Summary
Differentials
Common
- Pharyngitis
- Oesophageal candidiasis
- Stroke
- Muscle tension dysphagia
- Diffuse oesophageal spasm
- Gastro-oesophageal reflux
- Hiatus hernia
- Post-operative cervical spine surgery
Uncommon
- Epiglottitis
- Retropharyngeal abscess
- Oropharyngeal carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma) and metastases
- Zenker diverticulum
- Cricopharyngeal bar
- Thyromegaly (goitre)
- Cervical lymphadenopathy
- Oropharyngeal stenosis
- Parkinson's disease
- Vocal cord paralysis
- Multiple sclerosis
- Myasthenia gravis
- Sjogren's syndrome
- Scleroderma
- Inflammatory myopathies
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- Progressive supranuclear palsy
- Wilson's disease
- Tardive dyskinesia
- Idiopathic achalasia
- Nutcracker oesophagus
- Caustic agents
- Pill-induced injury
- Radiation exposure
- Oesophageal carcinoma
- Foreign body
- Benign oesophageal tumours (leiomyoma, lipoma, polyps)
- Oesophageal metastases
- Oesophageal compression
- Schatzki ring
- Gastroesophageal muscular ring
- Oesophageal diverticulum
- Eosinophilic oesophagitis
- Oesophageal web
- Botulism
- Oral mucositis
- Cervical osteophytes
Contributors
Authors
Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
Loyola University Medical Center
Maywood
IL
Disclosures
SJC declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Steven J. Charous would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Michael F. Vaezi and Dr Farnoosh Farrokhi, the previous contributors to this topic. MFV and FF are authors of references cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Instructor in Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Director of Clinical Research
The Celiac Center
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston
MA
Disclosures
DL declares that he has no competing interests.
Associate Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics
Division of Otolaryngology
Children's National Medical Center
Assistant Professor
Otolaryngology and Pediatrics
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Washington
DC
Disclosures
RKS declares that he has no competing interests.
Professor of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
Newcastle University
Honorary Consultant Otolaryngologist
Freeman Hospital
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne
UK
Disclosures
JW declares that she has no competing interests.
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