Common cold

Most people experience at least one common cold per year; these are usually self-limiting and resolve within a few days.

Diagnosis is generally clinical, based on history and examination. Investigations may be required when symptoms worsen or do not resolve in the usual timeframe.

Treatment includes reassurance that this is a self-limiting condition, rest, adequate fluid intake, and an analgesic/antipyretic for pain/fever. Antibiotics are not recommended.

Decongestants and/or antihistamines may have a role in reducing nasal symptoms in adults; however, the evidence is limited, and these treatments are generally not recommended in young children. Antitussives may be used for cough; however, there is no evidence to support or refute their use, and opioids are not recommended for this indication in children and adolescents under 18 years of age.

Complications include bacterial infections such as otitis media, sinusitis, or pneumonia.

An acute, self-limiting inflammation of the upper respiratory tract mucosa that may involve any or all of the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx. The condition is not characterised by a discrete set of specific symptoms, with the illness varying according to individual and causative pathogen. Occasionally, there is spread to the lower respiratory tract. Symptoms include sore throat, sneezing, blocked, and/or runny nose, headache, cough, malaise, and low-grade fever. The condition is associated with more than 200 virus subtypes.