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Common cold

Last reviewed: 2 Apr 2025
Last updated: 03 Oct 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • acute onset
  • rhinitis
  • sore throat
  • sneezing
  • postnasal drainage/drip
  • cough
  • fever
  • nonspecific red pharynx
  • nasal mucosal edema/erythema
  • purulent drainage in nares and posterior pharynx
  • pulse and blood pressure within normal limits
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • malaise
  • myalgia
  • halitosis
  • inflamed tonsils
Full details

Risk factors

  • exposure to affected individuals
  • young age
  • winter season
  • daycare attendance
  • exposure to cigarette smoke or other respiratory irritants
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • no initial test
Full details

Tests to avoid

  • serum Monospot for Epstein-Barr virus infection
Full details

Tests to consider

  • CBC
  • throat swab
  • sputum culture
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • chest x-ray
  • sinus CT scan
  • viral testing
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

all patients

Contributors

Authors

Bruce Arroll, MBChB, PhD, FRNZCGP

Professor

Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care

University of Auckland

Auckland

New Zealand

Disclosures

BA is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Timothy Kenealy, MBChB, PhD, FRNZCGP

Associate Professor of Integrated Care

Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care

University of Auckland

Auckland

New Zealand

Disclosures

TK is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Peer reviewers

Fatima Syed, MD, MSc

Associate Professor of Medicine

Duke University School of Medicine

Durham

NC

Disclosures

FS declares that she has no competing interests.

Christopher Cates, MA, FRCGP

Senior Research Fellow

Division of Community Health Sciences

St. George's University of London

London

UK

Disclosures

CC declares that he has no competing interests.

Christopher Del Mar, MA MB, BChir MD, FRACGP, FAFPHM

Professor

Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine

Bond University

Queensland

Australia

Disclosures

CDM declares that he has no competing interests.

An De Sutter, MD, PhD

Associate Professor

Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care

Ghent University

Belgium

Disclosures

ADS declares that she has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A, et al. Appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Mar 15;164(6):425-34.Full text  Abstract

Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 20;11:CD006207.Full text  Abstract

van Driel ML, Scheire S, Deckx L, et al. What treatments are effective for common cold in adults and children? BMJ. 2018 Oct 10;363:k3786.

De Sutter AI, Eriksson L, van Driel ML. Oral antihistamine-decongestant-analgesic combinations for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 21;1:CD004976.Full text  Abstract

Isbister GK, Prior F, Kilham HA. Restricting cough and cold medicines in children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012 Feb;48(2):91-8. Abstract

Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 24;(11):CD001831.Full text  Abstract

Kenealy T, Arroll B. Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 4;(6):CD000247.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Differentials

    • Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
    • Chronic sinusitis
    • Tonsillitis
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment for acute cough associated with the common cold: CHEST expert panel report
    • Appropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infection in adults: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention​
    More Guidelines
  • Patient information

    Common cold

    Treating coughs and colds in children

    More Patient information
  • Calculators

    Sore Throat (Pharyngitis) Evaluation and Treatment Criteria (McIsaac)

    More Calculators
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