Food poisoning

American Medical Association, American Nurses Association/American Nurses Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, et al. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004 Apr 16;53(RR-4):1-33.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text

Public Health England. UK Standards for microbiology investigations S 7: gastroenteritis. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Food safety. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text  Abstract

1. American Medical Association, American Nurses Association/American Nurses Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, et al. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004 Apr 16;53(RR-4):1-33.Full text  Abstract

2. World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text

3. Public Health England. UK Standards for microbiology investigations S 7: gastroenteritis. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text

4. Wennig R, Eyer F, Schaper A, et al. Mushroom poisoning. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020 Oct 16;117(42):701-8.Full text  Abstract

5. Fürst T, Sayasone S, Odermatt P, et al. Manifestation, diagnosis, and management of foodborne trematodiasis. BMJ. 2012 Jun 26;344:e4093.Full text  Abstract

6. World Health Organization. Food safety [internet publication].Full text

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Burden of foodborne illness: findings. Nov 2018 [internet publication].Full text

8. McCabe-Sellers BJ, Beattie SE. Food safety: emerging trends in foodborne illness surveillance and prevention. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Nov;104(11):1708-17. Abstract

9. Wallace DJ, Van Gilder T, Shallow S, et al. Incidence of foodborne illnesses reported by the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet)-1997. FoodNet Working Group. J Food Prot. 2000 Jun;63(6):807-9. Abstract

10. World Health Organization. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. Jan 2009 [internet publication].Full text

11. Food Standards Agency. The burden of foodborne disease in the UK 2018.​ Mar 2020 [internet publication].Full text

12. Pfeiffer ML, DuPont HL, Ochoa TJ. The patient presenting with acute dysentery - a systematic review. J Infect. 2012 Apr;64(4):374-86.Full text  Abstract

13. Lal A, Hales S, French N, et al. Seasonality in human zoonotic enteric diseases: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e31883.Full text  Abstract

14. Koopmans M, von Bonsdorff CH, Vinje J, et al. Foodborne viruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2002 Jun;26(2):187-205.Full text  Abstract

15. Leclerc H, Schwartzbrod L, Dei-Cas E. Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2002;28(4):371-409. Abstract

16. Atreya CD. Major foodborne illness causing viruses and current status of vaccines against the diseases. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2004 Summer;1(2):89-96. Abstract

17. Kasowski EJ, Gackstetter GD, Sharp TW. Foodborne illness: new developments concerning an old problem. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2002 Aug;4(4):308-18. Abstract

18. Altekruse SF, Swerdlow DL. The changing epidemiology of foodborne diseases. Am J Med Sci. 1996 Jan;311(1):23-9. Abstract

19. Kendall PA, Hillers VV, Medeiros LC. Food safety guidance for older adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 May 1;42(9):1298-304.Full text  Abstract

20. Kendall P, Medeiros LC, Hillers V, et al. Food handling behaviors of special importance for pregnant women, infants and young children, the elderly, and immune-compromised people. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Dec;103(12):1646-9. Abstract

21. Davies R, Dixon WG, Watson KD, et al. Influence of anti-TNF patient warning regarding avoidance of high risk foods on rates of listeria and salmonella infections in the UK. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Mar;72(3):461-2.Full text  Abstract

22. Chuang PY, Yang TY, Huang TW, et al. Hepatic disease and the risk of mortality of Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 25;14(10):e0223513.Full text  Abstract

23. FoodSafety.gov (US). People at risk: those with weakened immune systems. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text

24. Cossaboom CM, Heffron CL, Cao D, et al. Risk factors and sources of foodborne hepatitis E virus infection in the United States. J Med Virol. 2016 Sep;88(9):1641-5. Abstract

25. Hillers VN, Medeiros L, Kendall P, et al. Consumer food-handling behaviors associated with prevention of 13 foodborne illnesses. J Food Prot. 2003 Oct;66(10):1893-9. Abstract

26. Medeiros LC, Kendall P, Hillers V, et al. Identification and classification of consumer food-handling behaviors for food safety education. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Nov;101(11):1326-39. Abstract

27. Lund BM, O'Brien SJ. The occurrence and prevention of foodborne disease in vulnerable people. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2011 Sep;8(9):961-73.Full text  Abstract

28. Preußel K, Milde-Busch A, Schmich P, et al. Risk factors for sporadic non-pregnancy associated listeriosis in Germany-immunocompromised patients and frequently consumed ready-to-eat products. PLoS One. 2015 Nov 23;10(11):e0142986.Full text  Abstract

29. Hassing RJ, Verbon A, de Visser H, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and gastroenteritis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016 Oct;31(10):1057-63.Full text  Abstract

30. du Preez M, Conroy RM, Ligondo S, et al. Randomized intervention study of solar disinfection of drinking water in the prevention of dysentery in Kenyan children aged under 5 years. Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Nov 1;45(21):9315-23. Abstract

