Hypertensive emergencies

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American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 222: gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Jun 2020 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023;41(12):1874-2071.Full text  Abstract

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4. Bloch MJ. Worldwide prevalence of hypertension exceeds 1.3 billion. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016 Oct;10(10):753-4. Abstract

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7. Bress AP, Anderson TS, Flack JM, et al. The management of elevated blood pressure in the acute care setting: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2024 Aug;81(8):e94-106.Full text  Abstract

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12. Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the United States [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 14;346(7):544]. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 16;345(7):479-86.Full text  Abstract

13. Benenson I, Waldron FA, Jadotte YT, et al. Risk factors for hypertensive crisis in adult patients: a systematic review. JBI Evid Synth. 2021 Jun;19(6):1292-327. Abstract

14. Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, et al. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):631-44. Abstract

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16. Jeyabalan A. Epidemiology of preeclampsia: impact of obesity. Nutr Rev. 2013 Oct;71 Suppl 1(0 1):S18-25.Full text  Abstract

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19. Shantsila A, Shantsila E, Beevers DG, et al. Predictors of 5-year outcomes in malignant phase hypertension: the West Birmingham Malignant Hypertension Registry. J Hypertens. 2017 Nov;35(11):2310-4. Abstract

20. Lane DA, Lip GY. Ethnic differences in hypertension and blood pressure control in the UK. QJM. 2001 Jul;94(7):391-6.Full text

21. Tisdale JE, Huang MB, Borzak S, et al. Risk factors for hypertensive crisis: importance of out-patient blood pressure control. Fam Pract. 2004 Aug;21(4):420-4.Full text  Abstract

22. Shea S, Misra D, Ehrlich MH, et al. Predisposing factors for severe, uncontrolled hypertension in an inner-city minority population. N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 10;327(11):776-81. Abstract

23. Bennett NM, Shea S. Hypertensive emergency: case criteria, sociodemographic profile, and previous care of 100 cases. Am J Public Health. 1988 Jun;78(6):636-40.Full text  Abstract

24. Lip GY, Beevers M, Beevers G. The failure of malignant hypertension to decline: a survey of 24 years' experience in a multiracial population in England. J Hypertens. 1994 Nov;12(11):1297-305. Abstract

25. Guerin C, Gonthier R, Berthoux FC. Long-term prognosis in malignant or accelerated hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1988;3(1):33-7. Abstract

26. Davis TK, Halabi CM, Siefken P, et al. Aggressive blood pressure control for chronic kidney disease unmasks moyamoya! Clin Kidney J. 2013 Oct;6(5):495-9.Full text  Abstract

27. Judd E, Calhoun DA. Management of hypertension in CKD: beyond the guidelines. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2015 Mar;22(2):116-22.Full text  Abstract

28. Macedo TA, Drager LF, Pedrosa RP, et al. Intermittent claudication and severe renal artery stenosis are independently associated in hypertensive patients referred for renal arteriography. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2017 Jul;72(7):411-4.Full text  Abstract

29. Kasiske BL, Anjum S, Shah R, et al. Hypertension after kidney transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004 Jun;43(6):1071-81. Abstract

30. Chen W, Kayler LK, Zand MS, et al. Transplant renal artery stenosis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapy. Clin Kidney J. 2015 Feb;8(1):71-8.Full text  Abstract

31. Suneja M, Sanders ML. Hypertensive emergency. Med Clin North Am. 2017 May;101(3):465-78. Abstract

32. Phillips CL, O'Driscoll DM. Hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Sci Sleep. 2013 May 10;5:43-52.Full text  Abstract

33. Silaruks S, Sawanyawisuth K. A case of obstructive sleep apnoea presented with hypertensive emergency. Heart Lung Circ. 2015;24(suppl 3):S121.

34. Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul 20;144(3):e56-67.Full text  Abstract

35. Whitworth JA, Mangos GJ, Kelley JJ. Hypertension in Cushing’s syndrome. In: Mansoor GA, ed. Secondary hypertension, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2004.

36. Pappachan JM, Buch HN. Endocrine hypertension: a practical approach. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:215-37. Abstract

37. Garg MK, Kharb S, Brar KS, et al. Medical management of pheochromocytoma: role of the endocrinologist. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Oct;15(suppl 4):S329-36.Full text  Abstract

38. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, et al. 2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Dec 7;144(23):e472-87.Full text  Abstract

39. Kaplan NM. Kaplan's clinical hypertension, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.

40. Zampaglione B, Pascale C, Marchisio M, et al. Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies: prevalence and clinical presentation. Hypertension. 1996 Jan;27(1):144-7.Full text  Abstract

41. Vaughan CJ, Delanty N. Hypertensive emergencies. Lancet. 2000 Jul 29;356(9227):411-7. Abstract

42. Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crises: challenges and management [published correction appears in Chest. 2007 Nov;132(5):1721]. Chest. 2007 Jun;131(6):1949-62. Abstract

43. Ault MJ, Ellrodt AG. Pathophysiological events leading to the end-organ effects of acute hypertension. Am J Emerg Med. 1985 Dec;3(6 suppl):10-5. Abstract

44. Luft FC, Mervaala E, Müller DN, et al. Hypertension-induced end-organ damage: a new transgenic approach to an old problem. Hypertension. 1999 Jan;33(1 Pt 2):212-8.Full text  Abstract

45. Taylor DA. Hypertensive crisis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2015 Dec;27(4):439-47. Abstract

46. Myklejord DJ. Undiagnosed pheochromocytoma: the anesthesiologist nightmare. Clin Med Res. 2004 Feb;2(1):59-62.Full text  Abstract

