Myocarditis

Lieberman EB, Hershkowitz A, Rose NR, et al. A clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1993 Aug;68(2):191-6. Abstract

Law YM, Lal AK, Chen S, et al. Diagnosis and management of myocarditis in children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Aug 10;144(6):e123-35.Full text  Abstract

Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, et al. Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016 Nov 3;134(23):e579-646.Full text  Abstract

Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Full text  Abstract

Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol. 1987 Jan;1(1):3-14. Abstract

1. Tschöpe C, Ammirati E, Bozkurt B, et al. Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021 Mar;18(3):169-93.Full text  Abstract

2. Lieberman EB, Hershkowitz A, Rose NR, et al. A clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1993 Aug;68(2):191-6. Abstract

3. Magnani JW, Suk-Danik HJ, Dec GW Jr, et al. Survival in biopsy-proven myocarditis: a long-term retrospective analysis of the histopathologic, clinical, and hemodynamic predictors. Am Heart J. 2006 Feb;151(2):463-70. Abstract

4. Dec GW. Introduction to clinical myocarditis. In: Cooper LT, ed. Myocarditis: from bench to bedside. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2003:257-81.

5. Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013 Jul 3;34(33):2636-48.Full text  Abstract

6. Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Ngwenyama N, Anastasiou M, et al. Heart inflammation: immune cell roles and roads to the heart. Am J Pathol. 2019 Aug;189(8):1482-94.Full text  Abstract

7. Whitton JL, Feuer R. Myocarditis, microbes and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2004 Aug;37(5):375-86. Abstract

8. Rassi A Jr, Rassi A, Little WC. Chagas' heart disease. Clin Cardiol. 2000 Dec;23(12):883-99. Abstract

9. Rosenstein ED, Zucker MJ, Kramer N. Giant cell myocarditis: most fatal of autoimmune diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Aug;30(1):1-16. Abstract

10. Shih JA, Shih JA. Small steps for idiopathic giant cell myocarditis. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2015 Jun;12(3):263-8. Abstract

11. Taliercio CP, Olney BA, Lie JT. Myocarditis related to drug hypersensitivity. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985 Jul;60(7):463-8. Abstract

12. Fenoglio JJ Jr, McAllister HA Jr, Mullick FG. Drug related myocarditis. I. Hypersensitivity myocarditis. Hum Pathol. 1981 Oct;12(10):900-7. Abstract

13. Peretto G, Sala S, Carturan E, et al. Clinical profiling and outcomes of viral myocarditis manifesting with ventricular arrhythmias. Eur Heart J Open. 2023 Dec 5;3(6):oead132.Full text  Abstract

14. Ekström K, Lehtonen J, Kandolin R, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in giant cell myocarditis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016 Dec;9(12):e004559.Full text  Abstract

15. Law YM, Lal AK, Chen S, et al. Diagnosis and management of myocarditis in children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Aug 10;144(6):e123-35.Full text  Abstract

16. Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR guideline for the evaluation and diagnosis of chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Nov 30;144(22):e368-454.Full text  Abstract

17. Dec GW Jr, Waldman H, Southern J, et al. Viral myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Jul;20(1):85-9. Abstract

18. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, et al. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation. 2009 Mar 3;119(8):1085-92.Full text  Abstract

19. Blankenhorn MA, Gall EA. Myocarditis and myocardosis; a clinicopathologic appraisal. Circulation. 1956 Feb;13(2):217-23. Abstract

20. Doolan A, Langlois N, Semsarian C. Causes of sudden cardiac death in young Australians. Med J Aust. 2004 Feb 2;180(3):110-2.Full text  Abstract

21. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 21;43(40):3997-4126.Full text  Abstract

22. Felker GM, Hu W, Hare JM, et al. The spectrum of dilated cardiomyopathy. The Johns Hopkins experience with 1,278 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999 Jul;78(4):270-83. Abstract

23. Arola A, Pikkarainen E, Sipilä JO, et al. Occurrence and features of childhood myocarditis: a nationwide study in Finland. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Nov 18;6(11):e005306.Full text  Abstract

24. Butts RJ, Boyle GJ, Deshpande SR, et al. Characteristics of clinically diagnosed pediatric myocarditis in a contemporary multi-center cohort. Pediatr Cardiol. 2017 Aug;38(6):1175-82. Abstract

25. Schultz JC, Hilliard AA, Cooper LT Jr, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of viral myocarditis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009 Nov;84(11):1001-9. Abstract

26. Caforio ALP, Adler Y, Agostini C, et al. Diagnosis and management of myocardial involvement in systemic immune-mediated diseases: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease. Eur Heart J. 2017 Sep 14;38(35):2649-62.Full text  Abstract

27. Patone M, Mei XW, Handunnetthi L, et al. Risks of myocarditis, pericarditis, and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Med. 2022 Feb;28(2):410-22.Full text  Abstract

28. Daniels CJ, Rajpal S, Greenshields JT, et al. Prevalence of cinical and subclinical myocarditis in competitive athletes with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection: results from the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry. JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Sep 1;6(9):1078-87.Full text  Abstract

29. Khalil A, Naneishvili T, Prasad N, et al. SARS-CoV-2 myocarditis: what physicians need to know. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2022 Apr;27(2):77-8.Full text  Abstract

30. Truong DT, Dionne A, Muniz JC, et al. Clinically suspected myocarditis temporally related to COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents and young adults: suspected myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination. Circulation. 2022 Feb;145(5):345-56.Full text  Abstract

31. Oster ME, Shay DK, Su JR, et al. Myocarditis cases reported after mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the US from December 2020 to August 2021. JAMA. 2022 Jan 25;327(4):331-40.Full text  Abstract

32. Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022 Nov 1;43(41):4229-361.Full text  Abstract

33. Basso C. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2022 Oct 20;387(16):1488-500. Abstract

34. Ling RR, Ramanathan K, Tan FL, et al. Myopericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination and non-COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2022 Jul;10(7):679-88.Full text  Abstract

35. Naqash AR, Moey MYY, Cherie Tan XW, et al. Major adverse cardiac events with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a pooled analysis of trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute-cancer therapy evaluation program. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Oct 10;40(29):3439-52.Full text  Abstract

36. Liu PP, Mason JW. Advances in the understanding of myocarditis. Circulation. 2001 Aug 28;104(9):1076-82.Full text  Abstract

37. Belkaya S, Kontorovich AR, Byun M, et al. Autosomal recessive cardiomyopathy presenting as acute myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Apr 4;69(13):1653-65.Full text  Abstract

38. Brown EE, McMilllan KN, Halushka MK, et al. Genetic aetiologies should be considered in paediatric cases of acute heart failure presumed to be myocarditis. Cardiol Young. 2019 Jul;29(7):917-21. Abstract

39. Kontorovich AR, Patel N, Moscati A, et al. Myopathic cardiac genotypes increase risk for myocarditis. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2021 Jul;6(7):584-92.Full text  Abstract

40. Martens CR, Accornero F. Viruses in the heart: direct and indirect routes to myocarditis and heart failure. Viruses. 2021 Sep 24;13(10):1924.Full text  Abstract

41. Maisch B. Cardio-immunology of myocarditis: focus on immune mechanisms and treatment options. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2019 Apr 12;6:48.Full text  Abstract

42. Kawai C. From myocarditis to cardiomyopathy: mechanisms of inflammation and cell death: learning from the past for the future. Circulation. 1999 Mar 2;99(8):1091-100.Full text  Abstract

43. Feldman AM, McNamara D. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2000 Nov 9;343(19):1388-98. Abstract

44. Kaya Z, Afanasyeva M, Wang Y, et al. Contributions of the innate immune system to autoimmune myocarditis: a role for complement. Nat Immunol. 2001 Aug;2(8):739-45. Abstract

45. Baboonian C, Treasure T. Meta-analysis of the association of enteroviruses with human heart disease. Heart. 1997 Dec;78(6):539-43. Abstract

46. Hofman P, Drici MD, Gibelin P, et al. Prevalence of toxoplasma myocarditis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Br Heart J. 1993 Oct;70(4):376-81. Abstract

47. Barbaro G, Di Lorenzo G, Grisorio B, et al. Incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy and detection of HIV in myocardial cells of HIV-positive patients. Grupo Italiano per lo Studio Cardiologico dei Pazienti Affetti da AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1998 Oct 15;339(16):1093-9. Abstract

48. Frustaci A, Gentiloni N, Caldarulo M. Acute myocarditis and left ventricular aneurysm as presentations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Chest. 1996 Jan;109(1):282-4. Abstract

49. Clemson BS, Miller WR, Luck JC, et al. Acute myocarditis in fulminant systemic sclerosis. Chest. 1992 Mar;101(3):872-4. Abstract

50. Okura Y, Dec GW, Hare JM, et al. A clinical and histopathologic comparison of cardiac sarcoidosis and idiopathic giant cell myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jan 15;41(2):322-9. Abstract

51. Pinney SP, Mancini DM. Myocarditis and specific cardiomyopathies - endocrine disease and alcohol. In: Fuster V, Alexander RW, O'Rourke FA, eds. Hurst's the heart, 11th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2004:1949-74.

52. Halsell JS, Riddle JR, Atwood JE, et al. Myopericarditis following smallpox vaccination among vaccinia-naive US military personnel. JAMA. 2003 Jun 25;289(24):3283-9.Full text  Abstract

53. Burke AP, Saenger J, Mullick R, et al. Hypersensitivity myocarditis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1991 Aug;115(8):764-9. Abstract

54. Ansari A, Maron BJ, Berntson DG. Drug-induced toxic myocarditis. Tex Heart Inst J. 2003;30(1):76-9.Full text  Abstract

55. Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, et al. Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016 Nov 3;134(23):e579-646.Full text  Abstract

56. Expert Panel on Cardiac Imaging, Rajiah P, Kirsch J, Bolen MA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Nonischemic myocardial disease with clinical manifestations (ischemic cardiomyopathy already excluded). J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 May;18(5S):S83-105.Full text  Abstract

57. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Full text  Abstract

58. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726.Full text  Abstract

59. Seferović PM, Tsutsui H, McNamara DM, et al. Heart Failure Association of the ESC, Heart Failure Society of America and Japanese Heart Failure Society position statement on endomyocardial biopsy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021 Jun;23(6):854-71.Full text  Abstract

60. Friedrich MG, Strohm O, Schulz-Menger, et al. Contrast media-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis. Circulation. 1998 May 12;97(18):1802-9.Full text  Abstract

61. Ichikawa R, Sumitomo N, Komori A, et al. The follow-up evaluation of electrocardiogram and arrhythmias in children with fulminant myocarditis. Circ J. 2011;75(4):932-8.Full text  Abstract

62. Skouri HN, Dec GW, Friedrich MG, et al. Noninvasive imaging in myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Nov 21;48(10):2085-93.Full text  Abstract

63. Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, et al. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Circulation. 2007 Nov 6;116(19):2216-33.Full text  Abstract

64. Ammirati E, Frigerio M, Adler ED, et al. Management of acute myocarditis and chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy: an expert consensus document. Circ Heart Fail. 2020 Nov;13(11):e007405.Full text  Abstract

65. Bowles NE, Ni J, Kearney DL, et al. Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Aug 6;42(3):466-72.Full text  Abstract

66. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Deluigi CC, et al. Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation. 2006 Oct 10;114(15):1581-90.Full text  Abstract

67. Ferreira VM, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert recommendations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Dec 18;72(24):3158-76.Full text  Abstract

68. Chen W, Jeudy J. Assessment of myocarditis: cardiac MR, PET/CT, or PET/MR? Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019 Jun 26;21(8):76. Abstract

69. Mahrholdt H, Goedecke C, Wagner A, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation. 2004 Mar 16;109(10):1250-8.Full text  Abstract

70. Felker GM, Thompson RE, Hare JM, et al. Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 13;342(15):1077-84. Abstract

71. Bybee KA, Kara T, Prasad A, et al. Systematic review: transient left ventricular apical ballooning: a syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 7;141(11):858-65. Abstract

72. Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol. 1987 Jan;1(1):3-14. Abstract

73. Richardson P, McKenna W, Bristow M, et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 1996 Mar 1;93(5):841-2.Full text  Abstract

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75. Howlett JG, McKelvie RS, Arnold JM, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society Consensus Conference guidelines on heart failure, update 2009: diagnosis and management of right-sided heart failure, myocarditis, device therapy and recent important clinical trials. Can J Cardiol. 2009 Feb;25(2):85-105.Full text  Abstract

76. Bogle C, Colan SD, Miyamoto SD, et al. Treatment strategies for cardiomyopathy in children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023 Jul 11;148(2):174-95.Full text  Abstract

77. Mills RM, Hobbs RE. Drug treatment of patients with decompensated heart failure. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2001;1(2):119-25. Abstract

78. Farrar DJ, Holman WR, McBride LR, et al. Long-term follow-up of Thoratec ventricular assist device bridge-to-recovery patients successfully removed from support after recovery of ventricular function. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002 May;21(5):516-21. Abstract

79. Yamamoto K, Shioi T, Uchiyama K, et al. Attenuation of virus-induced myocardial injury by inhibition of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor signal and decreased nuclear factor-kappa B activation in knockout mice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Dec 3;42(11):2000-6. Abstract

80. McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 11;371(11):993-1004.Full text  Abstract

81. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2023 Focused update of the 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 1;44(37):3627-39.Full text

82. Tromp J, Ouwerkerk W, van Veldhuisen DJ, et al. A systematic review and network meta-analysis of pharmacological treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2022 Feb;10(2):73-84.Full text  Abstract

83. Long Q, Li L, Yang H, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor, canagliflozin, ameliorates cardiac inflammation in experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Sep;110:109024.Full text  Abstract

84. Kim MH, Suri Y, Rajendran I, et al. Potential utility of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in treating myocarditis. Am J Med. 2024 Feb;137(2):e33-4.Full text

85. Wang JF, Meissner A, Malek S, et al. Propranolol ameliorates and epinephrine exacerbates progression of acute and chronic viral myocarditis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 Oct;289(4):H1577-83.Full text  Abstract

86. Pauschinger M, Rutschow S, Chandrasekharan K, et al. Carvedilol improves left ventricular function in murine coxsackievirus-induced acute myocarditis association with reduced myocardial interleukin-1beta and MMP-8 expression and a modulated immune response. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005 Jun;7(4):444-52. Abstract

87. Parrillo JE, Cunnion RE, Epstein SE, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of prednisone for dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 19;321(16):1061-8. Abstract

88. Mason JW, O'Connell JB, Herskowitz A, et al. A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis. The Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1995 Aug 3;333(5):269-75.Full text  Abstract

89. McNamara DM, Holubkov R, Starling RC, et al. Controlled trial of intravenous immune globulin in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2001 May 8;103(18):2254-9.Full text  Abstract

90. Robinson J, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for presumed viral myocarditis in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 19;8:CD004370.Full text  Abstract

91. Cooper LT Jr, Berry GJ, Shabetai R; Multicenter Giant Cell Myocarditis Study Group Investigators. Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis - natural history and treatment. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jun 26;336(26):1860-6.Full text  Abstract

92. Chen HS, Wang W, Wu SN, et al. Corticosteroids for viral myocarditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 18;(10):CD004471.Full text  Abstract

93. Kuhl U, Pauschinger M, Schwimmbeck PL, et al. Interferon-beta treatment eliminates cardiotropic viruses and improves left ventricular function in patients with myocardial persistence of viral genomes and left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2003 Jun 10;107(22):2793-8.Full text  Abstract

