Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

References

Key articles

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):e1-33.Full text  Abstract

Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct 1;63(7):e147-95.Full text  Abstract

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: tuberculosis preventive treatment. Module 1: prevention. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. An official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Nov 15;200(10):e93-142.Full text  Abstract

National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis, module 4: treatment - drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

British HIV Association. British HIV Association guidelines for the management of tuberculosis in adults living with HIV 2018 (2023 interim update). 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Polesky A, Grove W, Bhatia G. Peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005 Nov;84(6):350-62. Abstract

2. Baumann MH, Nolan R, Petrini M, et al. Pleural tuberculosis in the United States: incidence and drug resistance. Chest. 2007 Apr;131(4):1125-32. Abstract

3. Ong A, Creasman J, Hopewell PC, et al. A molecular epidemiological assessment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jan 1;38(1):25-31. Abstract

4. World Health Organization. Tuberculosis. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

5. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2023. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

6. GOV.UK. Tuberculosis in England: annual report. The latest annual report for tuberculosis (TB) in England. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2022. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

8. Gonzalez OY, Adams G, Teeter LD, et al. Extra-pulmonary manifestations in a large metropolitan area with a low incidence of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003 Dec;7(12):1178-85. Abstract

9. Yang Z, Kong Y, Wilson F, et al. Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jan 15;38(2):199-205. Abstract

10. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2024 - 2022 data. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

11. UK Health Security Agency.​ Tuberculosis in England, 2022 report (data up to end of 2021). Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

12. Dye C. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Lancet. 2006 Mar 18;367(9514):938-40.Full text  Abstract

13. GBD 2019 Tuberculosis Collaborators. Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Feb;22(2):222-41.Full text  Abstract

14. Horsburgh CR Jr. Priorities for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 13;350(20):2060-7. Abstract

15. Chow KM, Chow VC, Hung LC, et al. Tuberculous peritonitis-associated mortality is high among patients waiting for the results of mycobacterial cultures of ascitic fluid samples. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Aug 15;35(4):409-13. Abstract

16. Iseman MD. A clinician's guide to tuberculosis. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

17. Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkley CS, et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. JAMA. 1994 Mar 2;271(9):698-702. Abstract

18. Tobin DM, Roca FJ, Oh SF, et al. Host genotype-specific therapies can optimize the inflammatory response to mycobacterial infections. Cell. 2012 Feb 3;148(3):434-46.Full text  Abstract

19. Thuong NTT, Heemskerk D, Tram TTB, et al. Leukotriene A4 hydrolase genotype and HIV infection influence intracerebral inflammation and survival from tuberculous meningitis. J Infect Dis. 2017 Apr 1;215(7):1020-8.Full text  Abstract

20. Musellim B, Erturan S, Sonmez Duman E, et al. Comparison of extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis cases: factors influencing the site of reactivation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2005 Nov;9(11):1220-3. Abstract

21. Marks SM, Taylor Z, Qualls NL, et al. Outcomes of contact investigations of infectious tuberculosis patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Dec;162(6):2033-8.Full text  Abstract

22. Zuber PL, McKenna MT, Binkin NJ, et al. Long-term risk of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States. JAMA. 1997 Jul 23-30;278(4):304-7. Abstract

23. Gonzalez OY, Teeter LD, Thanh BT, et al. Extrathoracic tuberculosis lymphadenitis in adult HIV seronegative patients: a population-based analysis in Houston, Texas, USA. Int J Tuber Lung Dis. 2003 Oct;7(10):987-93. Abstract

24. Thwaites G, Chau TT, Mai NT, et al. Tuberculous meningitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych. 2000 Mar;68(3):289-99. Abstract

25. Markowitz N, Hansen NI, Hopewell PC, et al. Incidence of tuberculosis in the United States among HIV-infected persons. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Jan 15;126(2):123-32. Abstract

26. Daley CL, Small PM, Schechter GF, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with human immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 23;326(4):231-5. Abstract

27. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1989 Mar 2;320(9):545-50. Abstract

28. Winthrop KL. Risk and prevention of tuberculosis and other serious opportunistic infections associated with the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006 Nov;2(11):602-10. Abstract

29. Jick SS, Lieberman ES, Rahman MU, et al. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors, and the risk of tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Feb 15;55(1):19-26. Abstract

30. Wallis RS, Broder MS, Wong JY, et al. Granulomatous infectious diseases associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 May 1;38(9):1261-5. Abstract

31. Kamboj M, Sepkowitz KA. The risk of tuberculosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jun 1;42(11):1592-5. Abstract

32. International Union Against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. Bull World Health Organ. 1982;60(4):555-64. Abstract

33. American Thoracic Society (ATS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Apr;161(4 pt 2):S221-47.Full text  Abstract

34. Rieder HL, Snider DE Jr, Cauthen GM, et al. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States. Am Rev Resp Dis. 1990 Feb;141(2):347-51. Abstract

35. Cantwell MF, McKenna MT, McCray E, et al. Tuberculosis and race/ethnicity in the United States, impact of socioeconomic status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Apr;157(4 Pt 1):1016-20.Full text  Abstract

36. Nemes E, Geldenhuys H, Rozot V, et al. Prevention of M. tuberculosis infection with H4:IC31 vaccine or BCG revaccination. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 12;379(2):138-49.Full text  Abstract

37. GOV.UK. BCG vaccination programme. Documents relating to the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination programme. Oct 2021 [internet publication].Full text

38. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 5: management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - tuberculosis. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - perspectives: testing travelers for mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. May 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

41. Lewinsohn DM, Leonard MK, LoBue PA, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention clinical practice guidelines: diagnosis of tuberculosis in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jan 15;64(2):e1-33.Full text  Abstract

42. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis module 3: diagnosis - rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection, 3rd ed. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text

43. Parimon T, Spitters CE, Muangman N, et al. Unexpected pulmonary involvement in extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients. Chest. 2008 Sep;134(3):589-94.Full text  Abstract

44. Kohli M, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 15;1:CD012768.Full text  Abstract

45. Kay AW, González Fernández L, Takwoingi Y, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF and Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assays for active tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 27;8:CD013359.Full text  Abstract

46. Bjerrum S, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, et al. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay for detecting active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 21;10:CD011420.Full text  Abstract

47. Nathavitharana RR, Lederer P, Chaplin M, et al. Impact of diagnostic strategies for tuberculosis using lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Aug 20;8:CD014641.Full text  Abstract

48. Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, et al. Official American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Oct 1;63(7):e147-95.Full text  Abstract

49. Hooper C, Lee YC, Maskell N; BTS Pleural Guideline Group. Investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults. Thorax. 2010 Aug;65 Suppl 2:ii4-17.Full text  Abstract

50. Kim HJ, Lee Hj, Kwon SY, et al. The prevalence of pulmonary parenchymal tuberculosis in patients with tuberculous pleuritis. Chest. 2006 May;129(5):1253-8. Abstract

51. Siebert AF, Haynes J Jr, Middleton R, et al. Tuberculous pleural effusion: twenty-year experience. Chest. 1991 Apr;99(4):883-6. Abstract

52. Mariconda M,Cozzolino A, Attingenti P, et al. Osteoarticular tuberculosis in a developed country. J Infect. 2007 Apr;54(4):375-80. Abstract

53. Thwaites G, Fisher M, Hemingway C, et al. British Infection Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis of the central nervous system in adults and children. J Infect. 2009 Sep;59(3):167-87. Abstract

54. Thwaites GE, Chau TT, Farrar JJ. Improving the bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Jan;42(1):378-9.Full text  Abstract

55. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Abstract

56. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, Camann W. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Abstract

57. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Abstract

58. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Full text  Abstract

59. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Full text  Abstract

60. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Full text  Abstract

61. Riquelme A, Calvo M, Salech F, et al. Value of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in ascitic fluid for the diagnosis of tuberculosis peritonitis: a meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006 Sep;40(8):705-10. Abstract

62. Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2021;74(2):1014-48.Full text  Abstract

63. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(3):397-417.Full text  Abstract

64. Bernardi M, Carceni P, Navickis RJ, et al. Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hepatology. 2012 Apr;55(4):1172-81.Full text  Abstract

65. Aithal GP, Palaniyappan N, China L, et al. Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis. Gut. 2021 Jan;70(1):9-29.Full text  Abstract

66. Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club. J Hepatol. 2000;32(1):142-53. Abstract

67. Van Hoving DJ, Griesel R, Meintjes G, et al. Abdominal ultrasound for diagnosing abdominal tuberculosis or disseminated tuberculosis with abdominal involvement in HIV-positive individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 30;9:CD012777.Full text  Abstract

68. Elder N. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Arch Fam Med. 1992 Sep;1(1):91-8. Abstract

69. Kim JH, Langston AA, Gallis HA. Miliary tuberculosis: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and outcome. Rev Infect Dis. 1990 Jul-Aug;12(4):583-90. Abstract

70. Crump JA, Reller LB. Two decades of disseminated tuberculosis at a university medical center: the expanding role of mycobacterial blood culture. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct 15;37(8):1037-43. Abstract

71. Maartens G, Willcox, Benatar SR, et al. Miliary tuberculosis: rapid diagnosis, hematologic abnormalities and outcome in 109 treated adults. Am J Med. 1990 Sep;89(3):291-6. Abstract

72. Lee JY. Diagnosis and treatment of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul). 2015 Apr;78(2):47-55.Full text  Abstract

73. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 3: diagnosis: tests for TB infection. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

74. Geldmacher H, Taube C, Kroeger C, et al. Assessment of lymph node tuberculosis in northern Germany: a clinical review. Chest. 2002 Apr;121(4):1177-82. Abstract

75. Shriner KA, Mathisen GE, Goetz MB. Comparison of mycobacterial lymphadenitis among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus and seronegative controls. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Oct;15(4):601-5. Abstract

76. Gopi A, Madhaven SM, Sharma SK, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous pleural effusion in 2006. Chest. 2007 Mar;131(3):880-9. Abstract

77. Weir MR, Thorton GF. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: experience of a community hospital and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1992 Oct;15(4):601-5. Abstract

78. Baydur A. The spectrum of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. West J Med. 1977 Apr;126(4):253-62. Abstract

79. Powell DA. Tuberculous lymphadenitis and parotitis. In: Schlossberg D, ed. Tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, 5th ed. Berkshire, UK: 2006.

80. Jha BC, Dass A, Nagarkar NM, et al. Cervical tuberculous lymphadenopathy: changing clinical pattern and concepts in management. Postgrad Med J. 22001 Mar;77(905):185-7. Abstract

81. Nataraj G, Kurup S, Pandit A, et al. Correlation of fine needle aspiration cytology, smear and culture in tuberculous lymphadenitis: a prospective study. J Postgrad Med. 2002 Apr-Jun;48(2):113-6. Abstract

82. Singh KK, Muralidhar M, Kumar A, et al. Comparison of in house polymerase chain reaction with conventional techniques for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in granulomatous lymphadenopathy. J Clin Pathol. 2000 May;53(5):355-61. Abstract

83. Field S, Lewis S. Intestinal and peritoneal tuberculosis. In: Rom WN, Garay S, eds. Tuberculosis, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2003.

84. Kirsch CM, Kroe DM, Azzi RL, et al. The optimal number of pleural biopsy specimens for a diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Chest. 1997 Sep;112(3):702-6. Abstract

85. Willcox PA, Potgieter PD, Bateman ED, et al. Rapid diagnosis of sputum negative miliary tuberculosis using the flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope. Thorax. 1986 Sep;41(9):681-4. Abstract

86. Lai KK, Stottmeier KD, Sherman IH, et al. Mycobacterial cervical lymphadenopathy: relationship of etiologic agents to age. JAMA. 1984 Mar 9;251(10):1286-8. Abstract

87. Xu HB, Jiang RH, Li L, et al. Diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase in cerebrospinal fluid for tuberculous meningitis: a meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010 Nov;14(11):1382-7. Abstract

88. US Preventive Services Task Force. Latent tuberculosis infection in adults: screening. May 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

89. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 2: screening – systematic screening for tuberculosis disease. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

90. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: tuberculosis preventive treatment. Module 1: prevention. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

91. Nahid P, Mase SR, Migliori GB, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. An official ATS/CDC/ERS/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Nov 15;200(10):e93-142.Full text  Abstract

92. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

93. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

94. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment. May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

95. Mangan JM, Woodruff RS, Winston CA, et al. Recommendations for use of video directly observed therapy during tuberculosis treatment - United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Mar 24;72(12):313-6.Full text  Abstract

96. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: module 4: treatment: tuberculosis care and support. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

97. World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis, module 4: treatment - drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment, 2022 update. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

98. World Health Organization. WHO announces updated definitions of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

99. Conradie F, Diacon AH, Ngubane N, et al. Treatment of highly drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):893-902.Full text  Abstract

100. Nyang'wa BT, Berry C, Kazounis E, et al. A 24-Week, All-Oral Regimen for Rifampin-Resistant Tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2022 Dec 22;387(25):2331-2343.Full text  Abstract

101. Prasad K, Singh MB, Ryan H. Corticosteroids for managing tuberculous meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 28;(4):CD002244.Full text  Abstract