47. Fishbein L, Orlowski R, Cohen D. Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma: review of perioperative management of blood pressure and update on genetic mutations associated with pheochromocytoma. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013 Jun;15(6):428-34.Full text  Abstract

48. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 222: gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Jun 2020 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

49. Blumenfeld JD, Laragh JH. Management of hypertensive crises: the scientific basis for treatment decisions. Am J Hypertens. 2001 Nov;14(11 Pt 1):1154-67. Abstract

50. Kettritz R, Luft FC. Severe hypertension with large-vessel arteritis. Hypertension. 2012 Feb;59(2):179-83.Full text  Abstract

51. Denton CP, Lapadula G, Mouthon L, et al. Renal complications and scleroderma renal crisis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Jun;48 (suppl 3):iii32-5. Abstract

52. Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999-2004. Hypertension. 2007 Jan;49(1):69-75.Full text  Abstract

53. Fryar CD, Ostchega Y, Hales CM, et al. Hypertension prevalence and control among adults: United States, 2015-2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2017 Oct;(289):1-8.Full text  Abstract

54. Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020 Jun;75(6):1334-57.Full text  Abstract

55. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical practice guideline no. 3: headaches in pregnancy and postpartum. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

56. Gold KJ, Barnes C, Lalley J, et al. Case report: late-onset eclampsia presents as bilateral cortical blindness. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Mar 1;71(5):856, 858, 861.Full text  Abstract

57. Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023;41(12):1874-2071.Full text  Abstract

58. Bossone E, Rampoldi V, Nienaber CA, et al. Usefulness of pulse deficit to predict in-hospital complications and mortality in patients with acute type A aortic dissection. Am J Cardiol. 2002 Apr 1;89(7):851-5. Abstract

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60. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults: diagnosis and management. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

61. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

62. Turner JA. Diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia: an update. Int J Womens Health. 2010 Sep 30;2:327-37.Full text  Abstract

63. Cífková R, Johnson MR, Kahan T, et al. Peripartum management of hypertension: a position paper of the ESC Council on Hypertension and the European Society of Hypertension. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020 Nov 1;6(6):384-93.Full text  Abstract

64. Bossone E, LaBounty TM, Eagle KA. Acute aortic syndromes: diagnosis and management, an update. Eur Heart J. 2018 Mar 1;39(9):739-49d.Full text  Abstract

65. Writing Committee Members, Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Dec 13;80(24):e223-393.Full text  Abstract

66. Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteriesEndorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018 Mar 1;39(9):763-816.Full text  Abstract

67. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):e344-418.Full text  Abstract

68. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

69. Fuchs FD. Study of the usefulness of optic fundi examination on patients with hypertension in a clinical setting. J Hum Hypertens. 1995 Jul;9(7):547-51. Abstract

70. Van den Born BJH, Honnebier UPF, Koopmans RP, et al. Microangiopathic hemolysis and renal failure in malignant hypertension. Hypertension. 2005 Feb;45(2):246-51.Full text  Abstract

71. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003 Dec;42(6):1206-52.Full text  Abstract

72. Elliott WJ. Clinical features and management of selected hypertensive emergencies. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2004 Oct;6(10):587-92.Full text  Abstract

73. Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, et al. 2022 Guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2022 Jul;53(7):e282-61.Full text

74. Qureshi AI, Huang W, Lobanova I, et al. Outcomes of intensive systolic blood pressure reduction in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and excessively high initial systolic blood pressure: post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Nov 1;77(11):1355-65.Full text  Abstract

75. Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y, et al; INTERACT2 Investigators. Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 20;368(25):2355-65.Full text  Abstract

76. Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Barsan WG, et al. Intensive blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 8;375(11):1033-43.Full text  Abstract

77. van den Born BH, Lip GYH, Brguljan-Hitij J, et al. ESC council on hypertension position document on the management of hypertensive emergencies. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2019 Jan 1;5(1):37-46. Abstract

78. Peacock WF, Varon J, Baumann BM, et al. CLUE: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial of IV nicardipine versus labetalol use in the emergency department. Crit Care. 2011;15(3):R157.Full text  Abstract

79. Haas CE, LeBlanc JM. Acute postoperative hypertension: a review of therapeutic options. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2004 Aug 15;61(16):1661-73; quiz 1674-5. Abstract

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81. Owens WB. Blood pressure control in acute cerebrovascular disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011 Mar;13(3):205-11.Full text  Abstract

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85. Tumlin JA, Dunbar LM, Oparil S, et al. Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, for hypertensive emergency: a multicenter randomized trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2000 Jun;7(6):653-62. Abstract

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87. Sandset EC, Anderson CS, Bath PM, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines on blood pressure management in acute ischaemic stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage. Eur Stroke J. 2021 Jun;6(2):XLVIII-LXXXIX.Full text  Abstract

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89. National Institute of Health Care and Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

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94. Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, et al. Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. Eur Heart J. 2001 Sep;22(18):1642-81. Abstract

95. Tuffnell DJ, Jankowicz D, Lindow SW, et al. Outcomes of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in Yorkshire 1999/2003. BJOG. 2005 Jul;112(7):875-80. Abstract

96. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 767: emergent therapy for acute-onset, severe hypertension during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Feb 2019 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

97. Garovic VD, Dechend R, Easterling T, et al. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis, blood pressure goals, and pharmacotherapy: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2022 Feb;79(2):e21-41.Full text  Abstract

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