Menopause

Barnabei VM, Cochrane BB, Aragaki AK, et al. Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women's Health Initiative. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 May;105(5 Pt 1):1063-73. Abstract

Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):531-9.Full text  Abstract

North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: the 2021 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2021 Sep 1;28(9):973-97. Abstract

The North American Menopause Society Advisory Panel. The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2022 Jul 1;29(7):767-94. Abstract

Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, et al. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 17;(1):CD004143.Full text  Abstract

Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the women's health initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2017 Sep 12;318(10):927-38. Abstract

1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Menopause: diagnosis and management. Dec 2019 [internet publication].Full text

2. Grady D. Clinical practice. Management of menopausal symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 30;355(22):2338-47.Full text  Abstract

3. Barnabei VM, Cochrane BB, Aragaki AK, et al. Menopausal symptoms and treatment-related effects of estrogen and progestin in the Women's Health Initiative. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 May;105(5 Pt 1):1063-73. Abstract

4. Avis NE, Crawford SL, Greendale G, et al. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):531-9.Full text  Abstract

5. Dennerstein L, Dudley EC, Hopper JL, et al. A prospective population-based study of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Sep;96(3):351-8 Abstract

6. Bachmann GA, Nevadunsky NS. Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000 May 15;61(10):3090-6.Full text  Abstract

7. Finkelstein JS, Brockwell SE, Mehta V, et al. Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):861-8.Full text  Abstract

8. North American Menopause Society. Management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: the 2021 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2021 Sep 1;28(9):973-97. Abstract

9. Tao XY, Zuo AZ, Wang JQ, et al. Effect of primary ovarian insufficiency and early natural menopause on mortality: a meta-analysis. Climacteric. 2016 Nov 17;19(1):27-36. Abstract

10. Cífková R, Krajčoviechová A. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease in women. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015 Jul;17(7):609. Abstract

11. Maas AHEM, Rosano G, Cifkova R, et al. Cardiovascular health after menopause transition, pregnancy disorders, and other gynaecologic conditions: a consensus document from European cardiologists, gynaecologists, and endocrinologists. Eur Heart J. 2021 Mar 7;42(10):967-84.Full text  Abstract

12. Palacios S, Henderson VW, Siseles N, et al. Age of menopause and impact of climacteric symptoms by geographical region. Climacteric. 2010 Oct;13(5):419-28. Abstract

13. Cox L, Liu JH. Primary ovarian insufficiency: an update. Int J Womens Health. 2014 Feb 20;6:235-43.Full text  Abstract

14. Kinney A, Kline J, Levin B. Alcohol, caffeine and smoking in relation to age at menopause. Maturitas. 2006 Apr 20;54(1):27-38. Abstract

15. Garcia C, Wendt J, Lyon L, et al. Risk management options elected by women after testing positive for a BRCA mutation. Gynecol Oncol. 2014 Feb;132(2):428-33. Abstract

16. US Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone therapy in postmenopausal persons: primary prevention of chronic conditions. Nov 2022 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

17. The North American Menopause Society Advisory Panel. The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2022 Jul 1;29(7):767-94. Abstract

18. Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, et al. Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 17;(1):CD004143.Full text  Abstract

19. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG committee opinion no. 565: hormone therapy and heart disease. Jun 2013 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

20. Kremer C, Gdovinova Z, Bejot Y, et al. European Stroke Organisation guidelines on stroke in women: Management of menopause, pregnancy and postpartum. Eur Stroke J. 2022 Jun;7(2):I-XIX.Full text  Abstract

21. El Khoudary SR, Aggarwal B, Beckie TM, et al. Menopause transition and cardiovascular disease risk: implications for timing of early prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Dec 22;142(25):e506-32.Full text  Abstract

22. Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. BMJ. 2019 Jan 9;364:k4810.Full text  Abstract

23. Cobin RH, Goodman NF; AACE Reproductive Endocrinology Scientific Committee. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on menopause - 2017 update. Endocr Pract. 2017 Jul;23(7):869-80.Full text  Abstract

24. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 556: postmenopausal estrogen therapy route of administration and risk of venous thromboembolism. Apr 2013 [internet publication].Full text

25. LaMonte MJ, Wactawski-Wende J, Larson JC, et al. Association of physical activity and fracture risk among postmenopausal women. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Oct 2;2(10):e1914084.Full text  Abstract

26. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Familial breast cancer: classification, care and managing breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

27. Taylor SM, Kinney AM, Kline JK. Menopausal transition: predicting time to menopause for women 44 years or older from simple questions on menstrual variability. Menopause. 2004 Jan-Feb;11(1):40-8. Abstract

28. Shifren JL, Gass ML. The North American Menopause Society recommendations for clinical care of midlife women. Menopause. 2014 Oct;21(10):1038-62. Abstract

29. Rödström K, Bengtsson C, Lissner L, et al. A longitudinal study of the treatment of hot flushes: the population study of women in Gothenburg during a quarter of a century. Menopause. 2002 May-Jun;9(3):156-61. Abstract

30. North American Menopause Society. Management of symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy: 2013 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2013 Sep;20(9):888-902.Full text  Abstract

31. Duckitt K. Managing perimenopausal menorrhagia. Maturitas. 2010 Jul;66(3):251-6. Abstract

32. Goodman NF, Cobin RH, Ginzburg SB, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the diagnosis and treatment of menopause. Endocr Pract. 2011 Nov-Dec;17(6):949-54. Abstract

33. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice advisory: updated cervical cancer screening guidelines. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text

34. Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. Practice bulletin number 179: breast cancer risk assessment and screening in average-risk women. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Jul;130(1):e1-e16.Full text  Abstract

35. Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, Gompel A, et al. Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Nov;100(11):3975-4011.Full text  Abstract

36. Cramer H, Lauche R, Langhorst J, et al. Effectiveness of yoga for menopausal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012 Nov 7;2012:863905.Full text  Abstract

37. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 141: management of menopausal symptoms. Jan 2014 [internet publication].Full text

38. Hamoda H, Panay N, Peddar H, et al. The British Menopause Society & Women’s Health Concern 2020 recommendations on hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

39. Archer DF, Pickar JH, MacAllister DC, et al. Transdermal estradiol gel for the treatment of symptomatic postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2012 Jun;19(6):622-9. Abstract

40. Kovács G, Zelei T, Vokó Z. Comparison of efficacy and local tolerability of estradiol metered-dose transdermal spray to estradiol patch in a network meta-analysis. Climacteric. 2016 Oct;19(5):488-95. Abstract

41. Tella SH, Gallagher JC. Bazedoxifene + conjugated estrogens in HT for the prevention of osteoporosis and treatment of vasomotor symptoms associated with the menopause. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2013 Dec;14(17):2407-20. Abstract

42. Valera MC, Gourdy P, Trémollières F, et al. From the Women's Health Initiative to the combination of estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators to avoid progestin addition. Maturitas. 2015 Nov;82(3):274-7. Abstract

43. Gaudard AM, Silva de Souza S, Puga ME, et al. Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 1;(8):CD010407.Full text  Abstract

44. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG clinical consensus no. 6: compounded bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

45. Stuenkel CA, Manson JE. Compounded bioidentical hormone therapy: the national academies weigh in. JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Mar 1;181(3):370-71. Abstract

46. Stute P, Neulen J, Wildt L. The impact of micronized progesterone on the endometrium: a systematic review. Climacteric. 2016 Aug;19(4):316-28.Full text  Abstract

47. Whelan AM, Jurgens TM, Trinacty M. Bioidentical progesterone cream for menopause-related vasomotor symptoms: is it effective? Ann Pharmacother. 2013 Jan;47(1):112-6. Abstract

48. Manson JE, Aragaki AK, Rossouw JE, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the women's health initiative randomized trials. JAMA. 2017 Sep 12;318(10):927-38. Abstract

49. de Villiers TJ, Gass ML, Haines CJ, et al. Global consensus statement on menopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2013 Apr;16(2):203-4.Full text  Abstract

50. de Villiers TJ, Hall JE, Pinkerton JV, et al. Revised global consensus statement on menopausal hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016 Aug;19(4):313-5. Abstract

51. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Drug safety update. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): further information on the known increased risk of breast cancer with HRT and its persistence after stopping. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text

52. Beral V, Gaitskell K, Hermon C, et al.; Collaborative Group On Epidemiological Studies Of Ovarian Cancer. Menopausal hormone use and ovarian cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of 52 epidemiological studies. Lancet. 2015 May 9;385(9980):1835-42. Abstract

53. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Type and timing of menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis of the worldwide epidemiological evidence. Lancet. 2019 Aug 29;394(10204):1159-68.Full text  Abstract

