Metabolic syndrome

Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009 Oct 20;120(16):1640-5.Full text  Abstract

National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-421.Full text  Abstract

Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(7):777-822. Abstract

Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith SC Jr, et al. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation. 2004 Feb 3;109(4):551-6.Full text  Abstract

Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004 Jan 27;109(3):433-8.Full text  Abstract

Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Jun 18;139(25):e1082-143.Full text  Abstract

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Mertz CN, et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004 Jul 13;110(2):227-39.Full text  Abstract

1. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009 Oct 20;120(16):1640-5.Full text  Abstract

2. Obunai K, Jani S, Dangas GD. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of the metabolic syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2007 Nov;91(6):1169-84. Abstract

3. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002 Dec 17;106(25):3143-421.Full text  Abstract

4. Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008 Dec;29(7):777-822. Abstract

5. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002 Jan 16;287(3):356-9.Full text  Abstract

6. Athyros VG, Bouloukos VI, Pehlivanidis AN, et al; MetS-Greece Collaborative Group. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Greece: the MetS-Greece Multicentre Study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005 Jul;7(4):397-405. Abstract

7. Athyros VG, Ganotakis ES, Elisaf M, et al. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using the National Cholesterol Educational Program and International Diabetes Federation definitions. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 Aug;21(8):1157-9. Abstract

8. O'Hearn M, Lauren BN, Wong JB, et al. Trends and disparities in cardiometabolic health among U.S. adults, 1999-2018. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Jul 12;80(2):138-51. Abstract

9. Cook S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, et al. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003 Aug;157(8):821-7.Full text  Abstract

10. Koskinen J, Magnussen CG, Sinaiko A, et al. Childhood Age and Associations Between Childhood Metabolic Syndrome and Adult Risk for Metabolic Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Carotid Intima Media Thickness: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Aug 16;6(8):e005632.Full text  Abstract

11. Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Nov;93(11 Suppl 1):S9-30. Abstract

12. Wu CC, Yeh WT, Crow RS, et al. Comparison of electrocardiographic findings and associated risk factors between Taiwan Chinese and US White adults. Int J Cardiol. 2008 Aug 18;128(2):224-31. Abstract

13. Sheth T, Nair C, Nargundkar M, et al. Cardiovascular and cancer mortality among Canadians of European, south Asian and Chinese origin from 1979 to 1993: an analysis of 1.2 million deaths. CMAJ. 1999 Jul 27;161(2):132-8.Full text  Abstract

14. Reaven G. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002 Jul 16;106(3):286-8. Abstract

15. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Feb;92(2):399-404.Full text  Abstract

16. Grundy SM, Hansen B, Smith SC Jr, et al. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation. 2004 Feb 3;109(4):551-6.Full text  Abstract

17. Walker BR. Cortisol: cause and cure for metabolic syndrome? Diabet Med. 2006 Dec;23(12):1281-8. Abstract

18. Langin D. Diabetes, insulin secretion, and the pancreatic beta-cell mitochondrion. N Engl J Med. 2001 Dec 13;345(24):1772-4. Abstract

19. Shulman GI. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2000 Jul;106(2):171-6.Full text  Abstract

20. Lewis GF, Steiner G. Acute effects of insulin in the control of VLDL production in humans: implications for the insulin-resistant state. Diabetes Care. 2000 Jul;106(2):171-6. Abstract

21. Sandhofer A, Kaser S, Ritsch A, et al. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein in metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006 May;14(5):812-8.Full text  Abstract

22. Wang H, Knaub LA, Jensen DR, et al. Skeletal muscle-specific deletion of lipoprotein lipase enhances insulin signaling in skeletal muscle but causes insulin resistance in liver and other tissues. Diabetes. 2009 Jan;58(1):116-24.Full text  Abstract

23. Preiss-Landl K, Zimmermann R, Hammerle G, et al. Lipoprotein lipase: the regulation of tissue specific expression and its role in lipid and energy metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2002 Oct;13(5):471-81. Abstract

24. Karagiannis A, Mikhailidis DP, Athyros VG, et al. The role of renin-angiotensin system inhibition in the treatment of hypertension in metabolic syndrome: are all the angiotensin receptor blockers equal? Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2007 Feb;11(2):191-205. Abstract

