Hepatitis A

Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics; Kimberlin D, Barnett E, Lynfield R, et al. Hepatitis A. In: Red Book: 2021–2024 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 32nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021.

Kemmer NM, Miskovsky EP. Hepatitis A. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000 Sep;14(3):605-15. Abstract

Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, et al. Prevention of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020 Jul 3;69(5):1-38.Full text  Abstract

1. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics; Kimberlin D, Barnett E, Lynfield R, et al. Hepatitis A. In: Red Book: 2021–2024 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 32nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021.

2. Brundage SC, Fitzpatrick AN. Hepatitis A. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Jun 15;73(12):2162-8.Full text  Abstract

3. Shenoy R, Nair S, Kamath N. Thrombocytopenia in hepatitis A: an atypical presentation. J Trop Pediatr. 2004 Aug;50(4):241-2. Abstract

4. Schiff ER. Atypical clinical manifestations of hepatitis A. Vaccine. 1992;10(suppl 1):S18-S20. Abstract

5. Abutaleb A, Kottilil S. Hepatitis A: epidemiology, natural history, unusual clinical manifestations, and prevention. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2020 Jun;49(2):191-9.Full text  Abstract

6. Hodges M, Sanders E, Aitken C. Seroprevalence of hepatitis markers; HAV, HBV, HCV and HEV amongst primary school children in Freetown, Sierra Leone. West Afr J Med. 1998 Jan-Mar;17(1):36-7. Abstract

7. Sawayama Y, Hayashi J, Ariyama I, et al. A ten year serological survey of hepatitis A, B, and C viruses infections in Nepal. J Epidemiol. 1999 Nov;9(5):350-4. Abstract

8. Hau CH, Hien TT, Tien NT, et al. Prevalence of enteric hepatitis A and E viruses in the Mekong River delta region of Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999 Feb;60(2):277-80. Abstract

9. Arankalle VA, Tsarev SA, Chadha MS, et al. Age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A and E viruses in Pune, India, 1982 and 1992. J Infect Dis. 1995 Feb;171(2):447-50. Abstract

10. Jacobsen KH, Wiersma ST. Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence by age and world region, 1990 and 2005. Vaccine. 2010 Sep 24;28(41):6653-7. Abstract

11. Beran J, Douda P, Rychly R. Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis in the Czech Republic. Eur J Epidemiol. 1999 Oct;15(9):805-8. Abstract

12. Beutels M, Van Damme P, Aelvoet W, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis A, B and C in the Flemish population. Eur J Epidemiol. 1997 Apr;13(3):275-80. Abstract

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis surveillance report - United States, 2021. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Person-to-person outbreaks of hepatitis A across the United States. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

15. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Hepatitis A - annual epidemiological report for 2021. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

16. Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purceli RH. Hepatitis A: detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness. Science. 1973 Dec 7;182(4116):1026-8. Abstract

17. Coulepis AG, Locarnini SA, Westaway EG, et al. Biophysical and biochemical characterization of hepatitis A virus. Intervirology. 1982;18(3):107-27. Abstract

18. Kemmer NM, Miskovsky EP. Hepatitis A. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000 Sep;14(3):605-15. Abstract

19. Cuthbert JA. Hepatitis A: old and new. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001 Jan;14(1):38-58.Full text  Abstract

20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases. 14th ed. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2021.Full text

21. Nelson NP, Weng MK, Hofmeister MG, et al. Prevention of hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020 Jul 3;69(5):1-38.Full text  Abstract

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis: multistate outbreak of hepatitis A virus infections linked to frozen organic strawberries. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and mortality weekly report: widespread community transmission of hepatitis A virus following an outbreak at a local restaurant-Virginia, September 2021-September 2022. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

24. Fleischer B, Fleischer S, Maier K, et al. Clonal analysis of infiltrating T lymphocytes in liver tissue in viral hepatitis A. Immunology. 1990 Jan;69(1):14-9. Abstract

25. Baba M, Hasegawa H, Nakayabu M, et al. Cytolytic activity of natural killer cells and lymphokine activated killer cells against hepatitis A virus infected fibroblasts. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1993;40(2):47-60. Abstract

26. Rezende G, Roque-Afonso AM, Samuel D, et al. Viral and clinical factors associated with the fulminant course of hepatitis A infection. Hepatology. 2003 Sep;38(3):613-8. Abstract

27. Mbithi JN, Springthorpe VS, Boulet JR, et al. Survival of hepatitis A virus on human hands and its transfer on contact with animate and inanimate surfaces. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Apr;30(4):757-63. Abstract

28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Immunization schedules: child and adolescent immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Immunization schedules: ​adult immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

30. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practice Guideline No. 6: viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

31. World Health Organization. WHO position paper on hepatitis A vaccines – October 2022. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

32. UK Health Security Agency. Hepatitis A: guidance, data and analysis. Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

33. World Health Organization. Hepatitis A. July 2023 [internet publication].Full text

34. Glikson M, Galun E, Oren R, et al. Relapsing hepatitis A: review of 14 cases and literature survey. Medicine (Baltimore). 1992 Jan;71(1):14-23.Full text  Abstract

35. Taylor RM, Davern T, Munoz S, et al. Fulminant hepatitis A virus infection in the United States: incidence, prognosis, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2006 Dec;44(6):1589-97. Abstract

36. Ajmera V, Xia G, Vaughan G, et al; the Acute Liver Failure Study Group. What factors determine the severity of hepatitis A-related acute liver failure? J Viral Hepat. 2011 Jul;18(7):e167-74. Abstract

37. Fujiwara K, Kojima H, Yasui S, et al. Hepatitis A viral load in relation to severity of the infection. J Med Virol. 2011 Feb;83(2):201-7. Abstract

38. Tong MJ, el-Farra NS, Grew MI. Clinical manifestations of hepatitis A: recent experience in a community teaching hospital. J Infect Dis. 1995 Mar;171(suppl 1):S15-8. Abstract

39. Shin SJ, Kim JH. The characteristics of acute kidney injury complicated in acute hepatitis A. Scand J Infect Dis. 2009;41(11-12):869-72. Abstract

40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Positive test results for acute hepatitis A virus infection among persons with no recent history of acute hepatitis: United States, 2002-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 May 13;54(18):453-6.Full text  Abstract

41. Vento S, Garofano T, Di Perri G, et al. Identification of hepatitis A virus as a trigger for autoimmune chronic hepatitis type 1 in susceptible individuals. Lancet. 1991 May 18;337(8751):1183-7. Abstract

42. Rahaman SM, Chira P, Koff RS. Idiopathic autoimmune chronic hepatitis triggered by hepatitis A. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994 Jan;89(1):106-8. Abstract

43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and mortality weekly report: update: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for use of hepatitis A vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis and for preexposure prophylaxis for international travel. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

44. Public Health England. Public health control and management of hepatitis A. Jun 2017 [internet publication].Full text

45. Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23;70(4):1-187.Full text  Abstract

46. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Advisory: screening and treatment of viral hepatitis in people with substance use disorders (based on TIP 53). Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

47. World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text

48. Koff RS. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection. Vaccine. 1992;10 (suppl 1):S15-7. Abstract

49. Jung DH, Hwang S, Lim YS, et al. Outcome comparison of liver transplantation for hepatitis A-related versus hepatitis B-related acute liver failure in adult recipients. Clin Transplant. 2018 Jan;32(1). Abstract