Urinary incontinence in women

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 155: urinary incontinence in women. Nov 2015 [internet publication].Full text

European Association of Urology. Non-neurogenic female LUTS. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management. Jun 2019 [internet publication].Full text

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3. Patel UJ, Godecker AL, Giles DL, et al. Updated prevalence of urinary incontinence in women: 2015-2018 national population-based survey data. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2022 Apr 1;28(4):181-7. Abstract

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5. Lee UJ, Feinstein L, Ward JB, et al. Prevalence of urinary incontinence among a nationally representative sample of women, 2005-2016: findings from the Urologic Diseases in America Project. J Urol. 2021 Jun;205(6):1718-24. Abstract

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7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice bulletin no. 155: urinary incontinence in women. Nov 2015 [internet publication].Full text

8. Parker-Autry C, Kuchel GA. Urinary incontinence in older women: a syndrome-based approach to addressing late life heterogeneity. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2021 Sep;48(3):665-75. Abstract

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10. Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Sadvik H, et al. A community-based epidemiologic survey of female urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPICONT Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000 Nov;53(11):1150-7. Abstract

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12. Sgadari A, Topinkovaa E, Bjornson J, et al. Urinary incontinence in nursing home residents: a cross-national comparison. Age Ageing. 1997 Sep;26(suppl 2):49-54. Abstract

13. Milsom I, Gyhagen M. The prevalence of urinary incontinence. Climacteric. 2019 Jun;22(3):217-22.Full text  Abstract

14. Zhou HH, Shu B, Liu TZ, et al. Association between parity and the risk for urinary incontinence in women: a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Jul;97(28):e11443.Full text  Abstract

15. Tähtinen RM, Cartwright R, Tsui JF, et al. Long-term impact of mode of delivery on stress urinary incontinence and urgency urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2016 Jul;70(1):148-58.Full text  Abstract

16. Fritel X, Ringa V, Quiboeuf E, et al. Female urinary incontinence, from pregnancy to menopause: a review of epidemiological and pathophysiological findings. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012 Aug;91(8):901-10.Full text  Abstract

17. Kowalik CG, Daily A, Goodridge SD, et al. Factors associated with urinary incontinence in a community sample of young nulligravid women. Neurourol Urodyn. 2020 Jun;39(5):1430-6. Abstract

18. Alhababi N, Magnus MC, Drake MJ, et al. The association between constipation and lower urinary tract symptoms in parous middle-aged women: a prospective cohort study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021 Aug;30(8):1171-81.Full text  Abstract

19. Scime NV, Hetherington E, Metcalfe A, et al. Association between chronic conditions and urinary incontinence in females: a cross-sectional study using national survey data. CMAJ Open. 2022 Apr-Jun;10(2):E296-303.Full text  Abstract

20. Leung FW, Schnelle JF. Urinary and fecal incontinence in nursing home residents. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;37(3):697-707, x. Abstract

21. Velázquez-Saornil J, Méndez-Sánchez E, Gómez-Sánchez S, et al. Observational study on the prevalence of urinary incontinence in female athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 May 24;18(11):5591.Full text  Abstract

22. Joseph C, Srivastava K, Ochuba O, et al. Stress urinary incontinence among young nulliparous female athletes. Cureus. 2021 Sep;13(9):e17986.Full text  Abstract

23. Peyronnet B, Mironska E, Chapple C, et al. A comprehensive review of cveractive bladder pathophysiology: on the way to tailored treatment. Eur Urol. 2019 Jun;75(6):988-1000. Abstract

24. Jung SY, Fraser MO, Ozawa H, et al. Urethral afferent nerve activity affects the micturition reflex; implication for the relationship between stress incontinence and detrusor instability. J Urol. 1999 Jul;162(1):204-12. Abstract

25. Thomas-White KJ, Hilt EE, Fok C, et al. Incontinence medication response relates to the female urinary microbiota. Int Urogynecol J. 2016 May;27(5):723-33. Abstract

26. Moussa M, Papatsoris A, Chakra MA, et al. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in common neurological diseases. Turk J Urol. 2020 Nov;46(1 suppl):S70-8.Full text  Abstract

27. Panicker JN, Fowler CJ, Kessler TM. Lower urinary tract dysfunction in the neurological patient: clinical assessment and management. Lancet Neurol. 2015 Jul;14(7):720-32. Abstract

28. Thomas LH, Coupe J, Cross LD, et al. Interventions for treating urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Feb 1;2(2):CD004462.Full text  Abstract

29. Unger CA, Tunitsky-Bitton E, Muffly T, et al. Neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and dysfunction of the female lower urinary tract: a review. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2014 Mar-Apr;20(2):65-75. Abstract

30. Arya LA, Myers DL, Jackson ND. Dietary caffeine intake and the risk for detrusor instability: a case-control study. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:85-89. Abstract

31. Arya NG, Weissbart SJ. Central control of micturition in women: brain-bladder pathways in continence and urgency urinary incontinence. Clin Anat. 2017 Apr;30(3):373-84.Full text  Abstract

32. Falah-Hassani K, Reeves J, Shiri R, et al. The pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2021 Mar;32(3):501-52.Full text  Abstract

33. Lamerton TJ, Torquati L, Brown WJ. Overweight and obesity as major, modifiable risk factors for urinary incontinence in young to mid-aged women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2018 Dec;19(12):1735-45. Abstract

34. Quaghebeur J, Petros P, Wyndaele JJ, et al. Pelvic-floor function, dysfunction, and treatment. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021 Oct;265:143-9.Full text  Abstract

35. Russo E, Caretto M, Giannini A, et al. Management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: an EMAS clinical guide. Maturitas. 2021 Jan;143:223-30.Full text  Abstract

36. Sartori MG, Feldner PC, Jarmy-Di Bella ZI, et al. Sexual steroids in urogynecology. Climacteric. 2011 Feb;14(1):5-14.Full text  Abstract

37. Arya LA, Myers DL, Jackson ND. Dietary caffeine intake and the risk for detrusor instability: a case-control study. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Jul;96(1):85-9. Abstract

38. Doyle-McClam M, Shahid MH, Sethi JM, et al. Nocturia in women with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2021 May-Jun;15(3):260-8. Abstract

39. Tai H, Liu S, Wang H, et al. Determinants of urinary incontinence and subtypes among the elderly in nursing homes. Front Public Health. 2021;9:788642.Full text  Abstract

40. Roe B, Flanagan L, Jack B, et al. Systematic review of the management of incontinence and promotion of continence in older people in care homes: descriptive studies with urinary incontinence as primary focus. J Adv Nurs. 2011 Feb;67(2):228-50.Full text  Abstract

41. McDonald C, Winge K, Burn DJ. Lower urinary tract symptoms in Parkinson's disease: Prevalence, aetiology and management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017 Feb;35:8-16.Full text  Abstract

42. Sakakibara R, Tateno F, Nagao T, et al. Bladder function of patients with Parkinson's disease. Int J Urol. 2014 Jul;21(7):638-46.Full text  Abstract

43. Aharony SM, Lam O, Corcos J. Evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients: Review of the literature and current guidelines. Can Urol Assoc J. 2017 Jan-Feb;11(1-2):61-4.Full text  Abstract

44. Rohr G, Kragstrup J, Gaist D, et al. Genetic and environmental influences on urinary incontinence: a Danish population-based twin study of middle-aged and elderly women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004 Oct;83(10):978-82. Abstract

45. Mushkat Y, Bukovsky I, Langer R. Female urinary stress incontinence: does it have familial prevalence? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Feb;174(2):617-9. Abstract

46. Hannestad YS, Lie RT, Rortveit G, et al. Familial risk of urinary incontinence in women: population-based cross sectional study. BMJ. 2004 Oct 16;329(7471):889-91.Full text  Abstract

47. Swithinbank LV, Brookes ST, Shepherd RB, et al. The natural history of urinary symptoms during adolescence. Br J Urol. 1998 May;81 (suppl 3):90-3. Abstract

48. Kuh D, Cardozo L, Hardy R. Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a British prospective cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999 Aug;53(8):453-8.Full text  Abstract

49. Golbidi S, Laher I. Bladder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Front Pharmacol. 2010;1:136.Full text  Abstract

50. Zorn BH, Montgomery H, Pieper K, et al. Urinary incontinence and depression. J Urol. 1999 Jul;162(1):82-4. Abstract

51. Vrijens D, Drossaerts J, van Koeveringe G, et al. Affective symptoms and the overactive bladder - a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Feb;78(2):95-108.Full text  Abstract

52. Tannenbaum C, Johnell K. Managing therapeutic competition in patients with heart failure, lower urinary tract symptoms and incontinence. Drugs Aging. 2014 Feb;31(2):93-101.Full text  Abstract

53. Hwang R, Chuan F, Peters R, et al. Frequency of urinary incontinence in people with chronic heart failure. Heart Lung. 2013 Jan-Feb;42(1):26-31. Abstract

54. Bump RC, McClish DK. Cigarette smoking and urinary incontinence in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Nov;167(5):1213-8. Abstract

55. Brown JS, Sawaya G, Thom DH, et al. Hysterectomy and urinary incontinence: a systematic review. Lancet. 2000 Aug 12;356(9229):535-9. Abstract

56. Parkin DE, Davis JA, Symonds RP. Urodynamic findings following radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma. Br J Urol. 1988 Mar;61(3):213-7. Abstract

57. Woodley SJ, Lawrenson P, Boyle R, et al. Pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 6;(5):CD007471.Full text

58. Kim MM, Ladi-Seyedian SS, Ginsberg DA, et al. The association of physical activity and urinary incontinence in US women: results from a multi-year national survey. Urology. 2022 Jan;159:72-7. Abstract

59. Martin JL, Williams KS, Sutton AJ, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of methods of diagnostic assessment for urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25(7):674-83. Abstract

60. Wyman JF, Choi SC, Harkins SW, et al. The urinary diary in evaluation of urinary incontinence in women: a test retest analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 1988 Jun;71(6 Pt 1):812-7. Abstract

61. European Association of Urology. Non-neurogenic female LUTS. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

62. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management. Jun 2019 [internet publication].Full text

63. Ghoniem G, Stanford E, Kenton K, et al. Evaluation and outcome measures in the treatment of female urinary stress incontinence: International Urogynecological Association (IUGA) guidelines for research and clinical practice. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008 Jan;19(1):5-33.Full text  Abstract

64. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, et al (eds). Symptom and quality of life assessment. Incontinence volume 1: basics and evaluation. Third International Consultation on Incontinence, June 26-29, 2004. International Continence Society/Société Internationale d'Urologie. Paris: Editions 21; 2005.

65. Nager CW, Brubaker L, Litman HJ, et al. A randomized trial of urodynamic testing before stress-incontinence surgery. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 24;366(21):1987-97.Full text  Abstract

66. Rachaneni S, Latthe P. Does preoperative urodynamics improve outcomes for women undergoing surgery for stress urinary incontinence? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2015 Jan;122(1):8-16.Full text  Abstract

67. Naranjo-Ortiz C, Shek KL, Martin AJ, et al. What is normal bladder neck anatomy? Int Urogynecol J. 2016 Jun;27(6):945-50. Abstract

68. O'Reilly N, Nelson HD, Conry JM, et al; Women's Preventive Services Initiative. Screening for urinary incontinence in women: a recommendation from the Women's Preventive Services Initiative. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Aug 14 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

69. American Urogynecologic Society; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion: evaluation of uncomplicated stress urinary incontinence in women before surgical treatment. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2014 Sep-Oct;20(5):248-51. Abstract

70. Bo K, Frawley HC, Haylen BT, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the conservative and nonpharmacological management of female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017 Feb;36(2):221-44. Abstract

71. International Continence Society. Incontinence. 7th ed. ICS publications; 2023.

72. Todhunter-Brown A, Hazelton C, Campbell P, et al. Conservative interventions for treating urinary incontinence in women: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Sep 2;9(9):CD012337.Full text  Abstract

73. Subak LL, Wing R, West DS, et al; PRIDE Investigators. Weight loss to treat urinary incontinence in overweight and obese women. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 29;360(5):481-90.Full text  Abstract

74. Myers DL. Female mixed urinary incontinence: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014 May 21;311(19):2007-14. Abstract

75. Welk B, Baverstock RJ. The management of mixed urinary incontinence in women. Can Urol Assoc J. 2017 Jun;11(6 suppl 2):S121-4.Full text  Abstract

76. O'Connor E, Nic An Riogh A, Karavitakis M, et al. Diagnosis and non-surgical management of urinary incontinence - a literature review with recommendations for practice. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:4555-65.Full text  Abstract

77. Burgio KL, Kraus SR, Menefee S, et al; Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network. Behavioral therapy to enable women with urge incontinence to discontinue drug treatment: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Aug 5;149(3):161-9.Full text  Abstract

78. Balk EM, Rofeberg VN, Adam GP, et al. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for urinary Incontinence in women: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Apr 2;170(7):465-79. Abstract

79. Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, et al. Nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence in women: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Sep 16;161(6):429-40.Full text  Abstract

80. Fink HA, Taylor BC, Tacklind JW, et al. Treatment interventions in nursing home residents with urinary incontinence: a systematic review of randomized trials. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 Dec;83(12):1332-43.Full text  Abstract

81. Nygaard I, Heit M. Stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Sep;104(3):607-20. Abstract

82. Dumoulin C, Cacciari LP, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 4;(10):CD005654.Full text  Abstract

83. Ontario Health (Quality). Vaginal pessaries for pelvic organ prolapse or stress urinary incontinence: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2021;21(3):1-155. Abstract

84. Lipp A, Shaw C, Glavind K. Mechanical devices for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Dec 17;(12):CD001756.Full text  Abstract

85. Cardozo LD. Biofeedback in overactive bladder. Urology. 2000 May;55(5A suppl):24-8. Abstract

86. Barroso JC, Ramos JG, Martins-Costa S, et al. Transvaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence. BJU Int. 2004 Feb;93(3):319-23. Abstract

87. Stewart F, Gameiro LF, El Dib R, et al. Electrical stimulation with non-implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 9;(12):CD010098.Full text  Abstract

88. Cao Y, Lv J, Zhao C, et al. Cholinergic antagonists combined with electrical stimulation or bladder training treatments for overactive bladder in female adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Drug Investig. 2016 Oct;36(10):801-8. Abstract

89. Balk E, Gaelen PA, Kimmel H, et al. Nonsurgical treatments for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review update. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. 2018 Aug;18-EHC016-EF.Full text  Abstract

90. Nygaard I, Heit M. Stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:607-620. Abstract

91. Cardozo L, Lange R, Voss S, et al. Short- and long-term efficacy and safety of duloxetine in women with predominant stress urinary incontinence. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010;26:253-261. Abstract

92. Cody JD, Jacobs ML, Richardson K, et al. Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;(10):CD001405.Full text  Abstract

93. Thakar R, Stanton S. Regular review: management of urinary incontinence in women. BMJ. 2000 Nov 25;321(7272):1326-31.Full text  Abstract

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95. Glazener CM, Cooper K, Mashayekhi A. Bladder neck needle suspension for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 25;(7):CD003636.Full text  Abstract

96. Ford AA, Rogerson L, Cody JD, et al. Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 31;(7):CD006375.Full text  Abstract

97. Fusco F, Abdel-Fattah M, Chapple CR, et al. Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the comparative data on colposuspensions, pubovaginal slings, and midurethral tapes in the surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Eur Urol. 2017 Oct;72(4):567-91. Abstract

98. Latthe PM, Foon R, Toozs-Hobson P. Transobturator and retropubic tape procedures in stress urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness and complications. BJOG. 2007 May;114(5):522-31.Full text  Abstract

99. Albo ME, Litman HJ, Richter HE, et al. Treatment success of retropubic and transobturator mid urethral slings at 24 months. J Urol. 2012 Dec;188(6):2281-7.Full text  Abstract

100. Schimpf MO, Rahn DD, Wheeler TL, et al; Society of Gynecologic Surgeons Systematic Review Group. Sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jul;211(1):71.Full text  Abstract

101. Ford AA, Ogah JA. Retropubic or transobturator mid-urethral slings for intrinsic sphincter deficiency-related stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urogynecol J. 2016 Jan;27(1):19-28. Abstract

102. Gurol-Urganci I, Geary RS, Mamza JB, et al. Long-term rate of mesh sling removal following midurethral mesh sling insertion among women with stress urinary incontinence. JAMA. 2018 Oct 23;320(16):1659-69.Full text  Abstract

103. Barber MD, Weidner AC, Sokol AI, et al. Single-incision mini-sling compared with tension-free vaginal tape for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Feb;119(2 Pt 1):328-37. Abstract

104. Nambiar A, Cody JD, Jeffery ST, et al. Single-incision sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 26;7(7):CD008709.Full text  Abstract

105. Lee JK, Rosamilia A, Dwyer PL, et al. Randomized trial of a single incision versus an outside-in transobturator midurethral sling in women with stress urinary incontinence: 12 month results. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jul;213(1):35.Full text  Abstract

106. van der Ploeg JM, Oude Rengerink K, van der Steen A, et al; Dutch Urogynaecology Consortium. Transvaginal prolapse repair with or without the addition of a midurethral sling in women with genital prolapse and stress urinary incontinence: a randomised trial. BJOG. 2015 Jun;122(7):1022-30.Full text  Abstract

107. Saraswat L, Rehman H, Omar M, et al. Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 28;(1):CD001754.Full text  Abstract

108. Brubaker L, Richter HE, Norton PA, et al. 5-year continence rates, satisfaction and adverse events of burch urethropexy and fascial sling surgery for urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2012 Apr;187(4):1324-30.Full text  Abstract

109. Chapple CR, Cardozo L, Nitti VW, et al. Mirabegron in overactive bladder: a review of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Neurourol Urodyn. 2014 Jan;33(1):17-30.Full text  Abstract

110. Yeowell G, Smith P, Nazir J, et al. Real-world persistence and adherence to oral antimuscarinics and mirabegron in patients with overactive bladder (OAB): a systematic literature review. BMJ Open. 2018 Nov 21;8(11):e021889.Full text  Abstract

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116. Welk B, Richardson K, Panicker JN. The cognitive effect of anticholinergics for patients with overactive bladder. Nat Rev Urol. 2021 Nov;18(11):686-700. Abstract

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124. Sievert KD, Chapple C, Herschorn S, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA 100U provides significant improvements in overactive bladder symptoms in patients with urinary incontinence regardless of the number of anticholinergic therapies used or reason for inadequate management of overactive bladder. Int J Clin Pract. 2014 Oct;68(10):1246-56.Full text  Abstract

125. Amundsen CL, Richter HE, Menefee SA, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA vs sacral neuromodulation on refractory urgency urinary incontinence in women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016 Oct 4;316(13):1366-74.Full text  Abstract

126. Cardozo L, Lange R, Voss S, et al. Short- and long-term efficacy and safety of duloxetine in women with predominant stress urinary incontinence. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Feb;26(2):253-61. Abstract

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128. Hoe V, Haller B, Yao HH, et al. Urethral bulking agents for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review. Neurourol Urodyn. 2021 Aug;40(6):1349-88. Abstract

129. Guerette NL, Bena JF, Davila GW. Transobturator slings for stress incontinence: using urodynamic parameters to predict outcomes. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008 Jan;19(1):97-102. Abstract

130. Peters KM, Carrico DJ, Wooldridge LS, et al. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the long-term treatment of overactive bladder: 3-year results of the STEP study. J Urol. 2013 Jun;189(6):2194-201. Abstract

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