Basal cell carcinoma

Nasr I, McGrath EJ, Harwood CA, et al; British Association of Dermatologists' Clinical Standards Unit. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of adults with basal cell carcinoma 2021. Br J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;185(5):899-920.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: basal cell skin cancer [internet publication].Full text

Kim JYS, Kozlow JH, Mittal B, et al; Work Group, Invited Reviewers. Guidelines of care for the management of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Mar;78(3):540-59.Full text  Abstract

Thomson J, Hogan S, Leonardi-Bee J, et al. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 17;(11):CD003412.Full text  Abstract

1. Iannacone MR, Wang W, Stockwell HG, et al. Patterns and timing of sunlight exposure and risk of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin - a case-control study. BMC Cancer. 2012 Sep 20;12:417.Full text  Abstract

2. Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Sep;165(3):612-25. Abstract

3. Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006 Aug;155(2):401-7. Abstract

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8. Betti R, Menni S, Radaelli G, et al. Micronodular basal cell carcinoma: a distinct subtype? Relationship with nodular and infiltrative basal cell carcinomas. J Dermatol. 2010 Jul;37(7):611-6. Abstract

9. Skroza N, Panetta C, Schwartz RA, et al. Giant meta-typical carcinoma: an unusual tumor. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2006;14(1):46-51. Abstract

10. The College of Optometrists. Clinical management guidelines: basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (periocular). Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

11. Ionescu DN, Arida M, Jukic DM. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: four case reports, review of literature, and immunohistochemical evaluation. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006 Jan;130(1):45-51. Abstract

12. Hu W, Fang L, Ni R, et al. Changing trends in the disease burden of non-melanoma skin cancer globally from 1990 to 2019 and its predicted level in 25 years. BMC Cancer. 2022 Jul 30;22(1):836.Full text  Abstract

13. Trakatelli M, Morton C, Nagore E, et al. Update of the European guidelines for basal cell carcinoma management. Eur J Dermatol. 2014 May-Jun;24(3):312-29. Abstract

14. Maybury CM, Craythorne E, Martin B. An ulcerated nodule on the nose. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Apr 16;2013:bcr2012008296.Full text  Abstract

15. Ciążyńska M, Kamińska-Winciorek G, Lange D, et al. The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer. Sci Rep. 2021 Feb 22;11(1):4337.Full text  Abstract

16. Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Feldman SR, et al. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinomas) in the U.S. population, 2012. JAMA Dermatol. 2015 Oct;151(10):1081-6.Full text  Abstract

17. Xiang F, Lucas R, Hales S, et al. Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ambient UV radiation in white populations, 1978-2012: empirical relationships. JAMA Dermatol. 2014 Oct;150(10):1063-71.Full text  Abstract

18. Reifenberger J. Basal cell carcinoma: molecular genetics and unusual clinical features. Hautarzt. 2007 May;58(5):406-11. Abstract

19. Balk SJ; Council on Environmental Health; Section on Dermatology. Ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011 Mar;127(3):e791-817.Full text  Abstract

20. Youssef KK, Van Keymeulen A, Lapouge G, et al. Identification of the cell lineage at the origin of basal cell carcinoma. Nat Cell Biol. 2010 Mar;12(3):299-305. Abstract

21. de Zwaan SE, Haass NK. Genetics of basal cell carcinoma. Australas J Dermatol. 2010 May;51(2):81-92; quiz 93-4. Abstract

22. Morgan H, Olivero C, Patel GK. Identification of human cutaneous basal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1879:435-50. Abstract

23. Milosevic M, Lazarevic M, Toljic B, et al. Characterization of stem-like cancer cells in basal cell carcinoma and its surgical margins. Exp Dermatol. 2018 Oct;27(10):1160-1165. Abstract

24. Lo JS, Snow SN, Reizner GT, et al. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: report of twelve cases with a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991 May;24(5 Pt 1):715-9. Abstract

25. Marin-Gutzke M, Sanchez-Olaso A, Berenguer B, et al. Basal cell carcinoma in childhood after radiation therapy: case report and review. Ann Plast Surg. 2004 Dec;53(6):593-5. Abstract

26. Karagas MR, Gossai A, Pierce B, et al. Drinking water arsenic contamination, skin lesions, and malignancies: a systematic review of the global evidence. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015 Mar;2(1):52-68.Full text  Abstract

27. Yu HS, Liao WT, Chai CY. Arsenic carcinogenesis in the skin. J Biomed Sci. 2006 Sep;13(5):657-66. Abstract

28. Rossy KM, Janusz CA, Schwartz RA. Cryptic exposure to arsenic. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2005 Jul-Aug;71(4):230-5.Full text  Abstract

29. Kilgour JM, Jia JL, Sarin KY. Review of the molecular genetics of basal cell carcinoma; inherited susceptibility, somatic mutations, and targeted therapeutics. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Jul 31;13(15):3870.Full text  Abstract

30. Bonilla X, Parmentier L, King B, et al. Genomic analysis identifies new drivers and progression pathways in skin basal cell carcinoma. Nat Genet. 2016 Apr;48(4):398-406. Abstract

31. Lambert WC, Lambert MW. Development of effective skin cancer treatment and prevention in xeroderma pigmentosum. Photochem Photobiol. 2015 Mar-Apr;91(2):475-83.Full text  Abstract

32. Bresler SC, Padwa BL, Granter SR. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). Head Neck Pathol. 2016 Jun;10(2):119-24.Full text  Abstract

33. Evans DG, Farndon PA. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. In: GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2022. Mar 2018 [internet publication].Full text

34. Boonen SE, Stahl D, Kreiborg S, et al. Delineation of an interstitial 9q22 deletion in basal cell nevus syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Jan 30;132A(3):324-8. Abstract

35. de Meij TG, Baars MJ, Gille JJ, et al. From gene to disease: basal cell naevus syndrome. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2005 Jan 8;149(2):78-81. Abstract

36. Pastorino L, Cusano R, Nasti S, et al. Molecular characterization of Italian nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome patients. Hum Mutat. 2005 Mar;25(3):322-3. Abstract

37. Ragge NK, Salt A, Collin JR, et al. Gorlin syndrome: the PTCH gene links ocular developmental defects and tumour formation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Aug;89(8):988-91. Abstract

38. John AM, Schwartz RA. Basal cell naevus syndrome: an update on genetics and treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2016 Jan;174(1):68-76. Abstract

39. Teepen JC, Kok JL, Kremer LC, et al; DCOG-LATER Study Group. Long-term risk of skin cancer among childhood cancer survivors: a DCOG-LATER cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Aug 1;111(8):845-53.Full text  Abstract

40. Kanitakis J, Alhaj-Ibrahim L, Euvrard S, et al. Basal cell carcinomas developing in solid organ transplant recipients: clinicopathologic study of 176 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Sep;139(9):1133-7. Abstract

41. Lin JS, Eder M, Weinmann S. Behavioral counseling to prevent skin cancer: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Feb 1;154(3):190-201.Full text  Abstract

42. Nasr I, McGrath EJ, Harwood CA, et al; British Association of Dermatologists' Clinical Standards Unit. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of adults with basal cell carcinoma 2021. Br J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;185(5):899-920.Full text  Abstract

43. Marrett L, Rosen L, Zwaal C, et al; Cancer Care Ontario. Screening for skin cancer. Jun 2007 [internet publication].

44. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: basal cell skin cancer [internet publication].Full text

45. Mogensen M, Jemec GB. Diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer/keratinocyte carcinoma: a review of diagnostic accuracy of nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnostic tests and technologies. Dermatol Surg. 2007 Oct;33(10):1158-74. Abstract

46. Peris K, Fargnoli MC, Kaufmann R, et al. European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma-update 2023. Eur J Cancer. 2023 Oct;192:113254.Full text  Abstract

47. Newlands C, Currie R, Memon A, et al. Non-melanoma skin cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines. J Laryngol Otol. 2016 May;130(S2):S125-32.Full text  Abstract

48. Kim JYS, Kozlow JH, Mittal B, et al; Work Group, Invited Reviewers. Guidelines of care for the management of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Mar;78(3):540-59.Full text  Abstract

49. Stulberg D, Crandell B, Fawcett RS. Diagnosis and treatment of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Oct 15;70(8):1481-8. Abstract

50. Balu M, Zachary CB, Harris RM, et al. In vivo multiphoton microscopy of basal cell carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol. 2015 Oct;151(10):1068-74.Full text  Abstract

51. Foltz EA, Witkowski A, Becker AL, et al. Artificial intelligence applied to non-invasive imaging modalities in identification of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a systematic review. Cancers (Basel). 2024 Feb 1;16(3):629.Full text  Abstract

52. Verzì AE, Russo A, Castellino N, et al. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography of eyelid margin growths: A case series. Skin Res Technol. 2024 Jan;30(1):e13559.Full text  Abstract

53. Smeets NW, Stavast-Kooy AJ, Krekels GA, et al. Adjuvant cytokeratin staining in Mohs micrographic surgery for basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 2003 Apr;29(4):375-7. Abstract

54. Ackerman AB, Gottlieb GJ. Fibroepithelial tumor of pinkus is trichoblastic (Basal-cell) carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2005 Apr;27(2):155-9. Abstract

