References
Key articles
Nassef M, Shapiro G, Casale TB. Identifying and managing rhinitis and its subtypes: allergic and non-allergic components - a consensus report and materials from the Respiratory Allergic Disease Foundation. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Dec;22(12):2541-8. Abstract
Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Amrol DJ, et al. Rhinitis 2020: a practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Oct;146(4):721-67.Full text Abstract
Bernstein JA, Levin LS, Al-Shuik E, et al. Clinical characteristics of chronic rhinitis patients with high vs low irritant trigger burdens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012 Sep;109(3):173-8. Abstract
Sur DKC, Plesa ML. Chronic nonallergic rhinitis. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Aug 1;98(3):171-6.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Kaliner MA, Baraniuk JN, Benninger M, et al. Consensus definition of nonallergic rhinopathy, previously referred to as vasomotor rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis, and/or idiopathic rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J. 2009 Jun 15;2(6):119-20.Full text Abstract
2. Nassef M, Shapiro G, Casale TB. Identifying and managing rhinitis and its subtypes: allergic and non-allergic components - a consensus report and materials from the Respiratory Allergic Disease Foundation. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Dec;22(12):2541-8. Abstract
3. Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Amrol DJ, et al. Rhinitis 2020: a practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Oct;146(4):721-67.Full text Abstract
4. Scadding GK, Kariyawasam HH, Scadding G, et al. BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis (revised edition 2017; first edition 2007). Clin Exp Allergy. 2017 Jul;47(7):856-89.Full text Abstract
5. Settipane RA. Demographics and epidemiology of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2001 Jul-Aug;22(4):185-9. Abstract
6. Settipane RA, Lieberman P. Update on nonallergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;86:494-508. Abstract
7. Baraniuk JN, Kaliner MA. Neuropeptides and nasal secretion. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990 Oct;86(4 Pt 2):620-7. Abstract
8. Garay R. Mechanisms of vasomotor rhinitis. Allergy. 2004;59 Suppl 76:4-9; discussion 9-10. Abstract
9. Brandt D, Bernstein JA. Questionnaire evaluation and risk factor identification for nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006 Apr;96(4):526-32. Abstract
10. Bernstein JA, Singh U. Neural abnormalities in nonallergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2015 Apr;15(4):18. Abstract
11. Bernstein JA, Hastings L, Boespflug EL, et al. Alteration of brain activation patterns in nonallergic rhinitis patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after treatment with intranasal azelastine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011 Jun;106(6):527-32. Abstract
12. Bernstein JA, Davis BP, Picard JK, et al. A randomized, double-blind, parallel trial comparing capsaicin nasal spray with placebo in subjects with a significant component of nonallergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011 Aug;107(2):171-8. Abstract
13. Singh U, Bernstein JA. Intranasal capsaicin in management of nonallergic (vasomotor) rhinitis. Prog Drug Res. 2014;68:147-70. Abstract
14. Singh U, Bernstein JA, Haar L, et al. Azelastine desensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1: a potential mechanism explaining its therapeutic effect in nonallergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2014 May-Jun;28(3):215-24. Abstract
15. Powe DG, Huskisson RS, Carney AS, et al. Mucosal T-cell phenotypes in persistent atopic and nonatopic rhinitis show an association with mast cells. Allergy. 2004 Feb;59(2):204-12. Abstract
16. Terada N, Konno A, Fukuda S, et al. Interleukin-5 upregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression in the nasal mucosa in nasal allergy but not in nonallergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1995 Feb;106(2):139-45. Abstract
17. Demoly P, Sahla M, Campbell AM, et al. ICAM-1 expression in upper respiratory mucosa is differentially related to eosinophil and neutrophil inflammation according to the allergic status. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998 Jun;28(6):731-8. Abstract
18. Bernstein JA, Levin LS, Al-Shuik E, et al. Clinical characteristics of chronic rhinitis patients with high vs low irritant trigger burdens. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012 Sep;109(3):173-8. Abstract
19. Meltzer EO, Orgel HA, Rogenes PR, et al. Nasal cytology in patients with allergic rhinitis: effects of intranasal fluticasone propionate. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994 Oct;94(4):708-15. Abstract
20. Bernstein JA, Salapatek AM, Lee JS, et al. Provocation of nonallergic rhinitis subjects in response to simulated weather conditions using an environmental exposure chamber model. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2012 Jul-Aug;33(4):333-40. Abstract
21. Meltzer EO, Nathan RA, Derebery J, et al. Physician perceptions of the treatment and management of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2009 Jan-Feb;30(1):75-83. Abstract
22. Campo P, Rondón C, Gould HJ, et al. Local IgE in non-allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015 May;45(5):872-81. Abstract
23. Hellings PW, Klimek L, Cingi C, et al. Non-allergic rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Allergy. 2017 Nov 7;72(11):1657-65.Full text Abstract
24. Banov CH, Lieberman P, Vasomotor Rhinitis Study Groups. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of vasomotor (perennial nonallergic) rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001 Jan;86(1):28-35. Abstract
25. Ciprandi G. Treatment of nonallergic perennial rhinitis. Allergy. 2004;59 Suppl 76:16-22; discussion 22-3. Abstract
26. Bernstein JA. Azelastine hydrochloride: a review of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy and tolerability. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 Oct;23(10):2441-52. Abstract
27. Kaliner MA. A novel and effective approach to treating rhinitis with nasal antihistamines. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007 Nov;99(5):383-90; quiz 391-2, 418. Abstract
28. Dockhorn R, Aronson D, Bronsky E, et al. Ipratropium bromide nasal spray 0.03% and beclomethasone nasal spray alone and in combination for the treatment of rhinorrhea in perennial rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999 Apr;82(4):349-59. Abstract
29. Scadding GK, Lund VJ, Jacques LA, et al. A placebo-controlled study of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray and beclomethasone dipropionate in perennial rhinitis: efficacy in allergic and non-allergic perennial rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995 Aug;25(8):737-43. Abstract
30. Swierczynska M, Strek P, Skladzien J, et al. Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome: state of knowledge. Otolaryngol Pol. 2003;57(1):81-4. Abstract
31. Meltzer EO. The pharmacological basis for the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis and non-allergic rhinitis with topical corticosteroids. Allergy. 1997;52(36 Suppl):33-40. Abstract
32. Balle VH, Pedersen U, Engby B. Allergic perennial and non-allergic, vasomotor rhinitis treated with budesonide nasal spray. Rhinology. 1980 Sep;18(3):135-42. Abstract
33. Lundblad L, Sipilä P, Farstad T, et al. Mometasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of perennial non-allergic rhinitis: a nordic, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2001 Jun;121(4):505-9. Abstract
34. Sandhu AS, Temple RH, Timms MS. Partial laser turbinectomy: two year outcomes in patients with allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Rhinology. 2004 Jun;42(2):81-4. Abstract
35. Mladina R, Risavi R, Subaric M. CO2 laser anterior turbinectomy in the treatment of non-allergic vasomotor rhinopathia. A prospective study upon 78 patients. Rhinology. 1991 Dec;29(4):267-71. Abstract
36. Vaidyanathan S, Williamson P, Clearie K, et al. Fluticasone reverses oxymetazoline-induced tachyphylaxis of response and rebound congestion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Jul 1;182(1):19-24.Full text Abstract
37. Baroody FM, Brown D, Gavanescu L, et al. Oxymetazoline adds to the effectiveness of fluticasone furoate in the treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Apr;127(4):927-34.Full text Abstract
38. Bronsky EA, Druce H, Findlay SR, et al. A clinical trial of ipratropium bromide nasal spray in patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995 May;95(5 pt 2):1117-22. Abstract
39. Sur DKC, Plesa ML. Chronic nonallergic rhinitis. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Aug 1;98(3):171-6.Full text Abstract
40. Spector SL. The placebo effect is nothing to sneeze at. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1992 Dec;90(6 Pt 2):1042-3. Abstract
41. LaForce CF, Corren J, Wheeler WJ, et al. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients who remain symptomatic after treatment with fexofenadine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004 Aug;93(2):154-9. Abstract
42. Berger WE, White MV. Efficacy of azelastine nasal spray in patients with an unsatisfactory response to loratadine. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003 Aug;91(2):205-11. Abstract
43. Gevorgyan A, Segboer C, Gorissen R, et al. Capsaicin for non-allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jul 14;(7):CD010591.Full text Abstract
44. Van Gerven L, Alpizar YA, Wouters MM, et al. Capsaicin treatment reduces nasal hyperreactivity and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V, receptor 1 (TRPV1) overexpression in patients with idiopathic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 May;133(5):1332-9, 1339. Abstract
45. Rinzin K, Hoang MP, Seresirikachorn K, et al. Botulinum toxin for chronic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2021 Nov;11(11):1538-48. Abstract
46. Mansour OI, Hamdy TA, Abdelhamid AN, et al. Role of botulinum toxin injection in non allergic non infectious chronic rhinosinusitis (a systematic review). QJM. 2020 Mar;113 (Suppl).Full text
47. Juto JE, Axelsson M. Kinetic oscillation stimulation as treatment of non-allergic rhinitis: an RCT study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014 May;134(5):506-12.Full text Abstract
48. Deenadayal DS, Kumar MN, Sudhakshin P, et al. Radiofrequency reduction of inferior turbinates in allergic and non allergic rhinitis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Jan;66(Suppl 1):231-6. Abstract
49. Petersen NB, Larsen K. Kinetic oscillation stimulation of nasal mucosa as treatment for non-allergic rhinitis. a pilot study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2021 Jan;3(1).Full text
50. Stolovitzky JP, Ow RA, Silvers SL, et al. Effect of radiofrequency neurolysis on the symptoms of chronic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial. OTO Open. 2021 Jul-Sep;5(3).Full text Abstract
51. Moscato G, Vandenplas O, Van Wijk RG, et al. EAACI position paper on occupational rhinitis. Respir Res. Moscato G, Vandenplas O, Van Wijk RG, et al. EAACI position paper on occupational rhinitis. Respir Res. 2009 Mar 3;10:16.Full text Abstract
52. Schreiber CP, Hutchinson S, Webster CJ, et al. Prevalence of migraine in patients with a history of self-reported or physician-diagnosed "sinus" headache. Arch Intern Med. 2004 Sep 13;164(16):1769-72. Abstract
53. Bernstein JA, Fox RW, Martin VT, et al. Headache and facial pain: differential diagnosis and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013 May-Jun;1(3):242-51. Abstract
54. Martin VT, Fanning KM, Serrano D, et al. Chronic rhinitis and its association with headache frequency and disability in persons with migraine: results of the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study. Cephalalgia. 2014 Apr;34(5):336-48. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer