prognosis of 18 H7N9 avian influenza patients in Shanghai. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 2;9(4):e88728.Full text  Abstract

104. Ai J, Huang Y, Xu K, et al. Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in Jiangsu Province, China, 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013 Jun 27;18(26):20510. Abstract

105. Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 29;353(13):1374-85.Full text  Abstract

106. Ortiz JR, Katz MA, Mahmoud MN, et al. Lack of evidence of avian-to-human transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus among poultry workers, Kano, Nigeria, 2006. J Infect Dis. 2007 Dec 1;196(11):1685-91.Full text  Abstract

107. Ma MJ, Ma GY, Yang XX, et al. Avian Influenza A(H7N9) virus antibodies in close contacts of infected persons, China, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Apr;21(4):709-11.Full text  Abstract

108. Lv H, Han J, Zhang P, et al. Mild illness in avian influenza A(H7N9) virus-infected poultry worker, Huzhou, China, April 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Nov;19(11):1885-8.Full text  Abstract

109. Chen Z, Liu H, Lu J, et al. Asymptomatic, mild, and severe influenza A(H7N9) virus infection in humans, Guangzhou, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014 Sep;20(9):1535-40.Full text  Abstract

110. Gao HN, Lu HZ, Cao B, et al. Clinical findings in 111 cases of influenza A (H7N9) virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 13;368(24):2277-85.Full text  Abstract

111. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on testing and specimen collection for patients with suspected infection with novel influenza A viruses with the potential to cause severe disease in humans. Jun 2023 [internet publication]​.Full text

112. UK Health Security Agency. Avian influenza: guidance, data and analysis. Jun 2023 [internet publication]​.Full text

113. Ke C, Mok CKP, Zhu W, et al. Human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Jul;23(8):1332-40.Full text  Abstract

114. Yang Y, Wong G, Yang L, et al. Comparison between human infections caused by highly and low pathogenic H7N9 avian influenza viruses in Wave Five: clinical and virological findings. J Infect. 2019 Jan 18;78(3):241-8. Abstract

115. World Health Organization. Real-time RT-PCR protocol for the detection of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Apr 2013 [internet publication].Full text

116. Torres A, Lee N, Cilloniz C, et al. Laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia in the molecular age. Eur Respir J. 2016 Dec;48(6):1764-78.Full text  Abstract

117. World Health Organization. WHO information for the molecular detection of influenza viruses. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text

118. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diagnostics for detecting H7N9 using rRT-PCR. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

119. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance for infection control within healthcare settings when caring for confirmed cases, probable cases, and cases under investigation for infection with novel influenza A viruses associated with severe disease. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

120. Baas C, Barr IG, Fouchier RA, et al. A comparison of rapid point-of-care tests for the detection of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013 May 23;18(21):20487.Full text  Abstract

121. Chan KH, To KK, Chan JF, et al. Analytical sensitivity of seven point-of-care influenza virus detection tests and two molecular tests for detection of avian origin H7N9 and swine origin H3N2 variant influenza A viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Sep;51(9):3160-1.Full text  Abstract

122. Feng F, Jiang Y, Yuan M, et al. Association of radiologic findings with mortality in patients with avian influenza H7N9 pneumonia. PLoS One. 2014 Apr 4;9(4):e93885.Full text  Abstract

123. Zhu Y, Qi X, Cui L, et al. Human co-infection with novel avian influenza A H7N9 and influenza A H3N2 viruses in Jiangsu province, China. Lancet. 2013 Jun 15;381(9883):2134. Abstract

124. Zhang W, Zhu D, Tian D, et al. Co-infection with avian (H7N9) and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Apr;21(4):715-8.Full text  Abstract

125. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Case definitions for investigations of human infection with avian influenza A viruses in the United States. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

126. UK Health Security Agency. Investigation and initial clinical management of possible human cases of avian influenza with potential to cause severe human disease. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

127. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on follow-up of close contacts of persons infected with novel influenza A viruses and use of antiviral medications for chemoprophylaxis. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

128. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on influenza antiviral chemoprophylaxis of persons exposed to birds with avian influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease or with the potential to cause severe human disease. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

129. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the clinical management of severe illness from influenza virus infections. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

130. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on the use of antiviral medications for treatment of human infections with novel influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

131. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza antiviral medications: summary for clinicians. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

132. Ikematsu H, Kawai N. Laninamivir octanoate: a new long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor for the treatment of influenza. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011 Oct;9(10):851-7. Abstract

133. Duval X, van der Werf S, Blanchon T, et al; Bivir Study Group. Efficacy of oseltamivir-zanamivir combination compared to each monotherapy for seasonal influenza: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2010 Nov 2;7(11):e1000362.Full text  Abstract

134. Zheng S, Tang L, Gao H, et al. Benefit of early initiation of neuraminidase inhibitor treatment to hospitalized patients with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Mar 19;66(7):1054-60.Full text  Abstract

135. Wang Y, Guo Q, Yan Z, et al; CAP-China Network. Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding in patients with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection. J Infect Dis. 2018 May 5;217(11):1708-17.Full text  Abstract

136. Zheng S, Zou Q, Wang X, et al. Factors associated with fatality due to avian influenza A(H7N9) infection in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 24;71(1):128-32. Abstract

137. de Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, et al. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nat Med. 2006 Oct;12(10):1203-7.Full text  Abstract

138. Kandeel A, Manoncourt S, Abd el Kareem E, et al. Zoonotic transmission of avian influenza virus (H5N1), Egypt, 2006-2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Jul;16(7):1101-7.Full text  Abstract

139. Kandun IN, Tresnaningsih E, Purba WH, et al. Factors associated with case fatality of human H5N1 virus infections in Indonesia: a case series. Lancet. 2008 Aug 30;372(9640):744-9. Abstract

140. Adisasmito W, Chan PK, Lee N, et al. Effectiveness of antiviral treatment in human influenza A(H5N1) infections: analysis of a Global Patient Registry. J Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 15;202(8):1154-60.Full text  Abstract

141. Chan PK, Lee N, Zaman M, et al. Determinants of antiviral effectiveness in influenza virus A subtype H5N1. J Infect Dis. 2012 Nov;206(9):1359-66.Full text  Abstract

142. Oner AF, Dogan N, Gasimov V, et al. H5N1 avian influenza in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jul;55(1):26-32.Full text  Abstract

143. Muthuri SG, Venkatesan S, Myles PR, et al. Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med. 2014 May;2(5):395-404. Abstract

144. Lee N, Leo YS, Cao B, et al. Neuraminidase inhibitors, superinfection and corticosteroids affect survival of influenza patients. Eur Respir J. 2015 Jun;45(6):1642-52.Full text  Abstract

145. Taniguchi K, Ando Y, Nobori H, et al. Inhibition of avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) virus by the novel cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil. Sci Rep. 2019 Mar 5;9(1):3466.Full text  Abstract

146. Arabi Y, Gomersall CD, Ahmed QA, et al. The critically ill avian influenza A (H5N1) patient. Crit Care Med. 2007 May;35(5):1397-403. Abstract

147. Cao B, Gao H, Zhou B, et al. Adjuvant corticosteroid treatment in adults with influenza A (H7N9) viral pneumonia. Crit Care Med. 2016 Jun;44(6):e318-28. Abstract

148. Li TC, Chan MC, Lee N. Clinical implications of antiviral resistance in influenza. Viruses. 2015 Sep 14;7(9):4929-44.Full text  Abstract

149. Ariano RE, Sitar DS, Zelenitsky SA, et al. Enteric absorption and pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. CMAJ. 2010 Mar 9;182(4):357-63.Full text  Abstract

150. Taylor WR, Thinh BN, Anh GT, et al. Oseltamivir is adequately absorbed following nasogastric administration to adult patients with severe H5N1 influenza. PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3410.Full text  Abstract

151. Wu XX, Gao HN, Wu HB, et al. Successful treatment of avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) infection using convalescent plasma. Int J Infect Dis. 2015 Dec;41:3-5.Full text  Abstract

152. Furuta Y, Gowen BB, Takahashi K, et al. Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor. Antiviral Res. 2013 Nov;100(2):446-54.Full text  Abstract

153. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: human infection with avian influenza A viruses, China. Feb 2014 [internet publication].Full text

154. Wang C, Yu H, Horby PW, et al. Comparison of patients hospitalized with influenza A subtypes H7N9, H5N1, and 2009 pandemic H1N1. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;58(8):1095-103.Full text  Abstract

155. Lee CM, Hudson LD. Long-term outcomes after ARDS. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Jun;22(3):327-36. Abstract

156. Ehlenbach WJ, Hough CL, Crane PK, et al. Association between acute care and critical illness hospitalization and cognitive function in older adults. JAMA. 2010 Feb 24;303(8):763-70.Full text  Abstract

157. Chen J, Wu J, Hao S, et al. Long term outcomes in survivors of epidemic Influenza A (H7N9) virus infection. Sci Rep. 2017 Dec 8;7(1):17275.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer