Multiple myeloma

References

Key articles

Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Nov;15(12):e538-48.Full text  Abstract

Dimopoulos MA, Moreau P, Terpos E, et al. Multiple myeloma: EHA-ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. Ann Oncol. 2021 Mar;32(3):309-22.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: multiple myeloma [internet publication].Full text

Sive J, Cuthill K, Hunter H, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis, investigation and initial treatment of myeloma: a British Society for Haematology/UK Myeloma Forum Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2021 Apr;193(2):245-68.Full text  Abstract

Mikhael J, Ismaila N, Cheung MC, et al. Treatment of multiple myeloma: ASCO and CCO joint clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019 May 10;37(14):1228-63.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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3. Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, Palumbo A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Nov;15(12):e538-48.Full text  Abstract

4. Rajkumar SV. Updated diagnostic criteria and staging system for multiple myeloma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2016;35:e418-23.Full text  Abstract

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10. Schinasi LH, Brown EE, Camp NJ, et al. Multiple myeloma and family history of lymphohaematopoietic cancers: results from the International Multiple Myeloma Consortium. Br J Haematol. 2016 Oct;175(1):87-101.Full text  Abstract

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12. Wiedmeier-Nutor JE, Bergsagel PL. Review of multiple myeloma genetics including effects on prognosis, response to treatment, and diagnostic workup. Life (Basel). 2022 May 30;12(6):812.Full text  Abstract

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15. Aksoy M, Erdem S, Dincol G, et al. Clinical observations showing the role of some factors in the etiology of multiple myeloma: a study in 7 patients. Acta Haematol. 1984;71(2):116-20. Abstract

16. Bergsagel DE, Wong O, Bergsagel PL, et al. Benzene and multiple myeloma: appraisal of the scientific evidence. Blood. 1999 Aug 15;94(4):1174-82.Full text  Abstract

17. Stenehjem JS, Kjærheim K, Bråtveit M, et al. Benzene exposure and risk of lymphohaematopoietic cancers in 25,000 offshore oil industry workers. Br J Cancer. 2015 Apr 28;112(9):1603-12.Full text  Abstract

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19. Tian E, Sawyer JR, Heuck CJ, et al. In multiple myeloma, 14q32 translocations are nonrandom chromosomal fusions driving high expression levels of the respective partner genes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2014 Jul;53(7):549-57.Full text  Abstract

20. Pratt G. Molecular aspects of multiple myeloma. Mol Pathol. 2002 Oct;55(5):273-83.Full text  Abstract

21. Van Wier S, Braggio E, Baker A, et al. Hypodiploid multiple myeloma is characterized by more aggressive molecular markers than non-hyperdiploid multiple myeloma. Haematologica. 2013 Oct;98(10):1586-92.Full text  Abstract

22. Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM, Zhan F, et al. Cyclin D dysregulation: an early and unifying pathogenic event in multiple myeloma. Blood. 2005 Jul 1;106(1):296-303.Full text  Abstract

23. Fonseca R, Blood E, Rue M, et al. Clinical and biologic implications of recurrent genomic aberrations in myeloma. Blood. 2003 Jun 1;101(11):4569-75.Full text  Abstract

24. Weinhold N, Salwender HJ, Cairns DA, et al. Chromosome 1q21 abnormalities refine outcome prediction in patients with multiple myeloma - a meta-analysis of 2,596 trial patients. Haematologica. 2021 Oct 1;106(10):2754-8.Full text  Abstract

25. Varma A, Sui D, Milton DR, et al. Outcome of multiple myeloma with chromosome 1q gain and 1p deletion after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: propensity score matched analysis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2020 Apr;26(4):665-71.Full text  Abstract

26. Ouyang J, Gou X, Ma Y, et al. Prognostic value of 1p deletion for multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis. Int J Lab Hematol. 2014 Oct;36(5):555-65. Abstract

27. Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM. Molecular pathogenesis and a consequent classification of multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 10;23(26):6333-8. Abstract

28. Fonseca R, Bergsagel PL, Drach J, et al. International Myeloma Working Group molecular classification of multiple myeloma: spotlight review. Leukemia. 2009 Dec;23(12):2210-21.Full text  Abstract

29. Chapman MA, Lawrence MS, Keats JJ, et al. Initial genome sequencing and analysis of multiple myeloma. Nature. 2011 Mar 24;471(7339):467-72.Full text  Abstract

30. Kyle RA, Larson DR, Therneau TM, et al. Long-term follow-up of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jan 18;378(3):241-9.Full text  Abstract

31. Wadhera RK, Rajkumar SV. Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a systematic review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Oct;85(10):933-42.Full text  Abstract

32. Landgren O, Graubard BI, Katzmann JA, et al. Racial disparities in the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathies: a population-based study of 12,482 persons from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey. Leukemia. 2014 Jul;28(7):1537-42.Full text  Abstract

33. Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2005 Sep;6(2):102-14. Abstract

34. Kyle RA, Therneau TM, Rajkumar SV, et al. A long-term study of prognosis in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 21;346(8):564-9.Full text  Abstract

35. Landgren O, Hofmann JN, McShane CM, et al. Association of immune marker changes with progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jul 18;5(9):1293-301.Full text  Abstract

36. Bladé J. Clinical practice: monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 28;355(26):2765-70. Abstract

37. Cesana C, Klersy C, Barbarano L, et al. Prognostic factors for malignant transformation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2002 Mar 15;20(6):1625-34. Abstract

38. Kyle RA, Durie BG, Rajkumar SV, et al. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering (asymptomatic) multiple myeloma: IMWG consensus perspectives risk factors for progression and guidelines for monitoring and management. Leukemia. 2010 Jun;24(6):1121-7. Abstract

39. Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, et al. Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Blood. 2005 Aug 1;106(3):812-7.Full text  Abstract

40. Kuznetsova IS, Labutina EV, Hunter N. Radiation risks of leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma incidence in the Mayak cohort: 1948-2004. PLoS One. 2016 Sep 15;11(9):e0162710.Full text  Abstract

41. Dimopoulos MA, Moreau P, Terpos E, et al. Multiple myeloma: EHA-ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. Ann Oncol. 2021 Mar;32(3):309-22.Full text  Abstract

42. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: multiple myeloma [internet publication].Full text

43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Myeloma: diagnosis and management. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

44. Hillengass J, Usmani S, Rajkumar SV, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus recommendations on imaging in monoclonal plasma cell disorders. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jun;20(6):e302-12. Abstract

45. Murray DL, Puig N, Kristinsson S, et al. Mass spectrometry for the evaluation of monoclonal proteins in multiple myeloma and related disorders: an International Myeloma Working Group Mass Spectrometry Committee Report. Blood Cancer J. 2021 Feb 1;11(2):24.Full text  Abstract

46. Zajec M, Jacobs JFM, Groenen PJTA, et al. Development of a targeted mass-spectrometry serum assay to quantify M-protein in the presence of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Proteome Res. 2018 Mar 2;17(3):1326-33. Abstract

47. Drayson M, Tang LX, Drew R, et al. Serum free light-chain measurements for identifying and monitoring patients with nonsecretory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2001 May 1;97(9):2900-2.Full text  Abstract

48. Dispenzieri A, Kyle R, Merlini G, et al. International Myeloma Working Group guidelines for serum-free light chain analysis in multiple myeloma and related disorders. Leukemia. 2009 Feb;23(2):215-24. Abstract

49. Terpos E, Kleber M, Engelhardt M, et al; European Myeloma Network. European Myeloma Network guidelines for the management of multiple myeloma-related complications. Haematologica. 2015 Oct;100(10):1254-66.Full text  Abstract

50. Hillengass J, Moulopoulos LA, Delorme S, et al. Whole-body computed tomography versus conventional skeletal survey in patients with multiple myeloma: a study of the International Myeloma Working Group. Blood Cancer J. 2017 Aug 25;7(8):e599.Full text  Abstract

51. Walker R, Barlogie B, Haessler J, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Mar 20;25(9):1121-8.Full text  Abstract

52. Hillengass J, Fechtner K, Weber MA, et al. Prognostic significance of focal lesions in whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in patients with asymptomatic multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar 20;28(9):1606-10.Full text  Abstract

53. Regelink JC, Minnema MC, Terpos E, et al. Comparison of modern and conventional imaging techniques in establishing multiple myeloma-related bone disease: a systematic review. Br J Haematol. 2013 Jul;162(1):50-61.Full text  Abstract

54. Cavo M, Terpos E, Nanni C, et al. Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders: a consensus statement by the International Myeloma Working Group. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Apr;18(4):e206-17. Abstract

55. Zamagni E, Nanni C, Mancuso K, et al. PET/CT improves the definition of complete response and allows to detect otherwise unidentifiable skeletal progression in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Oct 1;21(19):4384-90.Full text  Abstract

56. Pawlyn C, Fowkes L, Otero S, et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI: a new gold standard for assessing disease burden in patients with multiple myeloma? Leukemia. 2016 Jun;30(6):1446-8.Full text  Abstract

57. Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Chanan-Khan A, et al. Renal impairment in patients with multiple myeloma: a consensus statement on behalf of the International Myeloma Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 20;28(33):4976-84. Abstract

58. Durie BG, Salmon SE. A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma: correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival. Cancer. 1975 Sep;36(3):842-54. Abstract

59. Greipp PR, San Miguel J, Durie BG, et al. International staging system for multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 20;23(15):3412-20.Full text  Abstract

60. Desikan R, Barlogie B, Sawyer J, et al. Results of high-dose therapy for 1000 patients with multiple myeloma: durable complete remissions and superior survival in the absence of chromosome 13 abnormalities. Blood. 2000 Jun 15;95(12):4008-10.Full text  Abstract

61. Jagannath S, Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, et al. Bortezomib appears to overcome the poor prognosis conferred by chromosome 13 deletion in phase 2 and 3 trials. Leukemia. 2007 Jan;21(1):151-7. Abstract

62. Munshi NC, Anderson KC, Bergsagel PL, et al. Consensus recommendations for risk stratification in multiple myeloma: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 2. Blood. 2011 May 5;117(18):4696-700.Full text  Abstract

63. Palumbo A, Avet-Loiseau H, Oliva S, et al. Revised International Staging System for multiple myeloma: a report from International Myeloma Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Sep 10;33(26):2863-9.Full text  Abstract

64. Bao L, Wang Y, Lu M, et al. Hypercalcemia caused by humoral effects and bone damage indicate poor outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. Cancer Med. 2020 Dec;9(23):8962-9.Full text  Abstract

65. Zagouri F, Kastritis E, Zomas A, et al; Greek Myeloma Study Group. Hypercalcemia remains an adverse prognostic factor for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients in the era of novel antimyeloma therapies. Eur J Haematol. 2017 Nov;99(5):409-14. Abstract

66. Chen M, Zhao Y, Xu C, et al. Immunomodulatory drugs and the risk of serious infection in multiple myeloma: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and observational studies. Ann Hematol. 2018 Jun;97(6):925-44. Abstract

67. Teh BW, Harrison SJ, Worth LJ, et al. Infection risk with immunomodulatory and proteasome inhibitor-based therapies across treatment phases for multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2016 Nov;67:21-37. Abstract

68. Bird J, Behrens J, Westin J; UK Myeloma Forum and Nordic Myeloma Study Group. Guidelines for the investigation of newly detected M-proteins and the management of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Br J Haematol. 2009 Oct;147(1):22-42. Abstract

69. Miguel JS, Mateos M-V, Gonzalez V, et al. Updated risk stratification model for smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) incorporating the revised IMWG diagnostic criteria. Paper presented at: 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting. June 1-3, 2019. Chicago, IL. Hematologic malignancies - plasma cell dyscrasia. Abstract 8000. J Clin Oncol. 2019 May;37(suppl 15):8000.Full text

70. Lakshman A, Rajkumar SV, Buadi FK, et al. Risk stratification of smoldering multiple myeloma incorporating revised IMWG diagnostic criteria. Blood Cancer J. 2018 Jun 12;8(6):59.Full text  Abstract

71. Sive J, Cuthill K, Hunter H, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis, investigation and initial treatment of myeloma: a British Society for Haematology/UK Myeloma Forum Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2021 Apr;193(2):245-68.Full text  Abstract

72. Caers J, Garderet L, Kortüm KM, et al. European Myeloma Network recommendations on tools for the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple myeloma: what to use and when. Haematologica. 2018 Nov;103(11):1772-84.Full text  Abstract

73. Raje N, Yee AJ. How we approach smoldering multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Apr 10;38(11):1119-25.Full text  Abstract

74. Bird JM, Owen RG, D'Sa S, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma 2011. Br J Haematol. 2011 Jul;154(1):32-75.Full text  Abstract

75. Koreth J, Cutler CS, Djulbegovic B, et al. High-dose therapy with single autologous transplantation versus chemotherapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2007 Feb;13(2):183-96.Full text  Abstract

76. Mikhael J, Ismaila N, Cheung MC, et al. Treatment of multiple myeloma: ASCO and CCO joint clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019 May 10;37(14):1228-63.Full text  Abstract

77. Branagan A, Lei M, Lou U, et al. Current treatment strategies for multiple myeloma. JCO Oncol Pract. 2020 Jan;16(1):5-14.Full text  Abstract

78. Cavo M, Zamagni E, Tosi P, et al. Superiority of thalidomide and dexamethasone over vincristine-doxorubicin-dexamethasone (VAD) as primary therapy in preparation for autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2005 Jul 1;106(1):35-9.Full text  Abstract

79. Cavo M, Pantani L, Pezzi A, et al. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone (VTD) is superior to bortezomib-cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone (VCD) as induction therapy prior to autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Leukemia. 2015 Dec;29(12):2429-31. Abstract

80. Moreau P, Attal M, Facon T. Frontline therapy of multiple myeloma. Blood. 2015 May 14;125(20):3076-84.Full text  Abstract

81. Gay F, Cerrato C, Petrucci MT, et al. Efficacy of carfilzomib lenalidomide dexamethasone (KRd) with or without transplantation in newly diagnosed myeloma according to risk status: results from the FORTE trial. Paper presented at: 2019 ASCO Annual Meeting. Jun 1-3, 2019. Chicago, IL. Oral abstract session: hematologic malignancies - plasma cell dyscrasia. Abstract 8002. J Clin Oncol. 2019 May;37(suppl 15):8002.Full text

82. Cavo M, Tacchetti P, Patriarca F, et al. Bortezomib with thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction therapy before, and consolidation therapy after, double autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a randomised phase 3 study. Lancet. 2010 Dec 18;376(9758):2075-85. Abstract

83. Moreau P, Hulin C, Macro M, et al. VTD is superior to VCD prior to intensive therapy in multiple myeloma: results of the prospective IFM2013-04 trial. Blood. 2016 May 26;127(21):2569-74.Full text  Abstract

84. Cavo M, Pantani L, Petrucci MT, et al. Bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone is superior to thalidomide-dexamethasone as consolidation therapy after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Jul 5;120(1):9-19.Full text  Abstract

85. Cavo M, Rajkumar SV, Palumbo A, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus approach to the treatment of multiple myeloma patients who are candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2011 Jun 9;117(23):6063-73.Full text  Abstract

86. Moreau P, Avet-Loiseau H, Facon T, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone versus reduced-dose bortezomib, thalidomide plus dexamethasone as induction treatment before autologous stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2011 Nov 24;118(22):5752-8.Full text  Abstract

87. Rosiñol L, Oriol A, Teruel AI, et al. Superiority of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) as induction pretransplantation therapy in multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 3 PETHEMA/GEM study. Blood. 2012 Aug 23;120(8):1589-96.Full text  Abstract

88. Roussel M, Lauwers-Cances V, Robillard N, et al. Front-line transplantation program with lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone combination as induction and consolidation followed by lenalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma: a phase II study by the Intergroupe Francophone du Myélome. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 1;32(25):2712-7.Full text  Abstract

89. Jakubowiak AJ, Dytfeld D, Griffith KA, et al. A phase 1/2 study of carfilzomib in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone as a frontline treatment for multiple myeloma. Blood. 2012 Aug 30;120(9):1801-9.Full text  Abstract

90. Palumbo A, Anderson K. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 17;364(11):1046-60. Abstract

91. Lokhorst HM, van der Holt B, Zweegman S, et al. A randomized phase 3 study on the effect of thalidomide combined with adriamycin, dexamethasone, and high-dose melphalan, followed by thalidomide maintenance in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2010 Feb 11;115(6):1113-20.Full text  Abstract

92. Harousseau JL, Attal M, Avet-Loiseau H, et al. Bortezomib plus dexamethasone is superior to vincristine plus doxorubicin plus dexamethasone as induction treatment prior to autologous stem-cell transplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the IFM 2005-01 phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 20;28(30):4621-9.Full text  Abstract

93. Landgren O, Hultcrantz M, Diamond B, et al. Safety and effectiveness of weekly carfilzomib, lenalidomide, dexamethasone, and daratumumab combination therapy for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the MANHATTAN nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Jun 1;7(6):862-8.Full text  Abstract

94. Costa LJ, Chhabra S, Medvedova E, et al. Daratumumab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone with minimal residual disease response-adapted therapy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Sep 1;40(25):2901-12. Abstract

95. Moreau P, Attal M, Hulin C, et al. Bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone with or without daratumumab before and after autologous stem-cell transplantation for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (CASSIOPEIA): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2019 Jul 6;394(10192):29-38. Abstract

96. Voorhees PM, Kaufman JL, Laubach J, et al. Daratumumab, lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: the GRIFFIN trial. Blood. 2020 Aug 20;136(8):936-45.Full text  Abstract

97. Mateos MV, Nahi H, Legiec W, et al. Subcutaneous versus intravenous daratumumab in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (COLUMBA): a multicentre, open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Haematol. 2020 May;7(5):e370-80. Abstract

98. Chari A, Rodriguez-Otero P, McCarthy H, et al. Subcutaneous daratumumab plus standard treatment regimens in patients with multiple myeloma across lines of therapy (PLEIADES): an open-label phase II study. Br J Haematol. 2021 Mar;192(5):869-78.Full text  Abstract

99. Mai EK, Bertsch U, Dürig J, et al. Phase III trial of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (VCD) versus bortezomib, doxorubicin and dexamethasone (PAd) in newly diagnosed myeloma. Leukemia. 2015 Aug;29(8):1721-9. Abstract

100. Yimer H, Melear J, Faber E, et al. Daratumumab, bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed and relapsed multiple myeloma: LYRA study. Br J Haematol. 2019 May;185(3):492-502.Full text  Abstract

101. DiPersio JF, Stadtmauer EA, Nademanee A, et al. Plerixafor and G-CSF versus placebo and G-CSF to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells for autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2009 Jun 4;113(23):5720-6.Full text  Abstract

102. Micallef IN, Ho AD, Klein LM, et al. Plerixafor (Mozobil) for stem cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma previously treated with lenalidomide. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011 Mar;46(3):350-5. Abstract

103. Douglas KW, Gilleece M, Hayden P, et al. UK consensus statement on the use of plerixafor to facilitate autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection to support high-dose chemoradiotherapy for patients with malignancy. J Clin Apher. 2018 Feb;33(1):46-59. Abstract

104. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic cell transplantation [internet publication].Full text

105. Afifi S, Adel NG, Devlin S, et al. Upfront plerixafor plus G-CSF versus cyclophosphamide plus G-CSF for stem cell mobilization in multiple myeloma: efficacy and cost analysis study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016 Apr;51(4):546-52.Full text  Abstract

106. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Stoppa AM, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Francais du Myelome. N Engl J Med. 1996 Jul 11;335(2):91-7.Full text  Abstract

107. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Bruno B, et al. Melphalan 200 mg/m² versus melphalan 100 mg/m² in newly diagnosed myeloma patients: a prospective, multicenter phase 3 study. Blood. 2010 Mar 11;115(10):1873-9.Full text  Abstract

108. Gay F, Oliva S, Petrucci MT, et al. Chemotherapy plus lenalidomide versus autologous transplantation, followed by lenalidomide plus prednisone versus lenalidomide maintenance, in patients with multiple myeloma: a randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Dec;16(16):1617-29. Abstract

109. Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Hulin C, et al; IFM 2009 Study. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone with transplantation for myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 6;376(14):1311-20.Full text  Abstract

110. Palumbo A, Cavallo F, Gay F, et al. Autologous transplantation and maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 4;371(10):895-905.Full text  Abstract

111. Greil C, Engelhardt M, Finke J, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Dec 23;14(1):55.Full text  Abstract

112. Maymani H, Lin P, Saliba RM, et al. Comparison of outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma using three different conditioning regimens. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019 May;25(5):1039-44.Full text  Abstract

113. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Facon T, et al; InterGroupe Francophone du Myélome. Single versus double autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2003 Dec 25;349(26):2495-502.Full text  Abstract

114. Cavo M, Tosi P, Zamagni E, et al. Prospective, randomized study of single compared with double autologous stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: Bologna 96 clinical study. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 10;25(17):2434-41.Full text  Abstract

115. Barlogie B, Anaissie E, van Rhee F, et al. Reiterative survival analyses of total therapy 2 for multiple myeloma elucidate follow-up time dependency of prognostic variables and treatment arms. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jun 20;28(18):3023-7.Full text  Abstract

116. Cook G, Williams C, Brown JM, et al; National Cancer Research Institute Haemato-oncology Clinical Studies Group. High-dose chemotherapy plus autologous stem-cell transplantation as consolidation therapy in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma after previous autologous stem-cell transplantation (NCRI Myeloma X Relapse [Intensive trial]): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Jul;15(8):874-85. Abstract

117. Ahmedzai SH, Snowden JA, Ashcroft AJ, et al; National Cancer Research Institute Haemato-Oncology Clinical Studies Group. Patient-reported outcome results from the open-label, randomized phase III myeloma X trial evaluating salvage autologous stem-cell transplantation in relapsed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Jul 1;37(19):1617-28.Full text  Abstract

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119. Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, San Miguel JF, et al. International Myeloma Working Group consensus statement for the management, treatment, and supportive care of patients with myeloma not eligible for standard autologous stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Feb 20;32(6):587-600.Full text  Abstract

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