Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- asymptomatic
- cervical bruit
- focal neurological deficit lasting >24 hours (i.e., stroke)
- focal neurological deficit lasting <24 hours (i.e., transient ischaemic attack [TIA])
Risk factors
- older age
- hx of hypertension
- smoking
- hx of cardiovascular disease
- hx of hypercholesterolaemia
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- computed tomography angiography (CTA) of head, neck, and chest
- magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of head, neck, and chest
- cervical angiography
- CT brain
- MRI brain
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors VIEW ALL
Professor of Vascular Surgery
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Chief of the Vascular Service
Baltimore VA Medical Center
Baltimore
MD
Disclosures
BKL is an author or co-author of several references cited in this monograph.
Peer reviewers VIEW ALL
Professor and Chief
Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
NYU Langone Medical Center
New York
NY
Disclosures
MAA declares that he has no competing interests.
Assistant Professor of Surgery and Radiology
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven
CT
Disclosures
JEI declares that he has no competing interests.
Professor of Surgical Education
Consultant Vascular Surgeon
Sheffield Vascular Institute
Sheffield
UK
Disclosures
JDB declares that he is on the Steering Committee of ICSS and ECST-2 Trials.
Professor of Vascular Surgery
Vascular Surgery Group
Division of Cardiovascular Sciences
Leicester Royal Infirmary
UK
Disclosures
RN declares that he has no competing interests.
Professor of Vascular Surgery
Head, Department of Vascular Surgery
Athens Medical Center
Athens
Greece
Disclosures
CDL declares that he has no competing interests.
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