Evaluation of chronic diarrhea

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Arasaradnam RP, Brown S, Forbes A, et al. Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults: British Society of Gastroenterology, 3rd edition. Gut. 2018 Aug;67(8):1380-99.Full text  Abstract

Talley NJ. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in 2007 and Rome III: something new, something borrowed, something objective. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2007;7:97-105. Abstract

1. Holt PR. Intestinal malabsorption in the elderly. Dig Dis. 2007;25:144-150. Abstract

2. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1461-1463. Abstract

3. Fernández-Bañares F, Esteve M, Salas A, et al. Systematic evaluation of the causes of chronic watery diarrhea with functional characteristics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2520-2528. Abstract

4. Arasaradnam RP, Brown S, Forbes A, et al. Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults: British Society of Gastroenterology, 3rd edition. Gut. 2018 Aug;67(8):1380-99.Full text  Abstract

5. Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:920-924. Abstract

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7. van Rheenen PF, Van de Vijver E, Fidler V. Faecal calprotectin for screening of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c3369.Full text  Abstract

8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Faecal calprotectin diagnostic tests for inflammatory diseases of the bowel. October 2013 [internet publication].Full text

9. Kinoshita Y, Ariyoshi R, Fujigaki S, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis of chronic diarrhea. DEN Open. 2022 Apr;2(1):e53.Full text  Abstract

10. Yantiss RK, Odze RD. Diagnostic difficulties in inflammatory bowel disease pathology. Histopathology. 2006;48:116-132. Abstract

11. Bossuyt X. Serologic markers in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Chem. 2006;52:171-181. Abstract

12. Quigley EM. Irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: interrelated diseases? Chin J Dig Dis. 2005;6:122-132. Abstract

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16. Chande N, Driman DK. Microscopic colitis associated with lansoprazole: report of two cases and a review of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:530-533. Abstract

17. Liszka L, Woszczyk D, Pajak J. Histopathological diagnosis of microscopic colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21:792-797. Abstract

18. Nyhlin N, Bohr J, Eriksson S, et al. Systematic review: microscopic colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:1525-1534. Abstract

19. Tysk C, Bohr J, Olesen M, et al. Microscopic colitis - more common cause of diarrhea than believed. Biopsies are the only way to diagnosis, drug treatment is effective. Lakartidningen. 2005;102:2210-2214. Abstract

20. Chang F, Deere H, Vu C. Atypical forms of microscopic colitis: morphological features and review of the literature. Adv Anat Pathol. 2005;12:203-211. Abstract

21. Yen EF, Pardi DS. Review article: microscopic colitis - lymphocytic, collagenous and 'mast cell' colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:21-32.Full text  Abstract

22. Münch A, Sanders DS, Molloy-Bland M, et al. Undiagnosed microscopic colitis: a hidden cause of chronic diarrhoea and a frequently missed treatment opportunity. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2020;11(3):228-34.Full text  Abstract

23. Gibbons T, Fuchs GJ. Chronic enteropathy: clinical aspects. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;59:89-101. Abstract

24. de Saussure P, Hadengue A. Persistent diarrhea in the returned traveler. Rev Med Suisse. 2006;2:1235-1236, 1238-1239. Abstract

25. Diniz-Santos DR, Jambeiro J, Mascarenhas RR, et al. Massive Trichuris trichiura infection as a cause of chronic bloody diarrhea in a child. J Trop Pediatr. 2006;52:66-68. Abstract

26. Landzberg BR, Connor BA. Persistent diarrhea in the returning traveler: think beyond persistent infection. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40:112-114. Abstract

27. Okhuysen PC. Traveler's diarrhea due to intestinal protozoa. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:110-114. Abstract

28. Nataro JP, Sears CL. Infectious causes of persistent diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20:195-196. Abstract

29. Altuntas B, Gul H, Yarali N, et al. Etiology of chronic diarrhea. Indian J Pediatr. 1999;66:657-661. Abstract

30. Feasey NA, Healey P, Gordon MA. The aetiology, investigation and management of diarrhoea in the HIV-positive patient. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:587-603. Abstract

31. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-e80.Full text  Abstract

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33. Talley NJ. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in 2007 and Rome III: something new, something borrowed, something objective. Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2007;7:97-105. Abstract

34. Gilkin RJ Jr. The spectrum of irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical review. Clin Ther. 2005;27:1696-1709. Abstract

35. Farthing MJ. Functional diarrhea. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7:350-357. Abstract

36. Naim HY. Molecular and cellular aspects and regulation of intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase. Histol Histopathol. 2001;16:553-561. Abstract

37. Sellin JH. The pathophysiology of diarrhea. Clin Transplant. 2001;15(suppl 4):2-10. Abstract

38. Ratnaike RN, Jones TE. Mechanisms of drug-induced diarrhoea in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 1998;13:245-253. Abstract

39. Shiau YF. Clinical and laboratory approaches to evaluate diarrheal disorders. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1987;25:43-69. Abstract

40. Makins R, Ballinger A. Gastrointestinal side effects of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2003;2:421-429. Abstract

41. Baker EH, Sandle GI. Complications of laxative abuse. Annu Rev Med. 1996;47:127-134. Abstract

42. Leffler DA, Dennis M, Hyett B, et al. Etiologies and predictors of diagnosis in nonresponsive celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:445-450. Abstract

43. Leffler DA, Kelly CP. Update on the evaluation and diagnosis of celiac disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;6:191-196. Abstract

44. Leffler D, Saha S, Farrell RJ. Celiac disease. Am J Manag Care. 2003;9:825-831. Abstract

45. Farrell RJ, Kelly CP. Celiac sprue. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 17;346(3):180-8. Abstract

46. Hofmann AF. Biliary secretion and excretion in health and disease: current concepts. Ann Hepatol. 2007;6:15-27. Abstract

47. Porter JL, Fordtran JS, Santa Ana CA, et al. Accurate enzymatic measurement of fecal bile acids in patients with malabsorption. J Lab Clin Med. 2003;141:411-418. Abstract

48. Lanzini A, Lanzarotto F. Review article: the 'mechanical pumps' and the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids - defects in coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14(suppl 2):58-61. Abstract

49. DiBaise JK, Paustian FF. Steatorrhea and weight loss in a 72-year-old man: primary biliary cirrhosis? Celiac disease? Bacterial overgrowth? What else? Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:2226-2230. Abstract

50. Bai J. Malabsorption syndromes. Digestion. 1998;59:530-546. Abstract

51. Craddock AL, Love MW, Daniel RW, et al. Expression and transport properties of the human ileal and renal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:G157-69.Full text

52. Rossi E, Lentze MJ. Clinical significance of enzymatic deficiencies in the gastrointestinal tract with particular reference to lactase deficiency. Ann Allergy. 1984;53:649-656. Abstract

53. Alpers DH, Seetharam B. Pathophysiology of diseases involving intestinal brush-border proteins. N Engl J Med. 1977;296:1047-1050. Abstract

54. Sibley E. Carbohydrate intolerance. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2004;20:162-167. Abstract

55. Riordan SM, Kim R. Bacterial overgrowth as a cause of irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006;22:669-673. Abstract

56. Elphick HL, Elphick DA, Sanders DS. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth. An under recognized cause of malnutrition in older adults. Geriatrics. 2006;61:21-26. Abstract

57. Van Citters GW, Lin HC. Management of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7:317-320. Abstract

58. Keller J, Franke A, Storr M, et al. Clinically relevant breath tests in gastroenterological diagnostics - recommendations of the German Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility as well as the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases [in German]. Z Gastroenterol. 2005;43:1071-1090. Abstract

59. Pimentel M, Saad RJ, Long MD, et al. ACG clinical guideline: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020 Feb;115(2):165-78.Full text  Abstract

60. Hammer HF, Fox MR, Keller J, et al. European guideline on indications, performance, and clinical impact of hydrogen and methane breath tests in adult and pediatric patients: European Association for Gastroenterology, Endoscopy and Nutrition, European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, and European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition consensus. United European Gastroenterol J. 2022 Feb;10(1):15-40.Full text  Abstract

61. Losurdo G, Leandro G, Ierardi E, et al. Breath tests for the non-invasive diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020 Jan 30;26(1):16-28.Full text  Abstract

62. David-Henriau L, Bui S, Molinari I, et al. Fecal elastase-1: a useful test in pediatric practice [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2005;12:1221-1225. Abstract

63. Dominguez-Munoz JE. Pancreatic enzyme therapy for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9:116-122. Abstract

64. DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP. Chronic pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006;22:487-497. Abstract

65. Bricker LA, Such F, Loehrke ME, et al. Intractable diarrhea in hyperthyroidism: management with beta-adrenergic blockade. Endocr Pract. 2001;7:28-31. Abstract

66. Sharma S, Longo WE, Baniadam B, et al. Colorectal manifestations of endocrine disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:318-323. Abstract

67. Alam MJ. Chronic refractory diarrhoea: a manifestation of endocrine disorders. Dig Dis. 1994;12:46-61. Abstract

68. Chandran M, Chu NV, Edelman SV. Gastrointestinal disturbances in diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2003;3:43-48. Abstract

69. Valdovinos MA, Camilleri M, Zimmerman BR. Chronic diarrhea in diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and an approach to diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68:691-702. Abstract

70. Spiller R. Role of motility in chronic diarrhoea. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:1045-1055. Abstract

71. Wilson SA, Rex DK. Endoscopic treatment of chronic radiation proctopathy. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2006;22:536-540. Abstract

72. Benson AB 3rd, Ajani JA, Catalano RB, et al. Recommended guidelines for the treatment of cancer treatment-induced diarrhea. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2918-2926. Abstract

73. Lee JJ, Furuta GT. Upper gastrointestinal tract eosinophilic disorders: pathobiology and management. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006;8:439-442. Abstract

74. Baig MA, Qadir A, Rasheed J. A review of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. J Natl Med Assoc. 2006;98:1616-1619. Abstract

75. Sampson HA, Sicherer SH, Birnbaum AH. AGA technical review on the evaluation of food allergy in gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:1026-1040. Abstract

76. Sicherer SH. Clinical aspects of gastrointestinal food allergy in childhood. Pediatrics. 2003;111:1609-1616. Abstract

77. Butterfield JH, Murray JA. Eosinophilic gastroenteritis and gluten-sensitive enteropathy in the same patient. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;34:552-553. Abstract

78. Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ. Allergic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001;4:553-556. Abstract

79. Westvik TS, Longo WE. Ischemic colitis. Rozhl Chir. 2005;84:476-481. Abstract

80. Sreenarasimhaiah J. Diagnosis and management of ischemic colitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7:421-426. Abstract

81. Green BT, Tendler DA. Ischemic colitis: a clinical review. South Med J. 2005;98:217-222. Abstract

82. Misiakos EP, Macheras A, Kapetanakis T, et al. Short bowel syndrome: current medical and surgical trends. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;41:5-18. Abstract

83. Abell TL, Minocha A. Gastrointestinal complications of bariatric surgery: diagnosis and therapy. Am J Med Sci. 2006;331:214-218. Abstract

84. Carvajal SH, Mulvihill SJ. Postgastrectomy syndromes: dumping and diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1994;23:261-279. Abstract

85. Eagon JC, Miedema BW, Kelly KA. Postgastrectomy syndromes. Surg Clin North Am. 1992;72:445-465. Abstract

86. Faucheron JL. Toxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the large bowel. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;11:389-392. Abstract

87. Zalev AH, Gardiner GW, Warren RE. NSAID injury to the small intestine. Abdom Imaging. 1998;23:40-44. Abstract

88. Faucheron JL, Parc R. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1996;11:99-101. Abstract

89. Davies NM. Toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the large intestine. Dis Colon Rectum. 1995;38:1311-1321. Abstract

90. Zhang WY, Li GD, Liu WP, et al. Features of intestinal T-cell lymphomas in Chinese population without evidence of celiac disease and their close association with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Chin Med J (Engl). 2005;118:1542-1548. Abstract

91. Fine KD, Schiller LR. AGA technical review on the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1464-1486. Abstract

92. Florent C, L'Hirondel C, Desmazures C, et al. Intestinal clearance of alpha 1-antitrypsin. A sensitive method for the detection of protein-losing enteropathy. Gastroenterology. 1981;81:777-780. Abstract

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96. Catassi C, Bearzi I, Holmes GK. Association of celiac disease and intestinal lymphomas and other cancers. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:S79-S86. Abstract

97. Ramakrishna BS, Venkataraman S, Mukhopadhya A. Tropical malabsorption. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:779-787. Abstract

98. Nath SK. Tropical sprue. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7:343-349. Abstract

99. Westergaard H. Tropical sprue. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2004;7:7-11. Abstract

100. Rodriguez Leal G. Intestinal lymphangiectasia: a forgotten cause of chronic diarrhea. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2006;71:55-58. Abstract

101. Roy PK, Venzon DJ, Shojamanesh H, et al. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: clinical presentation in 261 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2000 Nov;79(6):379-411. Abstract

102. ​Oberg K, Kvols L, Caplin M, et al. Consensus report on the use of somatostatin analogs for the management of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system. Ann Oncol. 2004 Jun;15(6):966-73.Full text  Abstract

103. Eads JR, Reidy-Lagunes D, Soares HP, et al. Differential diagnosis of diarrhea in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas. 2020 Oct;49(9):1123-30.Full text  Abstract

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107. Kalha I, Sellin JH. Common variable immunodeficiency and the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2004;6:377-383. Abstract

108. Luzi G, Zullo A, Iebba F, et al. Duodenal pathology and clinical-immunological implications in common variable immunodeficiency patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:118-121. Abstract

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