25. Koerner A, Kratzsch J, Kiess W. Adipocytokines: leptin - the classical, resistin - the controversical, adiponectin - the promising, and more to come. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Dec;19(4):525-46. Abstract

26. Papadopoulos DP, Perrea D, Thomopoulos C, et al. Masked hypertension and atherogenesis: the impact on adiponectin and resistin plasma levels. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2009 Feb;11(2):61-5. Abstract

27. Deepa R, Velmurugan K, Arvind K, et al. Serum levels of interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in relation to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES). Metabolism. 2006 Sep;55(9):1232-8. Abstract

28. Guerre-Millo M. Adipose tissue and adipokines: for better or worse. Diabetes Metab. 2004 Feb;30(1):13-9. Abstract

29. Inadera H. The usefulness of circulating adipokine levels for the assessment of obesity-related health problems. Int J Med Sci. 2008 Aug 29;5(5):248-62.Full text  Abstract

30. Kakafika AI, Liberopoulos EN, Karagiannis A, et al. Dyslipidaemia, hypercoagulability and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;4(3):175-83. Abstract

31. Bellia C, Bivona G, Scazzone C, et al. Association between homocysteinemia and metabolic syndrome in patients with cardiovascular disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007 Dec;3(6):999-1001.Full text  Abstract

32. Stefan N, Kantartzis K, Machann J, et al. Identification and characterization of metabolically benign obesity in humans. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Aug 11;168(15):1609-16. Abstract

33. Lassale C, Tzoulaki I, Mooons KGM, et al. Separate and combined associations of obesity and metabolic health with coronary heart disease: a pan-European case-cohort analysis. Eur Heart J. 2018 Feb 1;39(5):397-406.Full text  Abstract

34. Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, et al. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Feb 24;163(4):427-36.Full text  Abstract

35. Bianchi G, Rossi V, Muscari A, et al. Physical activity is negatively associated with the metabolic syndrome in the elderly. QJM. 2008 Sep;101(9):713-21. Abstract

36. Edwardson CL, Gorely T, Davies MJ, et al. Association of sedentary behaviour with metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34916.Full text  Abstract

37. Yung LM, Laher I, Yao X, et al. Exercise, vascular wall and cardiovascular diseases: an update (part 2). Sports Med. 2009;39(1):45-63. Abstract

38. Parker DR, Weiss ST, Troisi R, et al. Relationship of dietary saturated fatty acids and body habitus to serum insulin concentrations: the Normative Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Aug;58(2):129-36. Abstract

39. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1997 Nov 20;337(21):1491-9.Full text  Abstract

40. Lutsey PL, Steffen LM, Stevens J. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Circulation. 2008 Feb 12;117(6):754-61.Full text  Abstract

41. Baik I, Shin C. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1455-63.Full text  Abstract

42. Pankow JS, Jacobs DR Jr, Steinberger J, et al. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children of parents with the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2004 Mar;27(3):775-80.Full text  Abstract

43. Panhuysen CI, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, et al. A genome scan for loci linked to quantitative insulin traits in persons without diabetes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetologia. 2003 Apr;46(4):579-87.Full text  Abstract

44. Wang H, Dong S, Xu H, et al. Genetic variants in FTO associated with metabolic syndrome: a meta- and gene-based analysis. Mol Biol Rep. 2012 May;39(5):5691-8.Full text  Abstract

45. Legro RS. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a premature association? Endocr Rev. 2003 Jun;24(3):302-12.Full text  Abstract

46. Essah PA, Nestler JE. The metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Mar;29(3):270-80. Abstract

47. Ehrmann DA, Liljenquist DR, Kasza K, et al. Prevalence and predictors of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;91(1):48-53.Full text  Abstract

48. Ketel IJ, Stehouwer CD, Serne EH, et al. Obese but not normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome are characterized by metabolic and microvascular insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3365-72. Abstract

49. Sen Y, Aygun D, Yilmaz E, et al. Children and adolescents with obesity and the metabolic syndrome have high circulating cortisol levels. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2008 Feb;29(1):141-5. Abstract

50. Duclos M, Marquez Pereira P, Barat P, et al. Increased cortisol bioavailability, abdominal obesity, and the metabolic syndrome in obese women. Obes Res. 2005 Jul;13(7):1157-66.Full text  Abstract

51. Lamberti JS, Olson D, Crilly JF, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among patients receiving clozapine. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jul;163(7):1273-6.Full text  Abstract

52. Aboud M, Elgalib A, Kulasegaram R, et al. Insulin resistance and HIV infection: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2007 Mar;61(3):463-72. Abstract

53. Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004 Sep 22;292(12):1440-6.Full text  Abstract

54. Barone Gibbs B, Hivert MF, Jerome GJ, et al. Physical activity as a critical component of first-line treatment for elevated blood pressure or cholesterol: who, what, and how?: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2021 Aug;78(2):e26-37.Full text  Abstract

55. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, et al. 2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Dec 7:144(23): e472-87.Full text  Abstract

56. Lloyd-Jones DM, Allen NB, Anderson CAM, et al. Life's essential 8: updating and enhancing the American Heart Association's construct of cardiovascular health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Aug 2;146(5):e18-43.Full text  Abstract

57. Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, et al. 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report ofthe American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Sep 10;74(10): e177-232.Full text  Abstract

58. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 7;42(34):3227-337.Full text  Abstract

59. Romero-Cabrera JL, García-Ríos A, Sotos-Prieto M, et al. Adherence to a mediterranean lifestyle improves metabolic status in coronary heart disease patients: a prospective analysis from the CORDIOPREV study. J Intern Med. 2023 May;293(5):574-88.Full text  Abstract

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62. Reaven GM. The metabolic syndrome: is this diagnosis necessary? Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6):1237-47.Full text  Abstract

63. Nagahama K, Inoue T, Kohagura K, et al. Hyperuricemia predicts future metabolic syndrome: a 4-year follow-up study of a large screened cohort in Okinawa, Japan. Hypertens Res. 2014 Mar;37(3):232-8. Abstract

64. Newsome PN, Sasso M, Deeks JJ, et al. FibroScan-AST (FAST) score for the non-invasive identification of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with significant activity and fibrosis: a prospective derivation and global validation study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Apr;5(4):362-73.Full text  Abstract

65. Franks S. Diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome: in defense of the Rotterdam criteria. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Mar;91(3):786-9.Full text  Abstract

66. Corona G, Monami M, Rastrelli G, et al. Testosterone and metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis study. J Sex Med. 2011 Jan;8(1):272-83. Abstract

67. Cattabiani C, Basaria S, Ceda GP, et al. Relationship between testosterone deficiency and cardiovascular risk and mortality in adult men. J Endocrinol Invest. 2012 Jan;35(1):104-20. Abstract

68. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome: connecting and reconciling cardiovascular and diabetes worlds. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Mar 21;47(6):1093-100. Abstract

69. Ford ES, Li C, Sattar N. Metabolic syndrome and incident diabetes: current state of the evidence. Diabetes Care. 2008 Sep;31(9):1898-904.Full text  Abstract

70. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.Full text  Abstract

71. Charmandari E, Chrousos GP. Metabolic syndrome manifestations in classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia: do they predispose to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and secondary polycystic ovary syndrome? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Nov;1083:37-53. Abstract

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75. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome: a new world-wide definition. Diabet Med. 2006 May;23(5):469-80. Abstract

76. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005 Oct 25;112(17):2735-52.Full text  Abstract

77. International Diabetes Federation. IDF consensus definition of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Apr 2017 [internet publication].Full text

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80. Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 May 25;143(21):e984-e1010.Full text  Abstract

81. Ilanne-Parikka P, Eriksson JG, Lindström J, et al. Effect of lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome and its components in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes Care. 2008 Apr;31(4):805-7.Full text  Abstract

82. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004 Jan 27;109(3):433-8.Full text  Abstract

83. American Diabetes Association. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care. 2002 Jan;25(1):202-12.Full text  Abstract

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92. Reimer RA, Yamaguchi H, Eller LK, et al. Changes in visceral adiposity and serum cholesterol with a novel viscous polysaccharide in Japanese adults with abdominal obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013 Sep;21(9):E379-87.Full text  Abstract

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96. Bassi N, Karagodin I, Wang S, et al. Lifestyle modification for metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Am J Med. 2014 Dec;127(12):1242.e1-10. Abstract

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