31. Stauber CE, Printy ER, McCarty FA, et al. Cluster randomized controlled trial of the plastic BioSand Water filter in Cambodia. Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jan 17;46(2):722-8. Abstract

32. Suchomel M, Kundi M, Pittet D, et al. Testing of the World Health Organization recommended formulations in their application as hygienic hand rubs and proposals for increased efficacy. Am J Infect Control. 2012 May;40(4):328-31. Abstract

33. Jing JLJ, Pei Yi T, Bose RJC, et al. Hand sanitizers: a review on formulation aspects, adverse effects, and regulations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May 11;17(9):3326.Full text  Abstract

34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Food safety. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

35. U.S Food and Drug Administration. Selecting and serving fresh and frozen seafood safely​. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text

36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: food poisoning from marine toxins. Section 4 (14): environmental hazards and risks. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

37. Greene LE, Freeman MC, Akoko D, et al. Impact of a school-based hygiene promotion and sanitation intervention on pupil hand contamination in Western Kenya: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Sep;87(3):385-93.Full text  Abstract

38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Listeria (Listeriosis). Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites - toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma infection)​. Sep 2018 [internet publication].Full text

40. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text  Abstract

41. Acheson DW, Fiore AE. Preventing foodborne disease - what clinicians can do. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 29;350(5):437-40. Abstract

42. World Health Organization. Cholera. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

43. World Health Organization. Diarrhoeal disease. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text

44. Garcia LS, Arrowood M, Kokoskin E, et al. Practical guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories: laboratory diagnosis of parasites from the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018 Jan;31(1):e00025-17.Full text  Abstract

45. American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. Ten things physicians and patients should question.​ Choosing wisely, an initiative of the ABIM foundation. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

46. Abubakar I, Irvine L, Aldus CF, et al. A systematic review of the clinical, public health and cost-effectiveness of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection and identification of bacterial intestinal pathogens in faeces and food. Health Technol Assess. 2007 Sep;11(36):1-216.Full text  Abstract

47. Gould LH, Bopp C, Strockbine N, et al. Recommendations for diagnosis of shiga toxin - producing Escherichia coli infections by clinical laboratories. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009 Oct 16;58(RR-12):1-14.Full text  Abstract

48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Norovirus: laboratory information. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

49. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Sep;108(9):1400-16. [Erratum in: Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Feb;109(2):302.]Full text  Abstract

50. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Do not test for amylase in cases of suspected acute pancreatitis; instead, test for lipase. Sep 2016 [internet publication].Full text

51. Rao AK, Sobel J, Chatham-Stephens K, et al. Clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of botulism, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 May 7;70(2):1-30.Full text  Abstract

52. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Coelho-Prabhu N, Forbes N, et al. Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Sep;96(3):389-401.e1.Full text  Abstract

53. World Health Organization. Implementing the new recommendations on the clinical management of diarrhoea. Jan 2006 [internet publication].Full text

54. Riddle MS, Arnold S, Tribble DR. Effect of adjunctive loperamide in combination with antibiotics on treatment outcomes in traveler's diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 15;47(8):1007-14.Full text  Abstract

55. Riddle MS, Connor BA, Beeching NJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of travelers' diarrhea: a graded expert panel report. J Travel Med. 2017 Apr 1;24(suppl 1):S57-74.Full text  Abstract

56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Food safety: information for healthcare professionals​. Jun 2020 [internet publication].Full text

57. Dong WH, Yan WQ, Song X, et al. Fluid resuscitation with balanced crystalloids versus normal saline in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2022 Apr 18;30(1):28.Full text  Abstract

58. Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Connor BA. ACG Clinical guideline: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5):602-22.Full text  Abstract

59. Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, et al. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Aug 4;(8):CD006784.Full text  Abstract

60. World Health Organization. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Feb 2018 [internet publication].Full text

61. Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet. 2005 Mar 19-25;365(9464):1073-86. Abstract

62. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

63. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

64. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Full text

65. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency preparedness and response: increase in extensively drug-resistant Shigellosis in the United States. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

66. Ternhag A, Asikainen T, Giesecke J, et al. A meta-analysis on the effects of antibiotic treatment on duration of symptoms caused by infection with Campylobacter species. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44(5):696-700.Full text  Abstract

67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites - Cystoisosporiasis (formerly known as Isosporiasis). May 2020 [internet publication].Full text

68. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: Cystoisosporiasis (formerly Isosporiasis). 2015 [internet publication].Full text

69. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: Microsporidiosis. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

70. Asgari Z, Selwyn BJ, Vonville H, et al. A systematic review of the evidence for use of herbal medicine for the treatment of acute diarrhea. Natural Products Journal. 2012;2:1-8.Full text

71. Collinson S, Deans A, Padua-Zamora A, et al. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 8;12(12):CD003048.Full text  Abstract

72. Lee MB, Greig JD. A review of enteric outbreaks in child care centers: effective infection control recommendations. J Environ Health. 2008;71:24-32, 46. Abstract