102. Thwaites GE, Nguyen DB, Nguyen HD, et al. Dexamethasone for the treatment of tuberculous meningitis in adolescents and adults. N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 21;351(17):1741-51. Abstract

103. Donovan J, Bang ND, Imran D, et al. Adjunctive dexamethasone for tuberculous meningitis in HIV-positive adults. N Engl J Med. 2023 Oct 12;389(15):1357-67.Full text  Abstract

104. Wiysonge CS, Ntsekhe M, Thabane L, et al. Interventions for treating tuberculous pericarditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 13;9(9):CD000526.Full text  Abstract

105. British HIV Association. British HIV Association guidelines for the management of tuberculosis in adults living with HIV 2018 (2023 interim update). 2023 [internet publication].Full text

106. Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3):804.Full text  Abstract

107. Dorman SE, Nahid P, Kurbatova EV, et al. Four-month rifapentine regimens with or without moxifloxacin for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2021 May 6;384(18):1705-18.Full text  Abstract

108. Carr W, Kurbatova E, Starks A, et al. Interim guidance: 4-month rifapentine-moxifloxacin regimen for the treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Feb 25;71(8):285-9.Full text  Abstract

109. Anyama N, Bracebridge S, Black C, et al. What happens to people diagnosed with tuberculosis? A population-based cohort. Epidemiol Infect. 2007 Oct;135(7):1069-76. Abstract

110. Fielder JF, Chaulk CP, Dalvi M, et al. A high tuberculosis case-fatality rate in a setting of effective tuberculosis control: implications for acceptable treatment success rates. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2002 Dec;6(12):1114-7. Abstract

111. Straetemans M, Glaziou P, Bierrenbach AL, et al. Assessing tuberculosis case fatality ratio: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011 Jun 27;6(6):e20755.Full text  Abstract

112. Long R, O'Connor R, Palayew M, et al. Disseminated tuberculosis with and without a miliary pattern on chest radiograph: a clinical-pathologic-radiologic correlation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1997 Feb;1(1):52-8. Abstract

113. Hawkey CR, Yap T, Pereira J, et al. Characterization and management of paradoxical upgrading reactions in HIV-uninfected patients with lymph node tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 May 1;40(9):1368-71. Abstract

114. Severe P, Juste MA, Ambroise A, et al. Early versus standard antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected adults in Haiti. N EnglJ Med. 2010 Jul 15;363(3):257-65.Full text  Abstract

115. Abdool Karim SS, Naidoo K, Grobler A, et al. Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 25;362(8):697-706.Full text  Abstract

116. Narita M, Ashkin D, Hollender ES, et al. Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1):157-61.Full text  Abstract

117. Cheng V, Ho P, Lee R, et al. Clinical spectrum of paradoxical deterioration during antituberculosis therapy in non-HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002 Nov;21(11):803-9. Abstract

118. Manosuthi W, Kiertiburanakul S, Phoorisri T, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving antituberculous and antiretroviral therapy. J Infect. 2006 Dec;53(6):357-63. Abstract

119. Heemskerk AD, Bang ND, Mai NT, et al. Intensified antituberculosis therapy in adults with tuberculous meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 14;374(2):124-34.Full text  Abstract

120. Mishra R, Patel HK, Singasani R, et al. Tuberculosis septic shock, an elusive pathophysiology and hurdles in management: a case report and review of literature. World J Crit Care Med. 2019 Sep 11;8(5):72-81.Full text  Abstract

121. Asciak R, Bedawi EO, Bhatnagar R, et al. British Thoracic Society Clinical Statement on pleural procedures. Thorax. 2023 Jul;78(suppl 3):s43-s68.Full text  Abstract

122. Akram AR, Hartung TK. Intercostal chest drains: a wake-up call from the National Patient Safety Agency rapid response report. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2009;39:117-120.Full text

123. Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Rifapentine and isoniazid once a week versus rifampicin and isoniazid twice a week for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-negative patients: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2002 Aug 17;360(9332):528-34. Abstract

124. van Rie A, Warren R, Richardson M, et al. Exogenous reinfection as a cause of recurrent tuberculosis after curative treatment. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 14;341(16):1174-9. Abstract

125. Nuttall C, Fuady A, Nuttall H, et al. Interventions pathways to reduce tuberculosis-related stigma: a literature review and conceptual framework. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022 Sep 23;11(1):101.Full text  Abstract

126. Fuady A, Arifin B, Yunita F, et al. Stigma, depression, quality of life, and the need for psychosocial support among people with tuberculosis in Indonesia: A multi-site cross-sectional study. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2024;4(1):e0002489.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer