Discogenic low back pain

Kreiner DS, Hwang SW, Easa JE, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Spine J. 2014 Jan;14(1):180-91. Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging, Hutchins TA, Peckham M, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Low Back Pain: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11s):S361-S379.Full text  Abstract

Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, et al. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology. 1988 Jan;166(1 Pt 1):193-9. Abstract

Pfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, et al. Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001 Sep 1;26(17):1873-8. Abstract

Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Farfan HF. Instability of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982 May;(165):110-23. Abstract

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17. Battie MC, Videman T, Kaprio J, et al. The twin spine study: contributions to a changing view of disc degeneration. Spine J. 2009 Jan-Feb;9(1):47-59. Abstract

18. Heliovaara M. Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica. Ann Med. 1989 Aug;21(4):257-64. Abstract

19. Adams MA, Dolan P, Hutton WC, et al. Diurnal changes in spinal mechanics and their clinical significance. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1990 Mar;72(2):266-70.Full text  Abstract

20. Lyons G, Eisenstein SM, Sweet MB. Biochemical changes in intervertebral disc degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988 Feb;13(2):179-87. Abstract

21. Urban JP, McMullin JF. Swelling pressure of the lumbar intervertebral discs: influence of age, spinal level, composition and degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1988 Feb;13(2):179-87. Abstract

22. Frobin W, Brinckmann P, Kramer M, et al. Height of lumbar discs measured from radiographs compared with degeneration and height classified from MR images. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(2):263-9. Abstract

23. Adams MA, McNally DS, Dolan P. "Stress" distributions inside intervertebral discs. The effects of age and degeneration. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996 Nov;78(6):965-72.Full text  Abstract

24. Kang JD, Georgescu HI, McIntyre-Larkin L, et al. Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs spontaneously produced matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2. Spine. 1996 Feb 1;21(3):271-7. Abstract

25. Bogduk N, Tynan W, Wilson AS. The nerve supply to the human lumbar intervertebral discs. J Anat. 1981 Jan;132(Pt 1):39-56.Full text  Abstract

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27. Jackson HC, Winkelmann RK, Bickel WH. Nerve endings in the human lumbar spinal column and related structures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1966 Oct;48(7):1272-81. Abstract

28. Ohtori S, Takahashi K, Chiba T, et al. Sensory innervation of the dorsal portion of the lumbar intervertebral discs in rats. Spine. 2001 Apr 15;26(8):946-50. Abstract

29. Ohtori S, Takahashi K, Chiba T, et al. Substance P and calcitonin gene- related peptide immunoreactive sensory DRG neurons innervating the lumbar intervertebral discs in rats. Ann Anat. 2002 May;184(3):235-40. Abstract

30. Ozawa T, Aoki Y, Ohtori S, et al. The dorsal portion of the lumbar inter-vertebral disc is innervated primarily by small peptide-containing dorsal root ganglion neurons in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2003 Jun 19;344(1):65-7. Abstract

31. Peng B, Hao J, Hou S, et al. Possible pathogenesis of painful intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Mar 1;31(5):560-6. Abstract

32. Peng B, Chen J, Kuang Z, et al. Expression and role of connective tissue growth factor in painful disc fibrosis and degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Mar 1;34(5):E178-82. Abstract

33. Freemond AJ. The cellular pathobiology of the degenerate intervertebral disc and discogenic back pain. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:5-10.

34. Kuisma M, Karppinen J, Haapen M, et al. Are the determinants of vertebral endplate changes and severe disc degeneration in the lumbar spine the same? BMC Musculoskeletal Disord. 2008 Apr 16;9:51.Full text  Abstract

35. Butler D, Trafimow JH, Andersson GB, et al. Discs degenerate before facets. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990 Feb;15(2):111-3. Abstract

36. Adams MA, Hutton WC. The relevance of torsion to the mechanical derangement of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1981 May-Jun;6(3):241-8. Abstract

37. Livshits G, Popham M, Malkin I, et al. Lumbar disc degeneration and genetic factors are the main risk factors for back pain in women: the Twin Spine Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Oct;70(10):1740-5.Full text  Abstract

38. Kalichman L, Hunter DJ. The genetics of intervertebral disc degeneration. Associated genes. Joint Bone Spine. 2008 Jul;75(4):388-96. Abstract

39. Kalichman L, Hunter DJ. The genetics of intervertebral disc degeneration. Familial disposition and heritability estimation. Joint Bone Spine. 2008 Jul;75(4):383-7. Abstract

40. Cheung KM. The relationship between disc degeneration, low back pain and human pain genetics. Spine J. 2010 Nov;10(11):958-60. Abstract

41. Luoma K, Riihimaki H, Raininko R, et al. Lumbar disc degeneration in relation to occupation. Scan J Work Environ Health. 1998 Oct;24(5):358-66.Full text  Abstract

42. Riihimaki H, Mattsen T, Zitling A, et al. Radiologically detectable degenerative changes of the lumbar spine among concrete reinforcement workers and house painters. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990 Feb;15(2):114-9. Abstract

43. Vo N, Wang D, Sowa G, et al. Differential effects of nicotine and tobacco smoke condensate on human annulus fibrosus cell metabolism. J Orthop Res. 2011 Oct;29(10):1585-91. Abstract

44. Akmal M, Kesani A, Anand B, et al. Effect of nicotine on spinal disc cells: a cellular mechanism for disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Mar 1;29(5):568-75. Abstract

45. Fogelholm RR, Alho AV. Smoking and intervertebral disc degeneration. Med Hypotheses. 2001 Apr;56(4):537-9. Abstract

46. Uei H, Matsuzaki H, Oda H, et al. Gene expression changes in an early stage of intervertebral disc degeneration induced by passive cigarette smoking. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Mar 1;31(5):510-4. Abstract

47. Sandén B, Försth P, Michaëlsson K. Smokers show less improvement than non-smokers two years after surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: a study of 4555 patients from the Swedish Spine Registry. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011 Jun;36(13):1059-64. Abstract

48. Wang J, Yang X. Age-related changes in the orientation of lumbar facet joints. Spine. 2009 Aug 1;34(17):E596-8. Abstract

49. Kalichman L, Li L, Kim DH, et al. Facet joint osteoarthritis and low back pain in the community-based population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Nov 1;33(23):2560-5.Full text  Abstract

50. Cyron BM, Hutton WC. Articular tropism and stability of the lumbar spine. Spine. 1980 Mar-Apr;5(2):168-72. Abstract

51. Park JB, Chen H, Kim KW, et al. Facet tropism: a comparison between far lateral and posterolateral lumbar disc herniation. Spine. 2001 Mar 15;26(6):677-9. Abstract

52. Schwab F, Patel A, Ungar B, et al. Adult spinal deformity-postoperative standing balance: how much can you tolerate? An overview of key parameters in assessing alignment and planning corrective surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Dec 1;35(25):2224-31. Abstract

53. Glassman SD, Bridewell K, Dimar JR, et al. The impact of positive sagittal balance in adult spinal deformity. Spine. 2005 Sep 15;30(18):2024-9. Abstract

54. Linke M, Solovieva S, Lamminen A, et al. Disc degeneration of the lumbar spine in relation of overweight. Int J Obest. 2005 Aug;29(8):903-8.Full text  Abstract

55. Won HY, Park JB, Riew KD. Effect of hyperglycemia on apoptosis of notochordal cells and intervertebral disc degeneration in diabetic rats. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009 Dec;11(6):741-8. Abstract

56. Anekstein Y, Smorgick Y, Lotan R, et al. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the development of lumbar spinal stenosis. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010 Jan;12(1):16-20.Full text  Abstract

57. Videman T, Battie MC, Gibbons LE, et al. Disc degeneration and bone density in monozygotic twins discordant for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Orthop Res. 2000 Sep;18(5):768-72. Abstract

58. Leino-Arjas P, Kaila-Kangas L, Solvieva S, et al. Serum lipids and low back pain: an association? A follow-up study of working population sample. Atherosclerosis. 2006 Apr 20;31(9):1032-7. Abstract

59. Kurunlahti M, Tervonen O, Vanharanta H, et al. Association of atherosclerosis with low back pain and the degree of disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 Oct 15;24(20):2080-4. Abstract

60. Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Derby R, et al. The prevalence and clinical features of internal disc disruption in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine. 1995;20:1878-83.

61. Vanharanta H. The intervertebral disc: a biologically active tissue challenging therapy. Ann Med. 1994 Dec;26(6):395-9. Abstract

62. Kreiner DS, Hwang SW, Easa JE, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Spine J. 2014 Jan;14(1):180-91. Abstract

63. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

64. Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging, Hutchins TA, Peckham M, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Low Back Pain: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11s):S361-S379.Full text  Abstract

65. Braithwaite I, White J, Saifuddin A, et al. Vertebral end-plate (Modic) changes on lumbar spine MRI: correlation with pain reproduction at lumbar discography. Eur Spine J. 1998;7(5):363-8. Abstract

66. Modic MT, Masaryk TJ, Ross JS, et al. Imaging of degenerative disk disease. Radiology. 1988 Jul;168(1):177-86. Abstract

67. Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, et al. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects: a prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990 Mar;72(3):403-8. Abstract

68. Borenstein DG, O'Mara JW Jr, Boden SD, et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine to predict low-back pain in asymptomatic subjects: a seven-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001 Sep;83-A(9):1306-11. Abstract

69. Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jul 14;331(2):69-73.Full text  Abstract

70. Jarvik JJ, Hollingworth W, Heagerty P, et al. The Longitudinal Assessment of Imaging and Disability of the Back (LAIDBack) Study: baseline data. Spine. 2001 May 15;26(10):1158-66. Abstract

71. Jarvik JG, Hollingworth W, Heagerty PJ, et al. Three-year incidence of low back pain in an initially asymptomatic cohort: Clinical and imaging risk factors. Spine. 2005 Jul 1;30(13):1541-8; discussion 1549. Abstract

72. Nachemson A. The load on lumbar disks in different positions of the body. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1966 Mar-Apr;45:107-22. Abstract

73. Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, et al. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology. 1988 Jan;166(1 Pt 1):193-9. Abstract

74. Kuisma M, Karppinen J, Niinimaki J, et al. A three-year follow-up of lumbar spine endplate (Modic) changes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 Jul 1;31(15):1714-8. Abstract

75. Kjaer P, Korsholm L, Bendix T, et al. Modic changes and their associations with clinical findings. Eur Spine J. 2006 Sep;15(9):1312-9.Full text  Abstract

76. Kjaer P, Leboeuf-Yde C, Sorensen JS, et al. An epidemiologic study of MRI and low back pain in 13-year-old children. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005 Apr 1;30(7):798-806. Abstract

77. Fayad F, Lefevre-Colau MM, Rannou F, et al. Relation of inflammatory modic changes to intradiscal steroid injection outcome in chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2007 Jul;16(7):925-31.Full text  Abstract

78. Vital JM, Gille O, Pointillart V, et al. Course of Modic 1 six months after lumbar posterior osteosynthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Apr 1;28(7):715-20; discussion 721. Abstract

79. Arana E, Kovacs FM, Royuela A, et al. Modic changes and associated features in southern European chronic back pain patients. Spine J. 2011 May;11(5):402-11. Abstract

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81. Wolfer LR, Derby R, Lee JE, et al. Systematic review of lumbar provocation discography in asymptomatic subjects with a meta analysis of false-positive rates. Pain Physician. 2008 Jul-Aug;11(4):513-38. Abstract

82. Ricketson R, Simmons JW, Hauser BO. The prolapsed intervertebral disc: The high- intensity zone with discography correlation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996 Dec 1;21(23):2758-62. Abstract

83. Schellhas KP, Pollei SR, Gundry CR, et al. Lumbar disc high-intensity zone. Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging and discography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996 Jan 1;21(1):79-86. Abstract

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85. Pfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, et al. Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001 Sep 1;26(17):1873-8. Abstract

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89. Moore RJ, Crotti TN, Osti OL, et al. Osteoarthrosis of the facet joints resulting from anular rim lesions. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999 Mar 15;24(6):519-25. Abstract

90. Jaikumar S, Kim DH, Kam AC. History of minimally invasive spine surgery. Neurosurgery. 2002 Nov;51(5 Suppl):S1-14. Abstract

91. Carragee EJ, Lincoln T, Parmar VS, et al. A gold standard evaluation of the "discogenic pain" diagnosis as determined by provocative discography. Spine. 2006 Aug 15;31(18):2115-23. Abstract

92. Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, et al. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology. 1988 Jan;166(1 Pt 1):193-9. Abstract

93. Pfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, et al. Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001 Sep 1;26(17):1873-8. Abstract

94. Pathria M, Sartoris DJ, Resnick D. Osteoarthritis of the facet joints: accuracy of oblique radiographic assessment. Radiology. 1987 Jul;164(1):227-30. Abstract

95. Rajasekharan S, Venkatadass K, Naresh Babu J, et al. Pharmacological enhancement of disc diffusion and differentiation of healthy, ageing and degenerate discs. Eur Spine J. 2008 May;17(5):626-43.Full text  Abstract

96. Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Farfan HF. Instability of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982 May;(165):110-23. Abstract

97. Chou R, Loeser JD, Owens DK, et al. Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 May 1;34(10):1066-77. Abstract

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99. Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Thomas S. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ. 2006 Jun 17;332(7555):1430-4.Full text  Abstract