55. Helm KF, Cowen EW, Billingsley EM, et al. Trichoblastoma or trichoblastic carcinoma? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Mar;44(3):547. Abstract

56. Massari LP, Kastelan M, Gruber F. Epidermal malignant tumors: pathogenesis, influence of UV light and apoptosis. Coll Antropol. 2007 Jan;31 Suppl 1:83-5. Abstract

57. Marek L, Grzanka A, Chmielowska E, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: an illustrative case and review. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2014 Oct;31(5):325-8.Full text  Abstract

58. US Preventive Services Task Force. Skin cancer: screening. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

59. Thomson J, Hogan S, Leonardi-Bee J, et al. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 17;(11):CD003412.Full text  Abstract

60. Tang JY, Mackay-Wiggan JM, Aszterbaum M, et al. Inhibiting the hedgehog pathway in patients with the basal-cell nevus syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 7;366(23):2180-8. Abstract

61. Piccerillo A, Di Stefani A, Costantini A, et al. Sonidegib after vismodegib discontinuation in a patient with Gorlin-Goltz syndrome and multiple basal cell carcinomas. Dermatol Ther. 2021 Sep;34(5):e15095. Abstract

62. Bogelund FS, Philipsen PA, Gniadecki R. Factors affecting the recurrence rate of basal cell carcinoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 2007;87(4):330-4. Abstract

63. Neville JA, Welch E, Leffell DJ. Management of nonmelanoma skin cancer in 2007. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007 Aug;4(8):462-9. Abstract

64. Drucker AM, Adam GP, Rofeberg V, et al. Treatments of primary basal cell carcinoma of the skin: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Oct 2;169(7):456-66.Full text  Abstract

65. Wolf DJ, Zitelli JA. Surgical margins for basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1987 Mar;123(3):340-4. Abstract

66. Emmett AJ, Broadbent GD. Shave excision of superficial solar skin lesions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1987 Jul;80(1):47-54. Abstract

67. Wang BC, Fu C, Qin L, et al. Photodynamic therapy with methyl-5-aminolevulinate for basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020 Mar;29:101667. Abstract

68. Love WE, Bernhard JD, Bordeaux JS. Topical imiquimod or fluorouracil therapy for basal and squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2009 Dec;145(12):1431-8. Abstract

69. Bath-Hextall F, Ozolins M, Armstrong SJ, et al. Surgery versus imiquimod for nodular superficial basal cell carcinoma (SINS) study group. Surgical excision versus imiquimod 5% cream for nodular and superficial basal-cell carcinoma (SINS): a multicentre, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Jan;15(1):96-105.Full text  Abstract

70. Williams HC, Bath-Hextall F, Ozolins M, et al. Surgery versus 5% imiquimod for nodular and superficial basal cell carcinoma: 5-year results of the SINS randomized controlled trial. J Invest Dermatol. 2017 Mar;137(3):614-9.Full text  Abstract

71. McKay KM, Sambrano BL, Fox PS, et al. Thickness of superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) predicts imiquimod efficacy: a proposal for a thickness-based definition of sBCC. Br J Dermatol. 2013 Sep;169(3):549-54. Abstract

72. Neale H, Michelon M, Jacob S, et al. Topical 5% 5-fluorouracil versus procedural modalities for squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial basal cell carcinoma: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022 Aug;87(2):423-5.Full text  Abstract

73. Jansen MHE, Mosterd K, Arits AHMM, et al. Five-year results of a randomized controlled trial comparing effectiveness of photodynamic therapy, topical imiquimod, and topical 5-fluorouracil in patients with superficial basal cell carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol. 2018 Mar;138(3):527-33.Full text  Abstract

74. Cosgarea R, Susan M, Crisan M, et al. Photodynamic therapy using topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid vs. surgery for basal cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013 Aug;27(8):980-4. Abstract

75. Wang H, Xu Y, Shi J, et al. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2015 Jan;31(1):44-53. Abstract

76. Collier NJ, Haylett AK, Wong TH, et al. Conventional and combination topical photodynamic therapy for basal cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018 Dec;179(6):1277-96. Abstract

77. Horn M, Wolf P, Wulf HC, et al. Topical methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy in patients with basal cell carcinoma prone to complications and poor cosmetic outcome with conventional treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2003 Dec;149(6):1242-9. Abstract

78. Christensen E, Mørk C, Skogvoll E. High and sustained efficacy after two sessions of topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for basal cell carcinoma: a prospective, clinical and histological 10-year follow-up study. Br J Dermatol. 2012 Jun;166(6):1342-8. Abstract

79. Osiecka B, Jurczyszyn K, Ziółkowski P. The application of Levulan-based photodynamic therapy with imiquimod in the treatment of recurrent basal cell carcinoma. Med Sci Monit. 2012 Feb;18(2):PI5-9. Abstract

80. Garcia C, Poletti E, Crowson AN. Basosquamous carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Jan;60(1):137-43. Abstract

81. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989 Mar;15(3):315-28. Abstract

82. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent (previously treated) basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989 Apr;15(4):424-31. Abstract

83. Lear JT, Corner C, Dziewulski P, et al. Challenges and new horizons in the management of advanced basal cell carcinoma: a UK perspective. Br J Cancer. 2014 Oct 14;111(8):1476-81.Full text  Abstract

84. Bertrand N, Guerreschi P, Basset-Seguin N, et al. Vismodegib in neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma: First results of a multicenter, open-label, phase 2 trial (VISMONEO study): neoadjuvant Vismodegib in Locally Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 May;35:100844.Full text  Abstract

85. Hoashi T, Ishikawa M, Uehara J, et al. Japanese Dermatological Association guidelines: outlines of Japanese clinical guidelines for basal cell carcinoma 2021. J Dermatol. 24 Jan 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

86. Kinj R, Gaide O, Jeanneret-Sozzi W, et al. Randomized phase II selection trial of FLASH and conventional radiotherapy for patients with localized cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma or basal cell carcinoma: a study protocol. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2024 Mar;45:100743.Full text  Abstract

87. Sekulic A, Migden MR, Basset-Seguin N, et al; ERIVANCE BCC Investigators. Long-term safety and efficacy of vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: final update of the pivotal ERIVANCE BCC study. BMC Cancer. 2017 May 16;17(1):332.Full text  Abstract

88. Basset-Séguin N, Hauschild A, Kunstfeld R, et al. Vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: primary analysis of STEVIE, an international, open-label trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Nov;86:334-48.Full text  Abstract

89. Lear JT, Migden MR, Lewis KD, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of sonidegib in patients with locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma: 30-month analysis of the randomized phase 2 BOLT study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Mar;32(3):372-81.Full text  Abstract

90. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Vismodegib for treating basal cell carcinoma. Nov 2017 [internet publication].Full text

91. Stratigos AJ, Sekulic A, Peris K, et al. Cemiplimab in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma after hedgehog inhibitor therapy: an open-label, multi-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jun;22(6):848-57. Abstract

92. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of patidegib topical gel, 2%, for the reduction of disease burden of persistently developing basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in subjects with basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). NCT03703310. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

93. ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial of patidegib gel 2%, 4%, and vehicle to decrease the number of surgically eligible basal cell carcinomas in Gorlin syndrome patients. NCT02762084. Jul 2020 [internet publication].Full text

94. ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical trial of patidegib gel 2%, 4%, and vehicle applied once or twice daily to decrease the GLI1 biomarker in sporadic nodular basal cell carcinomas (BCC). NCT02828111. Jan 2019 [internet publication].Full text

95. Vidal D, Matias-Guiu X, Alomar A. Fifty-five basal cell carcinomas treated with topical imiquimod: outcome at 5-year follow-up. Arch Dermatol. 2007 Feb;143(2):266-8. Abstract

96. Nagore E, Grau C, Molinero J, et al. Positive margins in basal cell carcinoma: relationship to clinical features and recurrence risk. a retrospective study of 248 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003 Mar;17(2):167-70. Abstract

97. Weissferdt A, Kalhor N, Moran CA. Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma with distant metastasis to thorax and bone: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases. Virchows Arch. 2017 Jun;470(6):687-94. Abstract

98. Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Greenberg ER, et al. Risk of subsequent basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin among patients with prior skin cancer. Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. JAMA. 1992 Jun 24;267(24):3305-10. Abstract

99. Flohil SC, van der Leest RJ, Arends LR, et al. Risk of subsequent cutaneous malignancy in patients with prior keratinocyte carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2013 Jul;49(10):2365-75. Abstract

100. Sánchez G, Nova J, Rodriguez-Hernandez AE, et al. Sun protection for preventing basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 25;(7):CD011161.Full text  Abstract

101. Berking C. Photocarcinogenesis: molecular mechanisms and preventive strategies. Hautarzt. 2007 May;58(5):398-405. Abstract

102. Chen AC, Martin AJ, Choy B, et al. A phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention. N Engl J Med. 2015 Oct 22;373(17):1618-26.Full text  Abstract

103. Schauder DM, Kim J, Nijhawan RI. Evaluation of the use of capecitabine for the treatment and prevention of actinic keratoses, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Oct 1;156(10):1117-24. Abstract