Routine infant care

References

Key articles

Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM, eds. Bright Futures: guidelines for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents, 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017.Full text

Zubler JM, Wiggins LD, Macias MM, et al. Evidence-informed milestones for developmental surveillance tools. Pediatrics. 2022 Mar 1;149(3):e2021052138.Full text  Abstract

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 778: newborn screening and the role of the obstetrician gynecologist​. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Duffee JH, Mendelsohn AL, Kuo AA, et al. Early childhood home visiting. Pediatrics. 2017 Sep;140(3):e20172150.Full text  Abstract

2. Reijneveld SA, de Meer G, Wiefferink CH, et al. Parents' concerns about children are highly prevalent but often not confirmed by child doctors and nurses. BMC Public Health. 2008 Apr 18;8:124.Full text  Abstract

3. Moyer VA, Butler M. Gaps in the evidence for well-child care: a challenge to our profession. Pediatrics. 2004 Dec;114(6):1511-21. Abstract

4. Hagan JF, Shaw JS, Duncan PM, eds. Bright Futures: guidelines for health supervision of infants, children, and adolescents, 4th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2017.Full text

5. Glazener CM, Ramsay CR, Campbell MK, et al. Neonatal examination and screening trial (NEST): a randomised, controlled, switchback trial of alternative policies for low risk infants. BMJ. 1999 Mar 6;318(7184):627-31.Full text  Abstract

6. American Academy of Pediatrics; Section on Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology And Strabismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology; American Association of Certified Orthoptists. Red reflex examination in neonates, infants, and children. Pediatrics. 2008 Dec;122(6):1401-4. Abstract

7. Yang M. Newborn neurologic examination. Neurology. 2004 Apr 13;62(7):E15-7.Full text  Abstract

8. Zubler JM, Wiggins LD, Macias MM, et al. Evidence-informed milestones for developmental surveillance tools. Pediatrics. 2022 Mar 1;149(3):e2021052138.Full text  Abstract

9. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Committee opinion no. 778: newborn screening and the role of the obstetrician gynecologist​. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text

10. Brosco JP, Sanders LM, Seider MI, Dunn AC. Adverse medical outcomes of early newborn screening programs for phenylketonuria. Pediatrics. 2008 Jul;122(1):192-7. Abstract

11. Pagon RA, Hanson NB, Neufeld-Kaiser W, et al. Genetic testing. West J Med. 2001 May;174(5):344-7.Full text  Abstract

12. Munck A, Dhondt JL, Sahler C, et al. Implementation of the French nationwide cystic fibrosis newborn screening program. J Pediatr. 2008 Aug;153(2):228-33. Abstract

13. Barbi M, Binda S, Caroppo S, et al. Neonatal screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection and hearing loss. J Clin Virol. 2006 Feb;35(2):206-9. Abstract

14. Green NS, Dolan SM, Murray TH. Newborn screening: complexities in universal genetic testing. Am J Public Health. 2006 Nov;96(11):1955-9.Full text  Abstract

15. Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, et al. Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among children in the United States: 2009-2017. Pediatrics. 2019 Oct;144(4):e20190811.Full text  Abstract

16. Lipkin PH, Macias MM, Council on children with disabilities, section on developmental and behavioral pediatircs. Promoting optimal development: identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders through developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics. 2020 Jan;145(1):e20193449.Full text  Abstract

17. Abercrombie J, Wiggins L, Green KK. CDC's "learn the signs. Act early." Developmental milestone resources to improve early identification of children with developmental delays, disorders, and disabilities. Zero Three. 2022 Sep;43(1):5-12.Full text  Abstract

18. US Preventive Services Task Force. Universal screening for hearing loss in newborns: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Pediatrics. 2008 Jul;122(1):143-8.Full text  Abstract

19. Nelson HD, Bougatsos C, Nygren P, et al. Universal newborn hearing screening: systematic review to update the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Pediatrics. 2008 Jul;122(1):e266-76. Abstract

20. Thompson DC, McPhillips H, Davis RL, et al. Universal newborn hearing screening: summary of evidence. JAMA. 2001 Oct 24-31;286(16):2000-10. Abstract

21. Fortnum HM, Summerfield AQ, Marshall DH, et al. Prevalence of permanent childhood hearing impairment in the United Kingdom and implications for universal neonatal hearing screening: questionnaire based ascertainment study. BMJ. 2001 Sep 8;323(7312):536-40.Full text  Abstract

22. Howell P, Williams SM. Development of auditory sensitivity in children who stutter and fluent children. Ear Hear. 2004 Jun;25(3):265-74.Full text  Abstract

23. McGowan RS, Nittrouer S, Chenausky K. Speech production in 12-month-old children with and without hearing loss. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008 Aug;51(4):879-88.Full text  Abstract

24. Ip S, Chung M, Kulig J, et al. An evidence-based review of important issues concerning neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics. 2004 Jul;114(1):e130-53.Full text  Abstract

25. American Academy of Audiology. Year 2019 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Oct 2019 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

26. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

27. Eisenberg LS, Martinez AS, Boothroyd A. Assessing auditory capabilities in young children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Sep;71(9):1339-50.Full text  Abstract

28. Watkin PM, Baldwin M. Confirmation of deafness in infancy. Arch Dis Child. 1999 Nov;81(5):380-9.Full text  Abstract

29. Grill E, Hessel F, Siebert U, et al. Comparing the clinical effectiveness of different new-born hearing screening strategies. A decision analysis. BMC Public Health. 2005 Jan 31;5:12.Full text  Abstract

30. Wolff R, Hommerich J, Riemsma R, et al. Hearing screening in newborns: systematic review of accuracy, effectiveness, and effects of interventions after screening. Arch Dis Child. 2010 Feb;95(2):130-5. Abstract

31. Russ SA, Rickards F, Poulakis Z, et al. Six year effectiveness of a population based two tier infant hearing screening programme. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Apr;86(4):245-50.Full text  Abstract

32. Abdala C, Keefe DH, Oba SI. Distortion product otoacoustic emission suppression tuning and acoustic admittance in human infants: birth through 6 months. J Acoust Soc Am. 2007 Jun;121(6):3617-27.Full text  Abstract

33. Korres S, Nikolopoulos T, Ferekidis E, et al. Otoacoustic emissions in universal hearing screening: which day after birth should we examine the newborns? ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2003 Jul-Aug;65(4):199-201. Abstract

34. Gogate P, Gilbert C, Zin A. Severe visual impairment and blindness in infants: causes and opportunities for control. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2011 Apr;18(2):109-14.Full text  Abstract

35. Piyasena C, Dhaliwal C, Russell H, et al. Prediction of severe retinopathy of prematurity using the WINROP algorithm in a birth cohort in South East Scotland. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014 Jan;99(1):F29-33. Abstract

36. Catenacci M, Miyagi S, Wickremasinghe AC, et al. Dopamine-resistant hypotension and severe retinopathy of prematurity. J Pediatr. 2013 Aug;163(2):400-5.Full text  Abstract

37. Movsas TZ, Spitzer AR, Gewolb IH. Trisomy 21 and risk of retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2015 Aug;136(2):e441-7.Full text  Abstract

38. Walter M. Fierson, American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Ophthalmology, American Academy of Opthalmology, American Association for Pediatric Opthalmology and Strabismus, American Association of Certified Orthoptists. Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2018 Dec;142(6):e20183061.Full text

39. Fierson WM; American Academy of Pediatrics; Ameriocan Academy of Ophthalmology, et al. Screening examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics. 2019 Mar;143(3). pii: e20183810.Full text  Abstract

40. U.S. Preventive Services Taskforce. Final recommendation statement: ​vision in children ages 6 months to 5 years: screening. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text

41. Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Ophthalmology. American Association of Certified Orthoptists; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology. Eye examination in infants, children, and young adults by pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2003 Apr;111(4 Pt 1):902-7. Abstract

42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Comprehensive recommendations and guidelines: general best practice guidelines for immunization. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

44. National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Standards for child and adolescent immunization practices. Pediatrics. 2003 Oct;112(4):958-63. Abstract

45. Gaudelus J, Lefevre-Akriche S, Roumegoux C, et al. Immunization of the preterm infant [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2007 Sep;14 Suppl 1:S24-30. Abstract

46. Lee J, Robinson JL, Spady DW. Frequency of apnea, bradycardia and desaturations following first diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-inactivated polio-Haemophilus influenzae type B immunization in hospitalized preterm infants. BMC Pediatr. 2006 Jun 19;6:20.Full text  Abstract

47. Hacking DF, Davis PG, Wong E, et al. Frequency of respiratory deterioration after immunisation in preterm infants. J Paediatr Child Health. 2010 Dec;46(12):742-8. Abstract

48. Spijkerman J, Veenhoven RH, Wijmenga-Monsuur AJ, et al. Immunogenicity of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered according to 4 different primary immunization schedules in infants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. JAMA. 2013 Sep 4;310(9):930-7.Full text  Abstract

49. Grassly NC. Immunogenicity and effectiveness of routine immunization with 1 or 2 doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 1;210 Suppl 1:S439-46.Full text  Abstract

50. Linehan MF, Nurmatov U, Frank TL, et al. Does BCG vaccination protect against childhood asthma? Final results from the Manchester Community Asthma Study retrospective cohort study and updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Mar;133(3):688-95. Abstract

51. Sutter RW, Bahl S, Deshpande JM, et al. Immunogenicity of a new routine vaccination schedule for global poliomyelitis prevention: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Dec 12;386(10011):2413-21. Abstract

52. Wood N, Nolan T, Marshall H, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of monovalent acellular pertussis vaccine at birth: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Nov 1;172(11):1045-52.Full text  Abstract

53. Edwards KM. Protecting infants from pertussis disease. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Nov 1;172(11):1012-3.Full text  Abstract

54. Shearer MJ. Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in early infancy. Blood Rev. 2009 Mar;23(2):49-59. Abstract

55. Demirören K, Yavuz H, Cam L. Intracranial hemorrhage due to vitamin K deficiency after the newborn period. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004 Oct-Nov;21(7):585-92. Abstract

56. Pichler E, Pichler L. The neonatal coagulation system and the vitamin K deficiency bleeding - a mini review. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2008;158(13-14):385-95. Abstract

57. Puckett RM, Offringa M. Prophylactic vitamin K for vitamin K deficiency bleeding in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD002776.Full text  Abstract

58. Ramakrishnan U, Neufeld LM, Flores R, et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation during early childhood increases child size at 2 y of age only among high compliers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Apr;89(4):1125-31.Full text  Abstract

59. Bahl R. Issues in nutrient supplementation of breast-milk fed low birth weight infants. Indian J Med Res. 2008 Aug;128(2):104-6.Full text  Abstract

60. Wagner CL, Greer FR; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1142-52.Full text  Abstract

61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nutrition: vitamin D​. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

62. Canadian Paediatric Society. Vitamin D supplementation: recommendations for Canadian mothers and infants. October 2007 [internet publication].Full text

63. Toward Optimized Practice. Vitamin D testing and supplementation. August 2014 [internet publication].Full text

64. Paxton GA, Teale GR, Nowson CA, et al. Vitamin D and health in pregnancy, infants, children and adolescents in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement. Med J Aust. 2013 Feb 18;198(3):142-3. Abstract

65. Arundel P, Ahmed SF, Allgrove J, et al. British Paediatric and Adolescent Bone Group's position statement on vitamin D deficiency. BMJ. 2012 Dec 3;345:e8182. Abstract

66. [No authors listed]. Prophylaxis of vitamin D deficiency: Polish recommendation 2009 [in Polish]. Endokrynol Pol. 2010;61(suppl 1):22-6. Abstract

67. Natarajan CK, Sankar MJ, Agarwal R, et al. Trial of daily vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2014 Mar;133(3):e628-34.Full text  Abstract

68. Theodoratou E, Tzoulaki I, Zgaga L, et al. Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. BMJ. 2014 Apr 1;348:g2035.Full text  Abstract

69. Newberry SJ, Chung M, Shekelle PG, et al. Vitamin D and calcium: a systematic review of health outcomes (update). Evidence report/technology assessment no. 217. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2014.Full text

70. Zeeb H, Greinert R. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention: does UV protection conflict with the need to raise low levels of vitamin D? Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 Sep;107(37):638-43.Full text  Abstract

71. Gogia S, Sachdev HS. Neonatal vitamin A supplementation for prevention of mortality and morbidity in infancy: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2009 Mar 27;338:b919.Full text  Abstract

72. Edmond KM, Newton S, Shannon C, et al. Effect of early neonatal vitamin A supplementation on mortality during infancy in Ghana (Neovita): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 4;385(9975):1315-23. Abstract

73. Masanja H, Smith ER, Muhihi A, et al. Effect of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on mortality in infants in Tanzania (Neovita): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Apr 4;385(9975):1324-32.Full text  Abstract

74. McCauley ME, van den Broek N, Dou L, Othman M. Vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy for maternal and newborn outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 27;(10):CD008666.Full text  Abstract

75. Mayo-Wilson E, Imdad A, Herzer K, Yakoob MY, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplements for preventing mortality, illness, and blindness in children aged under 5: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 Aug 25;343:d5094.Full text  Abstract

76. Imdad A, Yakoob MY, Sudfeld C, et al. Impact of vitamin A supplementation on infant and childhood mortality. BMC Public Health. 2011 Apr 13;11(suppl 3):S20.Full text  Abstract

77. Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Haykal MR, et al. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Mar 16;3(3):CD008524.Full text  Abstract

78. Milner JD, Stein DM, McCarter R, et al. Early infant multivitamin supplementation is associated with increased risk for food allergy and asthma. Pediatrics. 2004 Jul;114(1):27-32. Abstract

79. Meek JY, Noble L, Section on Breastfeeding. Policy statement: breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2022 Jul 1;150(1):e2022057988.Full text  Abstract

80. McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Clay N, et al. Vitamin C supplementation for pregnant smoking women and pulmonary function in their newborn infants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014 May;311(20):2074-82.Full text  Abstract

81. Peña-Rosas JP, De-Regil LM, Gomez Malave H, et al. Intermittent oral iron supplementation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 19;(10):CD009997.Full text  Abstract

82. Cantor AG, Bougatsos C, Dana T, et al. Routine iron supplementation and screening for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Apr 21;162(8):566-76.Full text  Abstract

83. McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jul 11;(7):CD004074.Full text  Abstract

84. Ziegler EE, Nelson SE, Jeter JM. Iron supplementation of breastfed infants from an early age. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):525-32.Full text  Abstract

85. Moon JS. Nutritional management of breastfeeding infants for the prevention of common nutrient deficiencies and excesses. Korean J Pediatr. 2011 Jul;54(7):282-6.Full text  Abstract

86. Long H, Yi JM, Hu PL, et al. Benefits of iron supplementation for low birth weight infants: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2012 Jul 16;12:99.Full text  Abstract

87. Joy R, Krishnamurthy S, Bethou A, et al. Early versus late enteral prophylactic iron supplementation in preterm very low birth weight infants: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014 Mar;99(2):F105-9. Abstract

88. Hermoso M, Vucic V, Vollhardt C, et al. The effect of iron on cognitive development and function in infants, children and adolescents: a systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab. 2011;59(2-4):154-65.Full text  Abstract

89. Berglund SK, Westrup B, Hägglöf B, et al. Effects of iron supplementation of LBW infants on cognition and behavior at 3 years. Pediatrics. 2013 Jan;131(1):47-55. Abstract

90. Mills RJ, Davies MW. Enteral iron supplementation in preterm and low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD005095.Full text  Abstract

91. Fauchère JC, Koller BM, Tschopp A, et al. Safety of early high-dose recombinant erythropoietin for neuroprotection in very preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2015 Jul;167(1):52-7.e1-3.Full text  Abstract

92. Yakoob MY, Theodoratou E, Jabeen A, et al. Preventive zinc supplementation in developing countries: impact on mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria. BMC Public Health. 2011 Apr 13;11(suppl 3):S23.Full text  Abstract

93. Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of preventive zinc supplementation on linear growth in children under 5 years of age in developing countries: a meta-analysis of studies for input to the lives saved tool. BMC Public Health. 2011 Apr 13;11(suppl 3):S22.Full text  Abstract

94. Nissensohn M, Sánchez Villegas A, Fuentes Lugo D, et al. Effect of zinc intake on serum/plasma zinc status in infants: a meta-analysis. Matern Child Nutr. 2013 Jul;9(3):285-98. Abstract

95. Gogia S, Sachdev HS. Zinc supplementation for mental and motor development in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;(12):CD007991.Full text  Abstract

96. Imdad A, Rogner J, Sherwani RN, et al. Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Mar 30;3(3):CD009384.Full text  Abstract

97. Eichler K, Wieser S, Rüthemann I, et al. Effects of micronutrient fortified milk and cereal food for infants and children: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2012 Jul 6;12:506.Full text  Abstract

98. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Oral health policies and recommendations (The reference manual of pediatric dentistry): perinatal and infant oral health care​. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

99. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Oral health policies and recommendations (The reference manual of pediatric dentistry): fluoride therapy. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

100. Irlam JH, Siegfried N, Visser ME, Rollins NC. Micronutrient supplementation for children with HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Oct 11;(10):CD010666.Full text  Abstract

101. Keim SA, Boone KM, Klebanoff MA, et al. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation vs placebo on developmental outcomes of toddlers born preterm: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2018 Dec 1;172(12):1126-34.Full text  Abstract

102. Kassab M, Khriesat WM, Anabrees J. Diuretics for transient tachypnoea of the newborn. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 21;2015(11):CD003064.Full text  Abstract

103. de Almeida MF, Guinsburg R, Sancho GA, et al. Hypothermia and early neonatal mortality in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2014 Feb;164(2):271-5.e1. Abstract

104. Leadford AE, Warren JB, Manasyan A, et al. Plastic bags for prevention of hypothermia in preterm and low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2013 Jul;132(1):e128-34.Full text  Abstract

105. McCarthy LK, Twomey AR, Molloy EJ, et al. A randomized trial of nasal prong or face mask for respiratory support for preterm newborns. Pediatrics. 2013 Aug;132(2):e389-95.Full text  Abstract

106. Bhat SR, Meng NF, Kumar K, et al. Keeping babies warm: a non-inferiority trial of a conductive thermal mattress. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015 Jul;100(4):F309-12. Abstract

107. Chaudhary R, Farrer K, Broster S, et al. Active versus passive cooling during neonatal transport. Pediatrics. 2013 Nov;132(5):841-6.Full text  Abstract

108. Johnston C, Campbell-Yeo M, Disher T, Bet al. Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 16;(2):CD008435.Full text  Abstract

109. Ho LP, Ho SS, Leung DY, et al. A feasibility and efficacy randomised controlled trial of swaddling for controlling procedural pain in preterm infants. J Clin Nurs. 2016 Feb;25(3-4):472-82. Abstract

110. Shah V, Taddio A, McMurtry CM, et al. Pharmacological and combined interventions to reduce vaccine injection pain in children and adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Pain. 2015 Oct;31(10 Suppl):S38-63.Full text  Abstract

111. Tutag Lehr V, Cortez J, Grever W, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of sucrose analgesia on neonatal skin blood flow and pain response during heel lance. Clin J Pain. 2015 May;31(5):451-8. Abstract

112. Johnston C, Campbell-Yeo M, Rich B, et al. Therapeutic touch is not therapeutic for procedural pain in very preterm neonates: a randomized trial. Clin J Pain. 2013 Sep;29(9):824-9. Abstract

113. Gray L, Garza E, Zageris D, et al. Sucrose and warmth for analgesia in healthy newborns: an RCT. Pediatrics. 2015 Mar;135(3):e607-14.Full text  Abstract

114. Ohlsson A, Shah PS. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 27;1(1):CD011219.Full text  Abstract

115. Blume-Peytavi U, Cork MJ, Faergemann J, et al. Bathing and cleansing in newborns from day 1 to first year of life: recommendations from a European round table meeting. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009 Jul;23(7):751-9. Abstract

116. Sarkar R, Basu S, Agrawal RK, et al. Skin care for the newborn. Indian Pediatr. 2010 Jul;47(7):593-8.Full text  Abstract

117. Blume-Peytavi U, Hauser M, Stamatas GN, et al. Skin care practices for newborns and infants: review of the clinical evidence for best practices. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012 Jan-Feb;29(1):1-14. Abstract

118. Kelleher MM, Phillips R, Brown SJ, et al. Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Nov 14;11(11):CD013534.Full text  Abstract

119. Kelleher MM, Cro S, Cornelius V, et al. Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Feb 5;2(2):CD013534.Full text  Abstract

120. Cleminson J, McGuire W. Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 7;5(5):CD001150.Full text  Abstract

121. Salam RA, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA. Effect of emollient therapy on clinical outcomes in preterm neonates in Pakistan: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015 May;100(3):F210-5. Abstract

122. Canadian Paediatric Society. Umbilical cord management in preterm and term infants. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

123. World Health Organization. Delayed umbilical cord clamping for improved maternal and infant health and nutrition outcomes. 2014 [internet publication].Full text

124. Nesheli HM, Esmailzadeh S, Haghshenas M, et al. Effect of late vs early clamping of the umbilical cord (on haemoglobin level) in full-term neonates. J Pak Med Assoc. 2014 Nov;64(11):1303-5.Full text  Abstract

125. Chien PC, Yang CC, Gau ML, et al. The impact of late umbilical cord clamping on neonatal jaundice and postpartum hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial [in Chinese]. Hu Li Za Zhi. 2015 Aug;62(4):41-53. Abstract

126. Vural I, Ozdemir H, Teker G, et al. Delayed cord clamping in term large-for-gestational age infants: a prospective randomised study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2018 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]Full text  Abstract

127. Krueger MS, Eyal FG, Peevy KJ, et al. Delayed cord clamping with and without cord stripping: a prospective randomized trial of preterm neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Mar;212(3):394.e1-5. Abstract

128. Jaiswal P, Upadhyay A, Gothwal S, et al. Comparison of umbilical cord milking and delayed cord clamping on cerebral blood flow in term neonates. Indian J Pediatr. 2015 Oct;82(10):890-5. Abstract

129. Katheria AC, Truong G, Cousins L, et al. Umbilical cord milking versus delayed cord clamping in preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2015 Jul;136(1):61-9.Full text  Abstract

130. Chiruvolu A, Tolia VN, Qin H, et al. Effect of delayed cord clamping on very preterm infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Nov;213(5):676.e1-7.Full text  Abstract

131. Hutchon DJ. Ventilation before umbilical cord clamping improves physiological transition at birth or "umbilical cord clamping before ventilation is established destabilizes physiological transition at birth". Front Pediatr. 2015 Apr 20;3:29.Full text  Abstract

132. Backes CH, Huang H, Cua CL, et al. Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in infants with congenital heart disease: a pilot, randomized, controlled trial. J Perinatol. 2015 Oct;35(10):826-31. Abstract

133. Al-Wassia H, Shah PS. Efficacy and safety of umbilical cord milking at birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Jan;169(1):18-25. Abstract

134. Blank DA, Badurdeen S, Omar F Kamlin C, et al. Baby-directed umbilical cord clamping: a feasibility study. Resuscitation. 2018 Oct;131:1-7.Full text  Abstract

135. Andersson O, Lindquist B, Lindgren M, et al. Effect of delayed cord clamping on neurodevelopment at 4 years of age: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Jul;169(7):631-8. Abstract

136. Mullany LC, Darmstadt GL, Khatry SK, et al. Impact of umbilical cord cleansing with 4.0% chlorhexidine on time to cord separation among newborns in southern Nepal: a cluster-randomized, community-based trial. Pediatrics. 2006 Nov;118(5):1864-71. Abstract

137. Mullany LC, El Arifeen S, Winch PJ, et al. Impact of 4.0% chlorhexidine cleansing of the umbilical cord on mortality and omphalitis among newborns of Sylhet, Bangladesh: design of a community-based cluster randomized trial. BMC Pediatr. 2009 Oct 21;9:67.Full text  Abstract

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