94. Cooper LT Jr, Hare JM, Tazelaar HD, et al; Giant Cell Myocarditis Treatment Trial Investigators. Usefulness of immunosuppression for giant cell myocarditis. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Dec 1;102(11):1535-9. Abstract

95. Kim CH, Vlietstra RE, Edwards WD, et al. Steroid-responsive eosinophilic myocarditis: Diagnosis by endomyocardial biopsy. Am J Cardiol. 1984 May 15;53(10):1472-3. Abstract

96. Mathew R, Di Santo P, Jung RG, et al. Milrinone as compared with dobutamine in the treatment of cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 5;385(6):516-25.Full text  Abstract

97. McBride LR, Naunheim KS, Fiore AC, et al. Clinical experience with 111 Thoratec ventricular assist devices. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999 May;67(5):1233-8. Abstract

98. Leuck AM. Left ventricular assist device driveline infections: recent advances and future goals. J Thorac Dis. 2015 Dec;7(12):2151-7.Full text  Abstract

99. Barbaro RP, Paden ML, Guner YS, et al. Pediatric Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry international report 2016. ASAIO J. 2017 Jul/Aug;63(4):456-63.Full text  Abstract

100. Rose EA, Gelijns AC, Moskowitz AJ, et al. Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 15;345(20):1435-43.Full text  Abstract

101. Papp Z, Agostoni P, Alvarez J, et al. Levosimendan efficacy and safety: 20 years of SIMDAX in clinical use. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2020 Jul;76(1):4-22.Full text  Abstract

102. Packer M, Colucci W, Fisher L, et al. Effect of levosimendan on the short-term clinical course of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2013 Apr;1(2):103-11.Full text  Abstract

103. Moiseyev VS, Põder P, Andrejevs N, et al. Safety and efficacy of a novel calcium sensitizer, levosimendan, in patients with left ventricular failure due to an acute myocardial infarction. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study (RUSSLAN). Eur Heart J. 2002 Sep;23(18):1422-32.Full text  Abstract

104. Follath F, Cleland JG, Just H, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2002 Jul 20;360(9328):196-202. Abstract

105. Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M, et al. Levosimendan vs dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the SURVIVE Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2007 May 2;297(17):1883-91.Full text  Abstract

106. Suominen PK. Single-center experience with levosimendan in children undergoing cardiac surgery and in children with decompensated heart failure. BMC Anesthesiol. 2011 Oct 5;11:18.Full text  Abstract

107. Pellicer A, Riera J, Lopez-Ortego P, et al. Phase 1 study of two inodilators in neonates undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Pediatr Res. 2013 Jan;73(1):95-103.Full text  Abstract

108. Momeni M, Rubay J, Matta A, et al. Levosimendan in congenital cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2011 Jun;25(3):419-24. Abstract

109. Conti N, Gatti M, Raschi E, et al. Evidence and current use of levosimendan in the treatment of heart failure: filling the gap. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;15:3391-409.Full text  Abstract

110. Cudkowicz M, Genge A, Maragakis N, et al. Safety and efficacy of oral levosimendan in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (the REFALS study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Oct;20(10):821-31. Abstract

111. Fuse K, Kodama M, Okura Y, et al. Predictors of disease course in patients with acute myocarditis. Circulation. 2000 Dec 5;102(23):2829-35.Full text  Abstract

112. Kühl U, Pauschinger M, Seeberg B, et al. Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction. Circulation. 2005 Sep 27;112(13):1965-70.Full text  Abstract

113. McCarthy RE 3rd, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, et al. Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 9;342(10):690-5.Full text  Abstract

114. Dec GW Jr, Fallon JT, Southern JF, et al. Relation between histological findings on early repeat right ventricular biopsy and ventricular function in patients with myocarditis. Br Heart J. 1988 Oct;60(4):332-7.Full text  Abstract

115. Sheppard R, Bedi M, Kubota T, et al. Myocardial expression of fas and recovery of left ventricular function in patients with recent-onset cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Sep 20;46(6):1036-42. Abstract