54. European Medicines Agency. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Guideline on clinical investigation of medicinal products for hormone replacement therapy of oestrogen deficiency symptoms in postmenopausal women. Oct 2005 [internet publication].Full text

55. British Menopause Society. BMS response to Lancet paper on the link between different forms of HRT and breast cancer incidence. Aug 2019 [internet publication].Full text

56. Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E, et al. Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006 May 3;295(17):2057-71. Abstract

57. The North American Menopause Society Advisory Panel. The 2023 nonhormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2023 Jun 1;30(6):573-90. Abstract

58. Freeman EW, Guthrie KA, Caan B, et al. Efficacy of escitalopram for hot flashes in healthy menopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011 Jan 19;305(3):267-74.Full text  Abstract

59. American Academy of Family Physicians. ACOG releases clinical guidelines on management of menopausal symptoms. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Sep 1;90(5):338-40.Full text

60. Shams T, Firwana B, Habib F, et al. SSRIs for hot flashes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Gen Intern Med. 2014 Jan;29(1):204-13. Abstract

61. Orleans RJ, Li L, Kim MJ, et al. FDA approval of paroxetine for menopausal hot flushes. N Engl J Med. 2014 May 8;370(19):1777-9.Full text  Abstract

62. Joffe H, Guthrie KA, LaCroix AZ, et al. Low-dose estradiol and the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine for vasomotor symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014 Jul;174(7):1058-66.Full text  Abstract

63. Pinkerton JV, Archer DF, Guico-Pabia CJ, et al. Maintenance of the efficacy of desvenlafaxine in menopausal vasomotor symptoms: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2013 Jan;20(1):38-46. Abstract

64. Archer DF, Pinkerton JV, Guico-Pabia CJ, et al. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and hepatic safety of desvenlafaxine for 1 year in women with vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause. Menopause. 2013 Jan;20(1):47-56. Abstract

65. Hayes LP, Carroll DG, Kelley KW. Use of gabapentin for the management of natural or surgical menopausal hot flashes. Ann Pharmacother. 2011 Mar;45(3):388-94. Abstract

66. Goldberg RM, Loprinzi CL, O'Fallon JR, et al. Transdermal clonidine for ameliorating tamoxifen-induced hot flashes. J Clin Oncol. 1994 Jan;12(1):155-8. Abstract

67. Rahn DD, Carberry C, Sanses TV, et al.; Society of Gynecologic Surgeons Systematic Review Group. Vaginal estrogen for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Dec;124(6):1147-56. Abstract

68. Crandall CJ, Hovey KM, Andrews CA, et al. Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and cardiovascular events in participants who used vaginal estrogen in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Menopause. 2018 Jan;25(1):11-20. Abstract

69. European Medicines Agency. Four-week limit for use of high-strength estradiol creams. Press release. Oct 2019 [internet publication].Full text

70. Lethaby A, Ayeleke RO, Roberts H. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 31;(8):CD001500.Full text  Abstract

71. Portman DJ, Bachmann GA, Simon JA. Ospemifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator for treating dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Menopause. 2013 Jun;20(6):623-30. Abstract

72. Palacios S, Cancelo MJ. Clinical update on the use of ospemifene in the treatment of severe symptomatic vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Int J Womens Health. 2016 Oct 26;8:617-26.Full text  Abstract

73. Santen RJ, Stuenkel CA, Davis SR, et al. Managing menopausal symptoms and associated clinical issues in breast cancer survivors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Oct 1;102(10):3647-61. Abstract

74. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Clinical consensus no. 2: ​treatment of urogenital symptoms in individuals with a history of estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

75. Del Carmen MG, Rice LW. Management of menopausal symptoms in women with gynecologic cancers. Gynecol Oncol. 2017 Aug;146(2):427-35. Abstract

76. O'Donnell RL, Clement KM, Edmondson RJ. Hormone replacement therapy after treatment for a gynaecological malignancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Feb;28(1):32-41. Abstract

77. Goetsch MF, Lim JY, Caughey AB. Locating pain in breast cancer survivors experiencing dyspareunia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jun;123(6):1231-6. Abstract

78. Reid R, Abramson BL, Blake J, et al. Managing menopause. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014 Sep;36(9):830-3.Full text  Abstract

79. Wierman ME, Arlt W, Basson R, et al. Androgen therapy in women: a reappraisal: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Oct;99(10):3489-510.Full text  Abstract

80. Dumoulin C, Cacciari LP, Hay‐Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 4;(10):CD005654.Full text

81. Capobianco G, Donolo E, Borghero G, et al. Effects of intravaginal estriol and pelvic floor rehabilitation on urogenital aging in postmenopausal women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012 Feb;285(2):397-403. Abstract

82. Freedman RR. Pathophysiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes. Semin Reprod Med. 2005 May;23(2):117-25. Abstract

83. Spark MJ, Willis J. Systematic review of progesterone use by midlife and menopausal women. Maturitas. 2012 Jul;72(3):192-202. Abstract

84. Gordon JL, Girdler SS. Hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of perimenopausal depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014 Dec;16(12):517. Abstract

85. Veerus P, Hovi SL, Sevón T, et al. The effect of hormone therapy on women's quality of life in the first year of the Estonian Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy trial. BMC Res Notes. 2012 Apr 3;5:176.Full text  Abstract

86. Mann E, Smith MJ, Hellier J, et al. Cognitive behavioural treatment for women who have menopausal symptoms after breast cancer treatment (MENOS 1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Mar;13(3):309-18.Full text  Abstract

87. Maki PM, Kornstein SG, Joffe H, et al; Board of Trustees for The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) and the Women and Mood Disorders Task Force of the National Network of Depression Centers. Guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of perimenopausal depression: summary and recommendations. Menopause. 2018 Oct;25(10):1069-85.Full text  Abstract

88. Cohen LS, Soares CN, Joffe H. Diagnosis and management of mood disorders during the menopausal transition. Am J Med. 2005 Dec 19;118(suppl 12B):93-7. Abstract

89. Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, et al. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 10;(12):CD001395.Full text  Abstract

90. Sacks FM, Lichtenstein A, Van Horn L, et al; American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health: an American Heart Association Science Advisory for professionals from the Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006 Feb 21;113(7):1034-44.Full text  Abstract

91. Labrie F, Archer DF, Koltun W, et al. Efficacy of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on moderate to severe dyspareunia and vaginal dryness, symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy, and of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Menopause. 2016 Mar;23(3):243-56. Abstract

92. Scheffers CS, Armstrong S, Cantineau AE, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone for women in the peri- or postmenopausal phase. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 22;1:CD011066.Full text  Abstract

93. Kontos M, Agbaje OF, Rymer J, et al. What can be done about hot flushes after treatment for breast cancer? Climacteric. 2010 Feb;13(1):4-21.Full text  Abstract

94. Walega DR, Rubin LH, Banuvar S, et al. Effects of stellate ganglion block on vasomotor symptoms: findings from a randomized controlled clinical trial in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2014 Aug;21(8):807-14.Full text  Abstract

95. Formoso G, Perrone E, Maltoni S, et al. Short-term and long-term effects of tibolone in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 12;(10):CD008536.Full text  Abstract

96. Cummings SR, Ettinger B, Delmas PD, et al. The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug 14;359(7):697-708.Full text  Abstract

97. The ​North American Menopause Society. Position statements and other reports: 2023 nonhormone therapy. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

98. Khan A, Fortier M; Menopause and Osteoporosis Working Group. Osteoporosis in menopause. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014 Sep;36(9):839-40. Abstract

99. The 2020 genitourinary syndrome of menopause position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2020 Sep;27(9):976-92. Abstract

100. Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis - 2020 update. Endocr Pract. 2020 May;26(suppl 1):1-46.Full text  Abstract

101. Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton A, et al. 2016 IMS Recommendations on women's midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric. 2016 Apr;19(2):109-50. Abstract

102. Khan AA, Alrob HA, Ali DS, et al. Guideline No. 422g: menopause and osteoporosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2022 May;44(5):527-36. Abstract

103. Royal College of Nursing. Menopause: RCN guidance for nurses, midwives and health visitors. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text

104. O'Kelly AC, Michos ED, Shufelt CL, et al. Pregnancy and reproductive risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. Circ Res. 2022 Feb 18;130(4):652-72.Full text  Abstract

105. Wenger NK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Elkind MSV, et al. Call to action for cardiovascular disease in women: epidemiology, awareness, access, and delivery of equitable health care: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Jun 7;145(23):e1059-71.Full text  Abstract