Cirrhosis

de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Baveno VII: renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022 Apr;76(4):959-74.Full text  Abstract

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis: 2021 update. J Hepatol. 2021 Sep;75(3):659-89.Full text  Abstract

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018 Aug;69(2):406-60.Full text  Abstract

Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, et al. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management - 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2017 Jan;65(1):310-35.Full text  Abstract

Rogal SS, Hansen L, Patel A, et al. AASLD practice guidance: palliative care and symptom-based management in decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2022 Sep;76(3):819-53.Full text  Abstract

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2022 Sep;77(3):807-24.Full text  Abstract

1. Anthony PP, Ishak KG, Nayak NC, et al. The morphology of cirrhosis: definition, nomenclature, and classification. Bull World Health Organ. 1977;55(4):521-40. Abstract

2. Moon AM, Singal AG, Tapper EB. Contemporary epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Nov;18(12):2650-66.Full text  Abstract

3. GBD 2017 Cirrhosis Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of cirrhosis by cause in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Mar;5(3):245-66.Full text  Abstract

4. Hirode G, Saab S, Wong RJ. Trends in the burden of chronic liver disease among hospitalized US adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Apr 1;3(4):e201997.Full text  Abstract

5. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Liver disease: applying All Our Health. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

6. Davis GL, Roberts WL. The healthcare burden imposed by liver disease in aging Baby Boomers. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010 Feb;12(1):1-6. Abstract

7. Harris R, Card TR, Delahooke T, et al. Obesity is the most common risk factor for chronic liver disease: results from a risk stratification pathway using transient elastography. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Nov;114(11):1744-52. Abstract

8. Tapper EB, Parikh ND. Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999-2016: observational study. BMJ. 2018 Jul 18;362:k2817.Full text  Abstract

9. Adam R, Karam V, Delvart V, et al. Evolution of indications and results of liver transplantation in Europe. A report from the European Liver Transplant Registry (ELTR). J Hepatol. 2012 Sep;57(3):675-88.Full text  Abstract

10. Pimpin L, Cortez-Pinto H, Negro F, et al. Burden of liver disease in Europe: epidemiology and analysis of risk factors to identify prevention policies. J Hepatol. 2018 Sep;69(3):718-35. Abstract

11. Parola M, Pinzani M. Liver fibrosis: pathophysiology, pathogenetic targets and clinical issues. Mol Aspects Med. 2019 Feb;65:37-55. Abstract

12. Lai JC, Rahimi RS, Verna EC, et al. Frailty associated with waitlist mortality independent of ascites and hepatic encephalopathy in a multicenter study. Gastroenterology. 2019 May;156(6):1675-82. Abstract

13. Chang KV, Chen JD, Wu WT, et al. Association of loss of muscle mass with mortality in liver cirrhosis without or before liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Mar;98(9):e14373.Full text  Abstract

14. Dasarathy S. Cause and management of muscle wasting in chronic liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2016 May;32(3):159-65.Full text  Abstract

15. Alvarez MA, Cirera I, Solà R, et al. Long-term clinical course of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis: a prospective study of 165 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 Nov-Dec;45(10):906-11. Abstract

16. D'Ambrosio R, Aghemo A, Rumi MG, et al. A morphometric and immunohistochemical study to assess the benefit of a sustained virological response in hepatitis C virus patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2012 Aug;56(2):532-43. Abstract

17. Pellicoro A, Aucott RL, Ramachandran P, et al. Elastin accumulation is regulated at the level of degradation by macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12) during experimental liver fibrosis. Hepatology. 2012 Jun;55(6):1965-75. Abstract

18. Govaere O, Roskams T. Pathogenesis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma at the cellular and molecular levels. Clin Liver Dis. 2015 May;19(2):261-76. Abstract

19. Ortega-Alonso A, Andrade RJ. Chronic liver injury induced by drugs and toxins. J Dig Dis. 2018 Sep;19(9):514-21. Abstract

20. Andrade RJ, Medina-Caliz I, Gonzalez-Jimenez A, et al. Hepatic damage by natural remedies. Semin Liver Dis. 2018 Feb;38(1):21-40.Full text  Abstract

21. Ahmed Z, Ahmed U, Walayat S, et al. Liver function tests in identifying patients with liver disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2018 Aug 23;11:301-7.Full text  Abstract

22. Sullivan MK, Daher HB, Rockey DC. Normal or near normal aminotransferase levels in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Am J Med Sci. 2022 Jun;363(6):484-9. Abstract

23. Giannini E, Risso D, Botta F, et al. Validity and clinical utility of the aspartate aminotransferase-alanine aminotransferase ratio in assessing disease severity and prognosis in patients with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Jan 27;163(2):218-24.Full text  Abstract

24. Cai JJ, Wang K, Jiang HQ, et al. Characteristics, risk factors, and adverse outcomes of hyperkalemia in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients. Biomed Res Int. 2019 Feb 27;2019:6025726.Full text  Abstract

25. Wallerstedt S, Simrén M, Wahlin S, et al. Moderate hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients with cirrhotic ascites indicates a poor prognosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013 Mar;48(3):358-65.Full text  Abstract

26. O'Shea RS, Davitkov P, Ko CW, et al. AGA clinical practice guideline on the management of coagulation disorders in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2021 Nov;161(5):1615-27.Full text  Abstract

27. Afdhal N, McHutchison J, Brown R, et al. Thrombocytopenia associated with chronic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2008 Jun;48(6):1000-7.Full text  Abstract

28. Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan;112(1):18-35.Full text  Abstract

29. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on haemochromatosis. J Hepatol. 2022 Aug;77(2):479-502.Full text  Abstract

30. Liu WT, Jing YY, Han ZP, et al. The injured liver induces hyperimmunoglobulinemia by failing to dispose of antigens and endotoxins in the portal system. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0122739.Full text  Abstract

31. American Thoracic Society; European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct 1;168(7):818-900.Full text  Abstract

32. Zhang J, Chen G, Zhang P, et al. The threshold of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020 Feb 13;15(2):e0228857.Full text  Abstract

33. de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Baveno VII: renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022 Apr;76(4):959-74.Full text  Abstract

34. Wickremeratne T, Turner S, O'Beirne J. Systematic review with meta-analysis: ultra-thin gastroscopy compared to conventional gastroscopy for the diagnosis of oesophageal varices in people with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Jun;49(12):1464-73. Abstract

35. Vadera S, Yong CWK, Gluud LL, et al. Band ligation versus no intervention for primary prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 20;6:CD012673.Full text  Abstract

36. Roccarina D, Best LM, Freeman SC, et al. Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 6;4(4):CD013121.Full text  Abstract

37. Deng H, Qi X, Guo X. Computed tomography for the diagnosis of varices in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Postgrad Med. 2017 Apr;129(3):318-28. Abstract

38. Xiao H, Shi M, Xie Y, et al. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance elastography and Fibroscan for detecting liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 6;12(11):e0186660.Full text  Abstract

39. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018 Jul;69(1):182-236. Abstract

40. West J, Card TR. Reduced mortality rates following elective percutaneous liver biopsies. Gastroenterology. 2010 Oct;139(4):1230-7. Abstract

41. Child CG, Turcotte JG. Surgery and portal hypertension. Major Probl Clin Surg. 1964;1:1-85. Abstract

42. Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, et al. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg. 1973 Aug;60(8):646-9. Abstract

43. Jepsen P, Vilstrup H, Lash TL. Development and validation of a comorbidity scoring system for patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2014 Jan;146(1):147-56; quiz e15-6. Abstract

44. Kim WR, Biggins SW, Kremers WK, et al. Hyponatremia and mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 4;359(10):1018-26.Full text  Abstract

45. Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001 Feb;33(2):464-70. Abstract

46. Barr RG, Wilson SR, Rubens D, et al. Update to the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound liver elastography consensus statement. Radiology. 2020 Aug;296(2):263-74.Full text  Abstract

47. Talwalkar JA, Kurtz DM, Schoenleber SJ, et al. Ultrasound-based transient elastography for the detection of hepatic fibrosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Oct;5(10):1214-20. Abstract

48. Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Martens S, et al. Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2008 Apr;134(4):960-74. Abstract

49. Stebbing J, Farouk L, Panos G, et al. A meta-analysis of transient elastography for the detection of hepatic fibrosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Mar;44(3):214-9. Abstract

50. Chon YE, Choi EH, Song KJ, et al. Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44930.Full text  Abstract

51. Takuma Y, Nouso K, Morimoto Y, et al. Measurement of spleen stiffness by acoustic radiation force impulse imaging identifies cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices. Gastroenterology. 2013 Jan;144(1):92-101.e2.Full text  Abstract

52. Cassinotto C, Boursier J, de Lédinghen V, et al. Liver stiffness in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comparison of supersonic shear imaging, FibroScan, and ARFI with liver biopsy. Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1817-27. Abstract

53. Hu X, Qiu L, Liu D, et al. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography for non‑invasive evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B and C patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Ultrason. 2017 Jan 31;19(1):23-31.Full text  Abstract

54. Adebajo CO, Talwalkar JA, Poterucha JJ, et al. Ultrasound-based transient elastography for the detection of hepatic fibrosis in patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus after liver transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Transpl. 2012 Mar;18(3):323-31.Full text  Abstract

55. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis: 2021 update. J Hepatol. 2021 Sep;75(3):659-89.Full text  Abstract

56. Yang D, Li D, Li J, et al. Systematic review: the diagnostic efficacy of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for liver fibrosis staging. Eur J Radiol. 2020 Apr;125:108857. Abstract

57. de Franchis R, Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI Consensus Workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015 Sep;63(3):743-52.Full text  Abstract

58. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018 Aug;69(2):406-60.Full text  Abstract

59. Angeli P, Gines P, Wong F, et al. Diagnosis and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: revised consensus recommendations of the International Club of Ascites. Gut. 2015 Apr;64(4):531-7.Full text  Abstract

60. Flamm SL, Wong F, Ahn J, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the evaluation and management of acute kidney injury in patients with cirrhosis: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Dec;20(12):2707-16.Full text  Abstract

61. Wong F. Acute kidney injury in liver cirrhosis: new definition and application. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2016 Dec;22(4):415-22.Full text  Abstract

62. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Abnormal liver function tests​. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

63. Bajaj JS, O'Leary JG, Lai JC, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure clinical guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb 1;117(2):225-52.Full text  Abstract

64. ASGE Standards Of Practice Committee; Coelho-Prabhu N, Forbes N, Thosaniet NC, et al. Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Sep;96(3):389-401.Full text  Abstract

65. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee., Storm AC, Fishman DS, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on informed consent for GI endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Feb;95(2):207-215.e2.Full text  Abstract

66. Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):306-33.Full text  Abstract

67. Lim JK, Flamm SL, Singh S, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the role of elastography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2017 May;152(6):1536-43.Full text  Abstract

68. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol. 2018 Jul;69(1):154-81.Full text  Abstract

69. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liver disease. June 2017 [internet publication].Full text

70. Newsome PN, Cramb R, Davison SM, et al. Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests. Gut. 2018 Jan;67(1):6-19.Full text  Abstract

71. Perumpail BJ, Li AA, Cholankeril G, et al. Optimizing the nutritional support of adult patients in the setting of cirrhosis. Nutrients. 2017 Oct 13;9(10):E1114.Full text  Abstract

72. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Hepatitis C guidance 2023 update: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

73. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017 Aug;67(2):370-98.Full text  Abstract

74. Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018 Apr;67(4):1560-99.Full text  Abstract

75. Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021;74(2):1014-48.Full text  Abstract

76. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(3):397-417.Full text  Abstract

77. Bernardi M, Caraceni P, Navickis RJ, et al. Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hepatology. 2012 Apr;55(4):1172-81.Full text  Abstract

78. Aithal GP, Palaniyappan N, China L, et al. Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis. Gut. 2021 Jan;70(1):9-29.Full text  Abstract

79. Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. J Hepatol. 2000 Jan;32(1):142-53. Abstract

80. Aithal GP, Palaniyappan N, China L, et al. Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis. Gut. 2021 Jan;70(1):9-29.Full text  Abstract

81. Bernardi M, Caraceni P, Navickis RJ, et al. Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hepatology. 2012 Apr;55(4):1172-81. Abstract

82. Benmassaoud A, Freeman SC, Roccarina D, et al. Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 16;1:CD013123.Full text  Abstract

83. D'Amico G, Luca A, Morabito A, et al. Uncovered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2005 Oct;129(4):1282-93. Abstract

84. Saab S, Nieto JM, Lewis SK, et al. TIPS versus paracentesis for cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD004889.Full text  Abstract

85. Albillos A, Bañares R, González M, et al. A meta-analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus paracentesis for refractory ascites. J Hepatol. 2005 Dec;43(6):990-6. Abstract

86. Salerno F, Cammà C, Enea M, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Gastroenterology. 2007 Sep;133(3):825-34.Full text  Abstract

87. Chen RP, Zhu Ge XJ, Huang ZM, et al. Prophylactic use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt aids in the treatment of refractory ascites: metaregression and trial sequential meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014 Mar;48(3):290-9. Abstract

88. Bai M, Qi XS, Yang ZP, et al. TIPS improves liver transplantation-free survival in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites: an updated meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Mar 14;20(10):2704-14.Full text  Abstract

89. Lebrec D, Giuily N, Hadengue A, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: comparison with paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis and refractory ascites: a randomized trial. French Group of Clinicians and a Group of Biologists. J Hepatol. 1996 Aug;25(2):135-44. Abstract

90. Macken L, Joshi D, Messenger J, et al. Palliative long-term abdominal drains in refractory ascites due to end-stage liver disease: a case series. Palliat Med. 2017 Jul;31(7):671-5. Abstract

91. Dahl E, Gluud LL, Kimer N, et al. Meta-analysis: the safety and efficacy of vaptans (tolvaptan, satavaptan and lixivaptan) in cirrhosis with ascites or hyponatraemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Oct;36(7):619-26. Abstract

92. Yan L, Xie F, Lu J, et al. The treatment of vasopressin V2-receptor antagonists in cirrhosis patients with ascites: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015 Jun 9;15:65.Full text  Abstract

93. Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. U.K. guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015 Nov;64(11):1680-704.Full text  Abstract

94. Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, et al. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management - 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2017 Jan;65(1):310-35.Full text  Abstract

95. Kerbert AJ, Chiang FW, van der Werf M, et al. Hemodynamic response to primary prophylactic therapy with nonselective beta-blockers is related to a reduction of first variceal bleeding risk in liver cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Apr;29(4):380-7. Abstract

96. Bossen L, Krag A, Vilstrup H, et al. Nonselective β-blockers do not affect mortality in cirrhosis patients with ascites: Post Hoc analysis of three randomized controlled trials with 1198 patients. Hepatology. 2016 Jun;63(6):1968-76. Abstract

97. Sinha R, Lockman KA, Mallawaarachchi N, et al. Carvedilol use is associated with improved survival in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. J Hepatol. 2017 Jul;67(1):40-46. Abstract

98. Leithead JA, Rajoriya N, Tehami N, et al. Non-selective beta-blockers are associated with improved survival in patients with ascites listed for liver transplantation. Gut. 2015 Jul;64(7):1111-9. Abstract

99. Zacharias AP, Jeyaraj R, Hobolth L, et al. Carvedilol versus traditional, non-selective beta-blockers for adults with cirrhosis and gastroesophageal varices. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 29;10:CD011510.Full text  Abstract

100. Garcia-Pagán JC, Bosch J. Endoscopic band ligation in the treatment of portal hypertension. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Nov;2(11):526-35. Abstract

101. de Franchis R; Baveno VI Faculty. Expanding consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno VI consensus workshop: stratifying risk and individualizing care for portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2015 Sep;63(3):743-52.Full text  Abstract

102. Li L, Yu C, Li Y. Endoscopic band ligation versus pharmacological therapy for variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar;25(3):147-55.Full text  Abstract

103. Yan K, Bridges JF, Augustin S, et al. Factors impacting physicians' decisions to prevent variceal hemorrhage. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015 May 2;15:55.Full text  Abstract

104. D'Amico G, Pagliaro L, Bosch J. The treatment of portal hypertension: a meta-analytic review. Hepatology. 1995 Jul;22(1):332-54.Full text  Abstract

105. Vine LJ, Subhani M, Acevedo JG. Update on management of gastric varices. World J Hepatol. 2019 Mar 27;11(3):250-60.Full text  Abstract

106. Odutayo A, Desborough MJ, Trivella M, et al. Restrictive versus liberal blood transfusion for gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 May;2(5):354-60. Abstract

107. Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ, et al. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: guideline recommendations from the international consensus group. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Dec 3;171(11):805-22. Abstract

108. Lau JYW, Yu Y, Tang RSY, et al. Timing of endoscopy for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 2;382(14):1299-308.Full text  Abstract

109. Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila FI, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Sep 8;(9):CD002907.Full text  Abstract

110. Fernández J, Ruiz del Arbol L, Gómez C, et al. Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 2006 Oct;131(4):1049-56.Full text  Abstract

111. Tandon P, Abraldes JG, Keough A, et al. Risk of bacterial infection in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal hemorrhage, based on Child-Pugh class, and effects of antibiotics. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Jun;13(6):1189-96.Full text  Abstract

112. Maiwall R, Jamwal KD, Bhardwaj A, et al. SX-Ella Stent Danis effectively controls refractory variceal bleed in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Dig Dis Sci. 2018 Feb;63(2):493-501. Abstract

113. Lai JC, Tandon P, Bernal W, et al. Malnutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021 Sep;74(3):1611-44.Full text  Abstract

114. Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med. 1999 Aug 5;341(6):403-9.Full text  Abstract

115. Loomba R, Wesley R, Bain A, et al. Role of fluoroquinolones in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Apr;7(4):487-93. Abstract

116. Kamal F, Khan MA, Khan Z, et al. Rifaximin for the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Oct;29(10):1109-17. Abstract

117. Iogna Prat L, Wilson P, Freeman SC, et al. Antibiotic treatment for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in people with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 16;9:CD013120.Full text  Abstract

118. Badillo R, Rockey DC. Hepatic hydrothorax: clinical features, management, and outcomes in 77 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 May;93(3):135-42.Full text  Abstract

119. Baig MA, Majeed MB, Attar BM, et al. Efficacy and safety of indwelling pleural catheters in management of hepatic hydrothorax: a systematic review of literature. Cureus. 2018 Aug 6;10(8):e3110.Full text  Abstract

120. Xiol X, Tremosa G, Castellote J, et al. Liver transplantation in patients with hepatic hydrothorax. Transpl Int. 2005 Jun;18(6):672-5.Full text  Abstract

121. Jepsen P, Ott P, Andersen PK, et al. Clinical course of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a Danish population-based cohort study. Hepatology. 2010 May;51(5):1675-82.Full text  Abstract

122. Sharma BC, Sharma P, Agrawal A, et al. Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy: an open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose versus placebo. Gastroenterology. 2009 Sep;137(3):885-91, 891.e1.Full text  Abstract

123. Shi D, Zhou Z, Dai Y, et al. Proton pump inhibitor therapy and hepatic encephalopathy risk in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Drug Investig. 2019 Sep;39(9):847-56. Abstract

124. Tantai XX, Yang LB, Wei ZC, et al. Association of proton pump inhibitors with risk of hepatic encephalopathy in advanced liver disease: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2019 Jun 7;25(21):2683-98.Full text  Abstract

125. Sharma BC, Sharma P, Lunia MK, et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing rifaximin plus lactulose with lactulose alone in treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Sep;108(9):1458-63. Abstract

126. Gluud LL, Vilstrup H, Morgan MY. Non-absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 6;(5):CD003044.Full text  Abstract

127. Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology. 2014 Aug;60(2):715-35. Abstract

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