Primary aldosteronism

Mulatero P, Sechi LA, Williams TA, et al. Subtype diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcomes of primary aldosteronism and future direction of research: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2020 Oct;38(10):1929-36. Abstract

Reincke M, Bancos I, Mulatero P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Dec;9(12):876-92. Abstract

Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 May;101(5):1889-916.Full text  Abstract

Young WF Jr. Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism: practical clinical perspectives. J Intern Med. 2019 Feb;285(2):126-48.Full text  Abstract

1. Conn JW. Primary aldosteronism, a new clinical syndrome. J Lab Clin Med. 1955 Jan;45(1):6-17. Abstract

2. Conn JW. Plasma renin activity in primary aldosteronism. Importance in differential diagnosis and in research of essential hypertension. JAMA. 1964 Oct 19;190:222-5. Abstract

3. Neville AM, O'Hare MJ. Histopathology of the human adrenal cortex. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985 Nov;14(4):791-820. Abstract

4. Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Klemm SA, et al. Primary aldosteronism - some genetic, morphological, and biochemical aspects of subtypes. Steroids. 1995 Jan;60(1):35-41. Abstract

5. Williams TA, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rainey WE, et al. International histopathology consensus for unilateral primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Jan 1;106(1):42-54.Full text  Abstract

6. Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, et al. Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2001 Sep;2(3):156-69.Full text  Abstract

7. Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Dec;17(4):591-605. Abstract

8. Stowasser M, Pimenta E, Gordon RD. Familial or genetic primary aldosteronism and Gordon syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):343-68. Abstract

9. Mulatero P, Sechi LA, Williams TA, et al. Subtype diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcomes of primary aldosteronism and future direction of research: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2020 Oct;38(10):1929-36. Abstract

10. Reincke M, Bancos I, Mulatero P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Dec;9(12):876-92. Abstract

11. Itcho K, Oki K, Ohno H, et al. Update on genetics of primary adosteronism. Biomedicines. 2021 Apr 10;9(4):409.Full text  Abstract

12. Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Tunny TJ, et al. Familial hyperaldosteronism type II - five families with a new variety of primary aldosteronism. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1992 May;19(5):319-22. Abstract

13. Gordon RD, Stowasser M. Familial forms broaden the horizons for primary aldosteronism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;9(6):220-7. Abstract

14. Geller DS, Zhang J, Wisgerhof MV, et al. A novel form of human mendelian hypertension featuring nonglucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Aug;93(8):3117-23.Full text  Abstract

15. Mulatero P. A new form of hereditary primary aldosteronism: familial hyperaldosteronism type III. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Aug;93(8):2972-4.Full text  Abstract

16. Stowasser M. Primary aldosteronism and potassium channel mutations. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2013 Jun;20(3):170-9. Abstract

17. Scholl UI, Stölting G, Schewe J, et al. CLCN2 chloride channel mutations in familial hyperaldosteronism type II. Nat Genet. 2018 Mar;50(3):349-54.Full text  Abstract

18. Murphy BF, Whitworth JA, Kincaid-Smith PA. Malignant hypertension due to an aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1985;7(7):939-50. Abstract

19. Vetter H, Siebenschein R, Studer A, et al. Primary aldosteronism: inability to differentiate unilateral from bilateral adrenal lesions by various routine clinical and laboratory data and by peripheral plasma aldosterone. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1978 Dec;89(4):710-25. Abstract

20. Stowasser M, Gartside MG, Gordon RD. A PCR-based method of screening individuals of all ages, from neonates to the elderly, for familial hyperaldosteronism type I. Aust N Z J Med. 1997 Dec;27(6):685-90. Abstract

21. Rich GM, Ulick S, Cook S, et al. Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in a large kindred: clinical spectrum and diagnosis using a characteristic biochemical phenotype. Ann Intern Med. 1992 May 15;116(10):813-20. Abstract

22. Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Familial hyperaldosteronism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2001 Sep;78(3):215-29. Abstract

23. Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: from genesis to genetics. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Sep;14(7):310-7. [Erratum in: Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Nov;14(9):397.] Abstract

24. Stowasser M, Huggard PJ, Rossetti TR, et al. Biochemical evidence of aldosterone overproduction and abnormal regulation in normotensive individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Clin End Metab. 1999 Nov;84(11):4031-6. Abstract

25. Stowasser M. New perspectives in the role of aldosterone excess in cardiovascular disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2001 Oct;28(10):783-91. Abstract

26. Gordon RD, Rutherford JC, Stowasser M. Primary aldosteronism: are we diagnosing and operating on too few patients? World J Surg. 2001 Jul;25(7):941-7. Abstract

27. Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism - careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004 Mar 31;217(1-2):33-9. Abstract

28. Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 May;101(5):1889-916.Full text  Abstract

29. Fardella CE, Mosso L, Gómez-Sánchez C, et al. Primary aldosteronism in essential hypertensives: prevalence, biochemical profile and molecular biology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 May;85(5):1863-7.Full text  Abstract

30. Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Dec 5;48(11):2293-300. Abstract

31. Mulatero P, Stowasser M, Loh KC, et al. Increased diagnosis of primary aldosteronism, including surgically correctable forms, in centers from five continents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Mar;89(3):1045-50.Full text  Abstract

32. Käyser SC, Dekkers T, Groenewoud HJ, et al. Study heterogeneity and estimation of prevalence of primary aldosteronism: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jul;101(7):2826-35.Full text  Abstract

33. Käyser SC, Deinum J, de Grauw WJ, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in primary care: a cross-sectional study. Br J Gen Pract. 2018 Feb;68(667):e114-22.Full text  Abstract

34. Monticone S, Burrello J, Tizzani D, et al. Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Apr 11;69(14):1811-20.Full text  Abstract

35. Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, et al. High incidence of primary aldosteronism in 199 patients referred with hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994 Apr;21(4):315-8. Abstract

36. Gordon RD, Ziesak MD, Tunny TJ, et al. Evidence that primary aldosteronism may not be uncommon: 12% incidence among antihypertensive drug trial volunteers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1993 May;20(5):296-8. Abstract

37. Young WF Jr. Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism: practical clinical perspectives. J Intern Med. 2019 Feb;285(2):126-48.Full text  Abstract

38. Lim PO, Rodgers P, Cardale K, et al. Potentially high prevalence of primary aldosteronism in a primary-care population. Lancet. 1999 Jan 2;353(9146):40. Abstract

39. Loh KC, Koay ES, Khaw MC, et al. Prevalence of primary aldosteronism among Asian hypertensive patients in Singapore. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Aug;85(8):2854-9.Full text  Abstract

40. Rayner BL, Opie LH, Davidson JS. The aldosterone/renin ratio as a screening test for primary aldosteronism. S Afr Med J. 2000 Apr;90(4):394-400. Abstract

41. Mulatero P, Monticone S, Deinum J, et al. Genetics, prevalence, screening and confirmation of primary aldosteronism: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2020 Oct;38(10):1919-28. Abstract

42. Brown JM, Siddiqui M, Calhoun DA, et al. The unrecognized prevalence of primary aldosteronism: a cross-sectional study. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Jul 7;173(1):10-20. Abstract

43. Gordon RD, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Primary aldosteronism: hypertension with a genetic basis. Lancet. 1992 Jul 18;340(8812):159-61. Abstract

44. Sutherland DJ, Ruse JL, Laidlaw JC. Hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion and low plasma renin activity relieved by dexamethasone. Can Med Assoc J. 1966 Nov 26;95(22):1109-19.Full text  Abstract

45. Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, et al. A chimaeric 11 beta-hydroxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature. 1992 Jan 16;355(6357):262-5. Abstract

46. Gordon RD, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, et al. Clinical and pathological diversity of primary aldosteronism including a new familial variety. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1991 May;18(5):283-6. Abstract

47. Choi M, Scholl UI, Yue P, et al. K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension. Science. 2011 Feb 11;331(6018):768-72. Abstract

48. Scholl UI, Stölting G, Nelson-Williams C, et al. Recurrent gain of function mutation in calcium channel CACNA1H causes early-onset hypertension with primary aldosteronism. Elife. 2015 Apr 24;4:e06315.Full text  Abstract

49. Scholl UI, Goh G, Stölting G, et al. Somatic and germline CACNA1D calcium channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas and primary aldosteronism. Nat Genet. 2013 Sep;45(9):1050-4.Full text  Abstract

50. Boulkroun S, Beuschlein F, Rossi GP, et al. Prevalence, clinical, and molecular correlates of KCNJ5 mutations in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2012 Mar;59(3):592-8. Abstract

51. Azizan EA, Murthy M, Stowasser M, et al. Somatic mutations affecting the selectivity filter of KCNJ5 are frequent in 2 large unselected collections of adrenal aldosteronomas. Hypertension. 2012 Mar;59(3):587-91. Abstract

52. Lenzini L, Rossitto G, Maiolino G,et al. A meta-analysis of somatic KCNJ5 K(+) channel mutations in 1636 patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug;100(8):E1089-95.Full text  Abstract

53. Beuschlein F, Boulkroun S, Osswald A, et al. Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and ATP2B3 lead to aldosterone-producing adenomas and secondary hypertension. Nat Genet. 2013 Apr;45(4):440-4. Abstract

54. Azizan EA, Poulsen H, Tuluc P, et al. Somatic mutations in ATP1A1 and CACNA1D underlie a common subtype of adrenal hypertension. Nat Genet. 2013 Sep;45(9):1055-60. Abstract

55. Nanba K, Vaidya A, Williams GH, et al. Age-related autonomous aldosteronism. Circulation. 2017 Jul 25;136(4):347-55. Abstract

56. Conn JW. The evolution of primary aldosteronism: 1954-1967. Harvey Lect. 1966-1967;62:257-91. Abstract

57. Omata K, Satoh F, Morimoto R, et al. Cellular and genetic causes of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Hypertension. 2018 Oct;72(4):874-80.Full text  Abstract

58. Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation. 1991 Jun;83(6):1849-65. Abstract

59. Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Pavan E, et al. Remodeling of the left ventricle in primary aldosteronism due to Conn's adenoma. Circulation. 1997 Mar 18;95(6):1471-8.Full text  Abstract

60. Rocha R, Rudolph AE, Frierdich GE, et al. Aldosterone induces a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2002 Nov;283(5):H1802-10.Full text  Abstract

61. Rossi GP, Sacchetto A, Visentin P, et al. Changes in left ventricular anatomy and function in hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 1996 May;27(5):1039-45.Full text  Abstract

62. Abe M, Hamada M, Matsuoka H, et al. Myocardial scintigraphic characteristics in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 1994 Jan;23(1 Suppl):I164-7. Abstract

63. Napoli C, Di Gregorio F, Leccese M, et al. Evidence of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with primary aldosteronism: the Cross-sectional Primary Aldosteronism and Heart Italian Multicenter Study. J Investig Med. 1999 May;47(5):212-21. Abstract

64. Kozàkovà M, Buralli S, Palombo C, et al. Myocardial ultrasonic backscatter in hypertension: relation to aldosterone and endothelin. Hypertension. 2003 Feb;41(2):230-6.Full text  Abstract

65. Rossi GP, Bernini G, Desideri G, et al. Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: results of the PAPY Study. Hypertension. 2006 Aug;48(2):232-8.Full text  Abstract

66. Monticone S, D'Ascenzo F, Moretti C, et al. Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Jan;6(1):41-50. Abstract

67. Catena C, Colussi G, Nadalini E, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism after treatment. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Jan 14;168(1):80-5. Abstract

68. Stowasser M, Sharman J, Leano R, et al. Evidence for abnormal left ventricular structure and function in normotensive individuals with familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5070-6.Full text  Abstract

69. Mulatero P, Tizzani D, Viola A, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of familial hyperaldosteronism: the PATOGEN study (Primary Aldosteronism in TOrino-GENetic forms). Hypertension. 2011 Nov;58(5):797-803. Abstract

70. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guidelines: neuroendocrine and adrenal tumors [internet publication].Full text

71. Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism. J Endocrinol Invest. 1995 Jul-Aug;18(7):495-511. Abstract

72. Stowasser M, Gordon RD. The aldosterone-renin ratio for screening for primary aldosteronism. Endocrinologist. 2004 Sep-Oct;14(5):267-76.Full text

73. Stowasser M, Ahmed AH, Pimenta E, et al. Factors affecting the aldosterone/renin ratio. Horm Metab Res. 2012 Mar;44(3):170-6. Abstract

74. Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002 Dec;40(6):897-902.Full text  Abstract

75. Seifarth C, Trenkel S, Schobel H, et al. Influence of antihypertensive medication on aldosterone and renin concentration in the differential diagnosis of essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002 Oct;57(4):457-65. Abstract

76. Brown MJ, Hopper RV. Calcium-channel blockade can mask the diagnosis of Conn's syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 1999 Apr;75(882):235-6. Abstract

77. Gordon RD, Tunny TJ. Aldosterone-producing adenoma (A-P-A): effect of pregnancy. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1982;4(9-10):1685-93. Abstract

78. Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Klemm SA, et al. Renin-aldosterone response to dexamethasone in glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism is altered by coexistent renal artery stenosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Sep;77(3):800-4. Abstract

79. Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor P, et al. Effect of atenolol on aldosterone/renin ratio calculated by both plasma renin activity and direct renin concentration in healthy male volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jul;95(7):3201-6.Full text  Abstract

80. Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor PJ, et al. Effect of contraceptives on aldosterone/renin ratio may vary according to the components of contraceptive, renin assay method, and possibly route of administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jun;96(6):1797-804.Full text  Abstract

81. Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Taylor PJ, et al. Are women more at risk of false-positive primary aldosteronism screening and unnecessary suppression testing than men? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):E340-6.Full text  Abstract

82. Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Ward G, et al. Effect of combined hormonal replacement therapy on the aldosterone/renin ratio in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Jul 1;102(7):2329-34. Abstract

83. McKenna TJ, Sequeira SJ, Heffernan A, et al. Diagnosis under random conditions of all disorders of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, including primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Nov;73(5):952-7. Abstract

84. Ahmed AH, Calvird M, Gordon RD, et al. Effects of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, sertraline and escitalopram, on aldosterone/renin ratio in normotensive depressed male patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):1039-45.Full text  Abstract

85. Ahmed A, Gordon RD, Ward G, et al. Effect of moxonidine on the aldosterone/renin ratio in healthy male volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Jun 1;102(6):2039-43. Abstract

86. Litchfield WR, Dluhy RG. Primary aldosteronism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1995 Sep;24(3):593-612. Abstract

87. Holland OB, Brown H, Kuhnert LV, et al. Further evaluation of saline infusion for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 1984 Sep-Oct;6(5):717-23.Full text  Abstract

88. Kem DC, Weinberger MH, Mayes DM, et al. Saline suppression of plasma aldosterone in hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1971 Sep;128(3):380-6. Abstract

89. Stowasser M, Ahmed AH, Cowley D, et al. Comparison of seated with recumbent saline suppression testing for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Nov 1;103(11):4113-24.Full text  Abstract

90. Jonsson JR, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. A new genetic test for familial hyperaldosteronism type I aids in the detection of curable hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Feb 15;207(2):565-71. Abstract

91. Stowasser M, Bachmann AW, Jonsson JR, et al. Clinical, biochemical and genetic approaches to the detection of familial hyperaldosteronism type I. J Hypertens. 1995 Dec;13(12 Pt 2):1610-3. Abstract

92. Mulatero P, Veglio F, Pilon C, et al. Diagnosis of glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism in primary aldosteronism: aldosterone response to dexamethasone and long polymerase chain reaction for chimeric gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2573-5.Full text  Abstract

93. Doppman JL, Gill JR Jr, Miller DL, et al. Distinction between hyperaldosteronism due to bilateral hyperplasia and unilateral aldosteronoma: reliability of CT. Radiology. 1992 Sep;184(3):677-82. Abstract

94. Young WF, Stanson AW, Thompson GB, et al. Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism. Surgery. 2004 Dec;136(6):1227-35. Abstract

95. Tsushima Y, Ishizaka H, Matsumoto M. Adrenal masses: differentiation with chemical shift, fast low-angle shot MR imaging. Radiology. 1993 Mar;186(3):705-9. Abstract

96. Ganguly AG, Melada GA, Luetscher JA, et al. Control of plasma aldosterone in primary aldosteronism: distinction between adenoma and hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1973 Nov;37(5):765-75. Abstract

97. Wisgerhof M, Brown RD, Hogan MJ, et al. The plasma aldosterone response to angiotensin II infusion in aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 Feb;52(2):195-8. Abstract

98. Gordon RD, Hamlet SM, Tunny TJ, et al. Aldosterone-producing adenomas responsive to angiotensin pose problems in diagnosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1987 Mar;14(3):175-9. Abstract

99. Gordon RD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Hamlet SM, et al. Angiotensin-responsive aldosterone-producing adenoma masquerades as idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA: adrenal hyperplasia) or low-renin essential hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl. 1987 Dec;5(5):S103-6. Abstract

100. Daunt N. Adrenal vein sampling: how to make it quick, easy, and successful. Radiographics. 2005 Oct;25 Suppl 1:S143-58.Full text  Abstract

101. Yeung A, Friedmann P, In H, et al. Evaluation of adrenal vein sampling use and outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism. J Surg Res. 2020 Dec;256:673-9. Abstract

102. Sun F, Hong Y, Zhang H, et al. Determination of adrenal hypersecretion in primary aldosteronism without aldosterone-production adenomas. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021 May 31;21(1):114.Full text  Abstract

103. Yip L, Duh QY, Wachtel H, et al. American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for adrenalectomy: executive summary. JAMA Surg. 2022 Oct 1;157(10):870-7.Full text  Abstract

104. Powlson AS, Gurnell M, Brown MJ. Nuclear imaging in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015 Jun;22(3):150-6.Full text  Abstract

105. O'Shea PM, O'Donoghue D, Bashari W, et al. ¹¹ C-Metomidate PET/CT is a useful adjunct for lateralization of primary aldosteronism in routine clinical practice. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2019 May;90(5):670-9. Abstract

106. Stowasser M, Gordon RD, Gunasekera TG, et al. High rate of detection of primary aldosteronism, including surgically treatable forms, after 'non-selective' screening of hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2003 Nov;21(11):2149-57. Abstract

107. Fommei E, Ghione S, Ripoli A, et al. The ovarian cycle as a factor of variability in the laboratory screening for primary aldosteronism in women. J Hum Hypertens. 2009 Feb;23(2):130-5. Abstract

108. Young WF Jr. Primary aldosteronism: update on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrinologist. 1997 Jul-Aug;7(4):213-21.Full text  Abstract

109. Kempers MJ, Lenders JW, van Outheusden L, et al. Systematic review: diagnostic procedures to differentiate unilateral from bilateral adrenal abnormality in primary aldosteronism. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Sep 1;151(5):329-37. Abstract

110. Doppman JL, Gill JR. Hyperaldosteronism: sampling the adrenal veins. Radiology. 1996 Feb;198(2):309-12. Abstract

111. Goupil R, Wolley M, Ahmed AH, et al. Does concomitant autonomous adrenal cortisol overproduction have the potential to confound the interpretation of adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015 Oct;83(4):456-61. Abstract

112. Ulick S, Chu MD. Hypersecretion of a new corticosteroid, 18-hydroxycortisol in two types of adrenocortical hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens A. 1982;4(9-10):1771-7. Abstract

113. Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Monogenic mineralocorticoid hypertension. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Sep;20(3):401-20. Abstract

114. Stowasser M, Wolley M, Wu A, et al Pathogenesis of familial hyperaldosteronism type II: new concepts involving anion channels. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2019 Apr 4;21(4):31. Abstract

115. Celen O, O'Brien MJ, Melby JC, et al. Factors influencing outcome of surgery for primary aldosteronism. Arch Surg. 1996 Jun;131(6):646-50. Abstract

116. Rutherford JC, Taylor WL, Stowasser M, et al. Success of surgery in primary aldosteronism judged by residual autonomous aldosterone production. World J Surg. 1998 Dec;22(12):1243-5. Abstract

117. Stowasser M, Klemm SA, Tunny TJ, et al. Response to unilateral adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma - effect of potassium levels and angiotensin responsiveness. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1994 Apr;21(4):319-22. Abstract

118. Rutherford JC, Stowasser M, Tunny TJ, et al. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. World J Surg. 1996 Sep;20(7):758-60. Abstract

119. Kaye DR, Storey BB, Pacak K, et al. Partial adrenalectomy: underused first line therapy for small adrenal tumors. J Urol. 2010 Jul;184(1):18-25. Abstract

120. Kosaka K, Onoda N, Ishikawa T, et al. Case report: laparoscopic adrenalectomy on a patient with primary aldosteronism during pregnancy. Endocr J. 2006 Aug;53(4):461-6.Full text  Abstract

121. Lim PO, Jung RT, MacDonald TM. Raised aldosterone to renin ratio predicts antihypertensive efficacy of spironolactone: a prospective cohort follow-up study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Nov;48(5):756-60.Full text  Abstract

122. Lim PO, Young WF, MacDonald TM. A review of the medical treatment of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2001 Mar;19(3):353-61. Abstract

123. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 2;341(10):709-17.Full text  Abstract

124. Zannad F, Alla F, Dousset B, et al; Rales Investigators. Limitation of excessive extracellular matrix turnover may contribute to survival benefit of spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: insights from the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES). Circulation. 2000 Nov 28;102(22):2700-6.Full text  Abstract

125. Catena C, Colussi GL, Lapenna R, et al. Long-term cardiac effects of adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2007 Nov;50(5):911-8.Full text  Abstract

126. White WB, Duprez D, St Hillaire R, et al. Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist amlodipine in systolic hypertension. Hypertension. 2003 May;41(5):1021-6.Full text  Abstract

127. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al; Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 3;348(14):1309-21.Full text  Abstract

128. Karagiannis A, Tziomalos K, Papageorgiou A, et al. Spironolactone versus eplerenone for the treatment of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008 Mar;9(4):509-15. Abstract

129. Parthasarathy HK, Ménard J, White WB, et al. A double-blind, randomized study comparing the antihypertensive effect of eplerenone and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and evidence of primary aldosteronism. J Hypertens. 2011 May;29(5):980-90. Abstract

130. Kaplan NM. Primary aldosteronism: evidence against a second epidemic. J Hypertens. 2012 Oct;30(10):1899-902. Abstract

131. Funder JW. Ultimately we are in furious agreement. J Hypertens. 2012 Oct;30(10):1903-5. Abstract

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