Diabetes-related foot disease

American Diabetes Association. ADA standards of care in diabetes - 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Schaper NC, van Netten JJ, Apelqvist J, et al. Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetes-related foot disease (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 May 27;:e3657.Full text  Abstract

Mills JL Sr, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, et al; Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Guidelines Committee. The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 2014 Jan;59(1):220-34.Full text  Abstract

Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Kirsner RS, et al; American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and management of diabetic foot complications. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

1. van Netten JJ, Bus SA, Apelqvist J, et al. Definitions and criteria for diabetes-related foot disease (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 May 15;:e3654.Full text  Abstract

2. Armstrong DG, Tan TW, Boulton AJM, et al. Diabetic foot ulcers: a review. JAMA. 2023 Jul 3;330(1):62-75. Abstract

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States Diabetes Surveillance System [internet publication].Full text

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6. Armstrong DG, Boulton AJ, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 15;376(24):2367-75. Abstract

7. Zhang Y, Lazzarini PA, McPhail SM, et al. Global disability burdens of diabetes-related lower-extremity complications in 1990 and 2016. Diabetes Care. 2020 May;43(5):964-74.Full text  Abstract

8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. Oct 2019 [internet publication].Full text

9. Barshes NR, Sigireddi M, Wrobel JS, et al. The system of care for the diabetic foot: objectives, outcomes, and opportunities. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2013 Oct 10;4:21847.Full text  Abstract

10. Fitridge R, Chuter V, Mills J, et al. The intersocietal IWGDF, ESVS, SVS guidelines on peripheral artery disease in people with diabetes and a foot ulcer. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 Sep 19;:e3686.Full text  Abstract

11. Boyko EJ, Ahroni JH, Cohen V, et al. Prediction of diabetic foot ulcer occurrence using commonly available clinical information: the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. Diabetes Care. 2006 Jun;29(6):1202-7.Full text  Abstract

12. NHS Digital. National diabetes foot care audit (NDFA) hospital admissions report 2014-2017. Mar 2018 [internet publication].Full text

13. Skrepnek GH, Mills JL Sr, Lavery LA, et al. Health care service and outcomes among an estimated 6.7 million ambulatory care diabetic foot cases in the U.S. diabetes care. 2017 Jul;40(7):936-42.Full text  Abstract

14. Prompers L, Huijberts M, Apelqvist J, et al. Delivery of care to diabetic patients with foot ulcers in daily practice: results of the Eurodiale Study, a prospective cohort study. Diabet Med. 2008 Jun;25(6):700-7. Abstract

15. Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, et al. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: a report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care. 2008 Aug;31(8):1679-85.Full text  Abstract

16. Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, et al. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Jun;29(6):1288-93.Full text  Abstract

17. LoGerfo FW, Coffman JD. Current concepts: vascular and microvascular disease of the foot in diabetes - implications for foot care. N Engl J Med. 1984 Dec 20;311(25):1615-9. Abstract

18. Gallagher KA, Mills JL, Armstrong DG, et al. Current status and principles for the treatment and prevention of diabetic foot ulcers in the cardiovascular patient population: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Jan 23;149(4):e232-53.Full text  Abstract

19. Holman N, Young RJ, Jeffcoate WJ. Variation in the recorded incidence of amputation of the lower limb in England. Diabetologia. 2012 Jul;55(7):1919-25.Full text  Abstract

20. Leggetter S, Chaturvedi N, Fuller JH, et al. Ethnicity and risk of diabetes-related lower extremity amputation: a population-based, case-control study of African Caribbeans and Europeans in the United kingdom. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Jan 14;162(1):73-8.Full text  Abstract

21. Crawford F, Cezard G, Chappell FM, et al. A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of prognostic factors for foot ulceration in people with diabetes: the international research collaboration for the prediction of diabetic foot ulcerations (PODUS). Health Technol Assess. 2015 Jul;19(57):1-210.Full text  Abstract

22. American Diabetes Association. ADA standards of care in diabetes - 2024 [internet publication].Full text

23. Bus SA, Sacco ICN, Monteiro-Soares M, et al. Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 Jun 11;:e3651.Full text  Abstract

24. Lavery LA, Peters EJ, Williams JR, et al. Reevaluating the way we classify the diabetic foot: restructuring the diabetic foot risk classification system of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31(1):154-6.Full text  Abstract

25. Dallimore SM, Kaminski MR. Tendon lengthening and fascia release for healing and preventing diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Foot Ankle Res. 2015;8:33.Full text  Abstract

26. Bus SA, Armstrong DG, Crews RT, et al. Guidelines on offloading foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 May 25;:e3647.Full text  Abstract

27. Wukich DK, Schaper NC, Gooday C, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of active Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy in persons with diabetes mellitus (IWGDF 2023). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 May 23;:e3646.Full text  Abstract

28. Boyko EJ, Zelnick LR, Braffett BH, et al. Risk of foot ulcer and lower-extremity amputation among participants in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2022 Feb 1;45(2):357-64. Abstract

29. Schaper NC, van Netten JJ, Apelqvist J, et al. Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetes-related foot disease (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 May 27;:e3657.Full text  Abstract

30. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jul;34(7):1517-8.Full text  Abstract

31. Miller JD, Carter E, Shih J, et al. How to do a 3-minute diabetic foot exam. J Fam Pract. 2014 Nov;63(11):646-56.Full text  Abstract

32. Senneville É, Albalawi Z, van Asten SA, et al. IWGDF/IDSA guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes-related foot infections (IWGDF/IDSA 2023). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 Oct 1;:e3687.Full text  Abstract

33. Butalia S, Palda VA, Sargeant RJ, et al. Does this patient with diabetes have osteomyelitis of the lower extremity? JAMA. 2008 Feb 20;299(7):806-13. Abstract

34. Hingorani A, LaMuraglia GM, Henke P, et al. The management of diabetic foot: a clinical practice guideline by the Society for Vascular Surgery in collaboration with the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Vasc Surg. 2016 Feb;63(2 suppl):3-21S.Full text  Abstract

35. Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, et al. Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Apr 2;127(13):1425-43.Full text  Abstract

36. Mills JL Sr, Conte MS, Armstrong DG, et al; Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Guidelines Committee. The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI). J Vasc Surg. 2014 Jan;59(1):220-34.Full text  Abstract

37. Zhan LX, Branco BC, Armstrong DG, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery lower extremity threatened limb classification system based on Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) correlates with risk of major amputation and time to wound healing. J Vasc Surg. 2015 Apr;61(4):939-44.Full text  Abstract

38. Monteiro-Soares M, Hamilton EJ, Russell DA, et al. Guidelines on the classification of foot ulcers in people with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 May 14;:e3648. Abstract

39. Boulton AJ, Armstrong DG, Kirsner RS, et al; American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and management of diabetic foot complications. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

40. American Limb Preservation Society. Nutrition interventions in adults with diabetic foot ulcers. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

41. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan-2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049. Abstract

42. Wounds Canada. Best practice recommendations for the prevention and management of diabetic foot ulcers. Jan 2019 (reaffirmed Feb 2021) [internet publication].Full text

43. Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Diabetes Canada 2018 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42(Suppl 1):S1-325.Full text

44. International Diabetes Federation. IDF clinical practice recommendations on the diabetic foot. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

45. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Diabetes at the front door. A guideline for dealing with glucose related emergencies at the time of acute hospital admission from the Joint British Diabetes Society for Inpatient Care Group. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

46. Arnott C, Huang Y, Neuen BL, et al. The effect of canagliflozin on amputation risk in the CANVAS program and the CREDENCE trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020 Oct;22(10):1753-66. Abstract

47. Chen P, Vilorio NC, Dhatariya K, et al. Guidelines on interventions to enhance healing of foot ulcers in people with diabetes (IWGDF 2023 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2023 May 25;:e3644.Full text  Abstract

48. Hunt DL. Diabetes: foot ulcers and amputations. BMJ Clin Evid. 2011 Aug 26;2011:0602.Full text  Abstract

49. Roehrs H, Stocco JG, Pott F, et al. Dressings and topical agents containing hyaluronic acid for chronic wound healing. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jul 27;7(7):CD012215. Abstract

50. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. UrgoStart for treating diabetic foot ulcers and leg ulcers. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text

51. Edmonds M, Lázaro-Martínez JL, Alfayate-García JM, et al. Sucrose octasulfate dressing versus control dressing in patients with neuroischaemic diabetic foot ulcers (Explorer): an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Mar;6(3):186-96. Abstract

52. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA updates warnings for oral and injectable fluoroquinolone antibiotics due to disabling side effects. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

53. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

54. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (UK). Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effects. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

55. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

56. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Full text

57. Barshes NR, Belkin M; MOVIE Study Collaborators. A framework for the evaluation of "value" and cost-effectiveness in the management of critical limb ischemia. J Am Coll Surg. 2011 Oct;213(4):552-66. Abstract

58. Farber A, Menard MT, Conte MS, et al. Surgery or endovascular therapy for chronic limb-threatening ischemia. N Engl J Med. 2022 Nov 7 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

59. Mills JL, Beckett WC, Taylor SM. The diabetic foot: consequences of delayed treatment and referral. South Med J. 1991 Aug;84(8):970-4. Abstract

60. Williams DT, Majeed MU, Shingler G, et al. A diabetic foot service established by a department of vascular surgery: an observational study. Ann Vasc Surg. 2012 Jul;26(5):700-6. Abstract

61. Driver VR, Madsen J, Goodman RA. Reducing amputation rates in patients with diabetes at a military medical center: the Limb Preservation Service model. Diabetes Care. 2005 Feb;28(2):248-53.Full text  Abstract

62. Canavan RJ, Unwin NC, Kelly WF, et al. Diabetes- and nondiabetes-related lower extremity amputation incidence before and after the introduction of better organized diabetes foot care: continuous longitudinal monitoring using a standard method. Diabetes Care. 2008 Mar;31(3):459-63.Full text  Abstract

63. Armstrong DG, Bharara M, White M, et al. The impact and outcomes of establishing an integrated interdisciplinary surgical team to care for the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 Sep;28(6):514-8. Abstract

64. Hughes OB, Rakosi A, Macquhae F, et al. A review of cellular and acellular matrix products: indications, techniques, and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016 Sep;138(3 suppl):138-47S. Abstract

65. Game F, Jeffcoate W, Tarnow L, et al. LeucoPatch system for the management of hard-to-heal diabetic foot ulcers in the UK, Denmark, and Sweden: an observer-masked, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Sep 19;6(11):870-8. Abstract

66. Martí-Carvajal AJ, Gluud C, Nicola S, et al. Growth factors for treating diabetic foot ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 28;(10):CD008548.Full text  Abstract

67. Liu Z, Dumville JC, Hinchliffe RJ, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for treating foot wounds in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 17;(10):CD010318.Full text  Abstract

68. Frykberg RG, Franks PJ, Edmonds M, et al. A multinational, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of cyclical topical wound oxygen therapy (TWO2) in the treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: the TWO2 Study. Diabetes Care. 2020 Mar;43(3):616-24.Full text  Abstract

69. Thanigaimani S, Singh T, Golledge J. Topical oxygen therapy for diabetes-related foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2021 Aug;38(8):e14585. Abstract

70. Connaghan F, Avsar P, Patton D, et al. Impact of topical oxygen therapy on diabetic foot ulcer healing rates: a systematic review. J Wound Care. 2021 Oct 2;30(10):823-9. Abstract

71. Niederauer MQ, Michalek JE, Liu Q, et al. Continuous diffusion of oxygen improves diabetic foot ulcer healing when compared with a placebo control: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre study. J Wound Care. 2018 Sep 1;27(sup9):S30-45. Abstract

72. Health Quality Ontario. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2017 May 12;17(5):1-142.Full text  Abstract

73. Löndahl M, Katzman P, Nilsson A, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy facilitates healing of chronic foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010 May;33(5):998-1003.Full text  Abstract

74. Abidia A, Laden G, Kuhan G, et al. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in ischaemic diabetic lower extremity ulcers: a double-blind randomised-controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003 Jun;25(6):513-8.Full text  Abstract

75. Wenhui L, Changgeng F, Lei X, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for chronic diabetic foot ulcers: an overview of systematic reviews. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021 Jun;176:108862. Abstract

76. Ramanujam CL, Han D, Fowler S, et al. Impact of diabetes and comorbidities on split-thickness skin grafts for foot wounds. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 May-Jun;103(3):223-32. Abstract

77. Rose JF, Giovinco N, Mills JL, et al. Split-thickness skin grafting the high-risk diabetic foot. J Vasc Surg. 2014 Jun;59(6):1657-63.Full text  Abstract

78. Forster R, Liew A, Bhattacharya V, et al. Gene therapy for peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Oct 31;(10):CD012058.Full text  Abstract

79. Wukich DK, Armstrong DG, Attinger CE, et al. Inpatient management of diabetic foot disorders: a clinical guide. Diabetes Care. 2013 Sep;36(9):2862-71.Full text  Abstract

80. Tone A, Nguyen S, Devemy F, et al. Six-week versus twelve-week antibiotic therapy for nonsurgically treated diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a multicenter open-label controlled randomized study. Diabetes Care. 2015 Feb;38(2):302-7.Full text  Abstract

81. Gariani K, Pham TT, Kressmann B, et al. Three weeks versus six weeks of antibiotic therapy for diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a prospective, randomized, noninferiority pilot trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Oct 5;73(7):e1539-45.Full text  Abstract

82. Baglioni P, Malik M, Okosieme OE. Acute Charcot foot. BMJ. 2012 Mar 14;344:e1397. Abstract

83. Game FL, Catlow R, Jones GR, et al. Audit of acute Charcot's disease in the UK: the CDUK study. Diabetologia. 2012 Jan;55(1):32-5.Full text  Abstract

84. Rogers LC, Frykberg RG, Armstrong DG, et al. The charcot foot in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011 Sep;34(9):2123-9.Full text  Abstract

85. Berceli SA, Hevelone ND, Lipsitz SR, et al. Surgical and endovascular revision of infrainguinal vein bypass grafts: analysis of midterm outcomes from the PREVENT III trial. J Vasc Surg. 2007 Dec;46(6):1173-9.Full text  Abstract

86. Miller JD, Salloum M, Button A, et al. How can I maintain my patient with diabetes and history of foot ulcer in remission? Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2014 Dec;13(4):371-7. Abstract

87. Armstrong DG, Mills JL. Toward a change in syntax in diabetic foot care: prevention equals remission. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Mar-Apr;103(2):161-2. Abstract

88. Goodall RJ, Ellauzi J, Tan MKH, et al. A systematic review of the impact of foot care education on self efficacy and self care in patients with diabetes. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2020 Aug;60(2):282-92.Full text  Abstract

89. Yuncken J, Williams CM, Stolwyk RJ, et al. People with diabetes do not learn and recall their diabetes foot education: a cohort study. Endocrine. 2018 Oct;62(1):250-8. Abstract