100. Jorge LL, Feres CC, Teles VE. Topical preparations for pain relief: efficacy and patient adherence. J Pain Res. 2010 Dec 20;4:11-24.Full text  Abstract

101. Anand P, Bley K. Topical capsaicin for pain management: therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of the new high-concentration capsaicin 8% patch. Br J Anaesth. 2011 Oct;107(4):490-502.Full text  Abstract

102. Derry S, Moore RA, Gaskell H, et al. Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD007402.Full text  Abstract

103. Chou R, Huffman LH. Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Oct 2;147(7):505-14.Full text  Abstract

104. van der Gaag WH, Roelofs PD, Enthoven WT, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 16;4:CD013581.Full text  Abstract

105. Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD000396.Full text  Abstract

106. Krebs EE, Gravely A, Nugent S, et al. Effect of opioid vs nonopioid medications on pain-related function in patients with chronic back pain or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain: the SPACE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 Mar 6;319(9):872-82.Full text  Abstract

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108. Staiger TO, Gaster B, Sullivan MD, et al. Systematic review of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Nov 15;28(22):2540-5. Abstract

109. Yildirim K, Deniz O, Gureser G, et al. Gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy: the efficacy and impact on life quality. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2009;22(1):17-20. Abstract

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111. Enke O, New HA, New CH, et al. Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2018 Jul 3;190(26):E786-93.Full text  Abstract

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118. May S, Donelson R. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with the McKenzie method. Spine J. 2008 Jan-Feb;8(1):134-41. Abstract

119. Cherkin DC, Deyo RA, Battié M, et al. A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain. N Engl J Med. 1998 Oct 8;339(15):1021-9.Full text  Abstract

120. Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD008880.Full text  Abstract

121. Chou R, Huffman LH. Nonpharmacologic therapies for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Oct 2;147(7):492-504.Full text  Abstract

122. Hurley DA, McDonough SM, Dempster M, et al. A randomized clinical trial of manipulative therapy and interferential therapy for acute low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004 Oct 15;29(20):2207-16. Abstract

123. Jellema P, van Tulder MW, van Poppel MN, et al. Lumbar supports for prevention and treatment of low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine. 2001 Feb 15;26(4):377-86. Abstract

124. Luijsterburg PA, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, et al. Physical therapy plus general practitioners' care versus general practitioners' care alone for sciatica: a randomised clinical trial with a 12-month follow-up. Eur Spine J. 2008 Apr;17(4):509-17.Full text  Abstract

125. Luijsterburg PA, Verhagen AP, Ostelo RW, et al. Effectiveness of conservative treatments for the lumbosacral radicular syndrome: a systematic review. Eur Spin J. 2007 Jul;16(7):881-99.Full text  Abstract

126. Saper RB, Lemaster C, Delitto A, et al. Yoga, physical therapy, or education for chronic low back pain: a randomized noninferiority trial. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Jul 18;167(2):85-94. Abstract

127. Parr AT, Manchikanti L, Hameed H, et al. Caudal epidural injections in the management of chronic low back pain: a systematic appraisal of the literature. Pain Physician. 2012 May-Jun;15(3):E159-98. Abstract

128. Benyamin RM, Manchikanti L, Parr AT, et al. The effectiveness of lumbar interlaminar epidural injections in managing chronic low back and lower extremity pain. Pain Physician. 2012 Jul-Aug;15(4):E363-404. Abstract

129. Benoist M, Boulu P, Hayem G. Epidural steroid injections in the management of low-back pain with radiculopathy: an update of their efficacy and safety. Eur Spine J. 2012 Feb;21(2):204-13. Abstract

130. Bicket MC, Horowitz JM, Benzon HT, et al. Epidural injections in prevention of surgery for spinal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Spine J. 2015 Feb 1;15(2):348-62. Abstract

131. Chou R, Hashimoto R, Friedly J, et al. Epidural corticosteroid injections for radiculopathy and spinal stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Sep 1;163(5):373-81. Abstract

132. Manchikanti L, Benyamin RM, Falco FJ, et al. Do epidural injections provide short- and long-term relief for lumbar disc herniation? a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015 Jun;473(6):1940-56.Full text  Abstract

133. Spijker-Huiges A, Vermeulen K, Winters JC, et al. Costs and cost-effectiveness of epidural steroids for acute lumbosacral radicular syndrome in general practice: an economic evaluation alongside a pragmatic randomized control trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014 Nov 15;39(24):2007-12. Abstract

134. Oliveira CB, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, et al. Epidural corticosteroid injections for lumbosacral radicular pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 9;4:CD013577.Full text  Abstract

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