Thymic tumor

Girard N, Ruffini E, Marx A, et al. Thymic epithelial tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v40-v55.Full text  Abstract

Phan AT, Öberg K, Choi J, et al. NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the thorax (includes lung and thymus). Pancreas. 2010;39:784-98.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thymomas and thymic carcinomas [internet publication].Full text

Baudin E, Caplin M, Garcia-Carbonero R, et al. Lung and thymic carcinoids: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Apr;32(4):439-51.Full text  Abstract

1. Hsu CH, Chan JK, Yin CH, et al. Trends in the incidence of thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine tumor in the United States. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0227197.Full text  Abstract

2. Girard N, Ruffini E, Marx A, et al. Thymic epithelial tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v40-v55.Full text  Abstract

3. Detterbeck FC. Clinical value of the WHO classification system of thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:2328-34.Full text  Abstract

4. Shimosato Y, Mukai K. Tumors of the mediastinum. In: Rosai J, Sobin LH, eds. Atlas of tumor pathology. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1997:93-115.

5. Travis W, Brambilla E, Burke A, et al. Tumours of the thymus. In: WHO classification of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2015:184-298.

6. Marx A, Chan JKC, Chalabreysse L, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the thymus and mediastinum: what Is new in thymic epithelial, germ cell, and mesenchymal tumors? J Thorac Oncol. 2022 Feb;17(2):200-13.Full text  Abstract

7. Detterbeck F, Parsons A. Thymic tumors: a review of current diagnosis, classification, and treatment. In: Patterson GA, Cooper JD, Deslauriers J, et al, eds. Thoracic and esophageal surgery, 3rd edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2008:1589-614.

8. Detterbeck FC, Parsons AM. Thymic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 May;77(5):1860-9.Full text  Abstract

9. Bolodár A, Török O, Szabó M, et al. Ruling out fetal Sanfilippo's syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA) in the first trimester of pregnancy [in Hungarian]. Orv Hetil. 1989 Jan 29;130(5):233-4. Abstract

10. Suadjian J, Enriquez P, Silverstein MN, et al. The spectrum of diseases associated with thymoma: coincidence or syndrome? Arch Intern Med. 1974;154:374-379. Abstract

11. Cugell DW, Kamp DW. Asbestos and the pleura: a review. Chest. 2004;125:1103-1117. Abstract

12. Okumura M, Ohta M, Tateyama H, et al. The World Health Organization histologic classification system reflects the oncologic behavior of thymoma: a clinical study of 273 patients. Cancer. 2002 Feb 1;94(3):624-32.Full text  Abstract

13. Kondo K, Monden Y. Therapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical study of 1,320 patients from Japan. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:878-885. Abstract

14. Filosso PL, Actis Dato GM, Ruffini E, et al. Multidisciplinary treatment of advanced thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma (carcinoid): report of a successful case and review of the literature. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127:1215-1219. Abstract

15. Wightman SC, Shrager JB. Non-myasthenia gravis immune syndromes and the thymus: is there a role for thymectomy? Thorac Surg Clin. 2019 May;29(2):215-25. Abstract

16. Zhao J, Bhatnagar V, Ding L, et al. A systematic review of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma: treatment modalities, recurrence, and outcomes in resected cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020 Jul;160(1):306-314.e14.Full text  Abstract

17. Carter BW, Marom EM, Detterbeck FC. Approaching the patient with an anterior mediastinal mass: a guide for clinicians. J Thorac Oncol. 2014 Sep;9(9 suppl 2):S102-9.Full text  Abstract

18. Phan AT, Öberg K, Choi J, et al. NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the thorax (includes lung and thymus). Pancreas. 2010;39:784-98.Full text  Abstract

19. Kattach H, Hasan S, Clelland C, et al. Seeding of stage I thymoma into the chest wall 12 years after needle biopsy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005 Jan;79(1):323-4.Full text  Abstract

20. Nagasaka T, Nakashima N, Nunome H. Needle tract implantation of thymoma after transthoracic needle biopsy. J Clin Pathol. 1993 Mar;46(3):278-9.Full text  Abstract

21. Byrd CT, Trope WL, Bhandari P, et al. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography differentiates resectable thymoma from anterior mediastinal lymphoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022 Apr 1:S0022-5223(22)00367-1. Abstract

22. Drachman DB. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1797-1810. Abstract

23. Wudel LJ Jr, Nesbitt JC. Superior vena cava syndrome. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2001 Feb;2(1):77-91. Abstract

24. Marom EM. Imaging thymoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(suppl 4):296S-303S. Abstract

25. Inaoka T, Takahashi K, Mineta M, et al. Thymic hyperplasia and thymus gland tumors: differentiation with chemical shift MR imaging. Radiology. 2007;243:869-876. Abstract

26. Shin KE, Yi CA, Kim TS, et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI for distinguishing non-neoplastic cysts from solid masses in the mediastinum: problem-solving in mediastinal masses of indeterminate internal characteristics on CT. Eur Radiol. 2014 Mar;24(3):677-84. Abstract

27. Kitami A, Sano F, Ohashi S, et al. The usefulness of positron-emission tomography findings in the management of anterior mediastinal tumors. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Feb 20;23(1):26-30.Full text  Abstract

28. Luzzi L, Campione A, Gorla A, et al. Role of fluorine-flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in preoperative assessment of anterior mediastinal masses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2009 Sep;36(3):475-9.Full text  Abstract

29. Amin M, Edge B, Greene F, et al; American Joint Commission on Cancer. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer International Publishing; 2017.

30. Howard FM Jr, Lennon VA, Finley J, et al. Clinical correlations of antibodies that bind, block, or modulate human acetylcholine receptors in myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1987 Aug;505(1):526-38. Abstract

31. Zekeridou A, McKeon A, Lennon VA. Frequency of synaptic autoantibody accompaniments and neurological manifestations of thymoma. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Jul 1;73(7):853-9.Full text  Abstract

32. Maher MM, Shepard JA. Imaging of thymoma. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;17:12-19. Abstract

33. Masaoka A, Monden Y, Nakahara K, et al. Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer. 1981;48:2485-2492. Abstract

34. Masaoka A, Yamakawa Y, Niwa H, et al. Thymectomy and malignancy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1994;8:251-253. Abstract

35. Masaoka A. Staging system of thymoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(suppl 4):304S-312S. Abstract

36. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thymomas and thymic carcinomas [internet publication].Full text

37. Baudin E, Caplin M, Garcia-Carbonero R, et al. Lung and thymic carcinoids: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Apr;32(4):439-51.Full text  Abstract

38. Titulaer MJ, Soffietti R, Dalmau J, et al. Screening for tumours in paraneoplastic syndromes: report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18:19-e3.Full text  Abstract

39. Cancer Care Ontario. Surgical, radiation, and systemic treatments of patients with thymic epithelial tumours. March 2022 [internet publication].Full text

40. Ettinger DS, Akerley W, Bepler G, et al; National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Thymic malignancies. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2010;8:1302-1315.Full text  Abstract

41. Khorfan R, Bharat A, Odell DD. Management and long-term outcomes of advanced stage thymoma in the United States. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021 Jan;111(1):223-30.Full text  Abstract

42. Park S, Park IK, Kim YT, et al. Comparison of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery to upfront surgery for thymic malignancy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019 Feb;107(2):355-62.Full text  Abstract

43. Yamada Y, Yoshino I, Nakajima J, et al. Surgical outcomes of patients with stage III thymoma in the Japanese nationwide database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015 Sep;100(3):961-7.Full text  Abstract

44. Leuzzi G, Rocco G, Ruffini E, et al. Multimodality therapy for locally advanced thymomas: a propensity score-matched cohort study from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016 Jan;151(1):47-57.e1.Full text  Abstract

45. Korst RJ, Bezjak A, Blackmon S, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced thymic tumors: a phase II, multi-institutional clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014 Jan;147(1):36-44, 46.e1.Full text  Abstract

46. Davenport E, Malthaner RA. The role of surgery in the management of thymoma: a systematic review. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:673-684. Abstract

47. Nakagawa K, Yokoi K, Nakajima J, et al. Is thymomectomy alone appropriate for stage I (T1N0M0) thymoma? Results of a propensity-score analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016 Feb;101(2):520-6.Full text  Abstract

48. Voulaz E, Veronesi G, Infante M, et al. Radical thymectomy versus conservative thymomectomy in the surgical treatment of thymic malignancies. J Thorac Dis. 2018 Jul;10(7):4127-4136.Full text  Abstract

49. Tseng YC, Hsieh CC, Huang HY, et al. Is thymectomy necessary in nonmyasthenic patients with early thymoma? J Thorac Oncol. 2013 Jul;8(7):952-8.Full text  Abstract

50. Nakagawa K, Asamura H, Sakurai H, et al. Does the mode of surgical resection affect the prognosis/recurrence in patients with thymoma? J Surg Oncol. 2014 Mar;109(3):179-83. Abstract

51. Gu Z, Fu J, Shen Y, et al. Thymectomy versus tumor resection for early-stage thymic malignancies: a Chinese Alliance for Research in Thymomas (ChART) retrospective database analysis [in Chinese]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2016 Jul 20;19(7):459-64. Abstract

52. Narm KS, Lee CY, Do YW, et al. Limited thymectomy as a potential alternative treatment option for early-stage thymoma: a multi-institutional propensity-matched study. Lung Cancer. 2016 Nov;101:22-7. Abstract

53. Voulaz E, Perroni G, Russo A, et al. Thymomectomy versus complete thymectomy in early-stage non-myasthenic thymomas: a multicentric propensity score-matched study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2022 Jun 15;35(1):ivac167.Full text  Abstract

54. Yang CJ, Hurd J, Shah SA, et al. A national analysis of open versus minimally invasive thymectomy for stage I to III thymoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020 Aug;160(2):555-567.e15.Full text  Abstract

55. Friedant AJ, Handorf EA, Su S, et al. Minimally invasive versus open thymectomy for thymic malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Oncol. 2016 Jan;11(1):30-8.Full text  Abstract

56. Manoly I, Whistance RN, Sreekumar R, et al. Early and mid-term outcomes of trans-sternal and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for thymoma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014 Jun;45(6):e187-93.Full text  Abstract

57. Sakamaki Y, Oda T, Kanazawa G, et al. Intermediate-term oncologic outcomes after video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy for early-stage thymoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014 Oct;148(4):1230-7.e1.Full text  Abstract

58. Marulli G, Comacchio GM, Schiavon M, et al. Comparing robotic and trans-sternal thymectomy for early-stage thymoma: a propensity score-matching study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018 Sep 1;54(3):579-84.Full text  Abstract

59. Geraci TC, Ferrari-Light D, Pozzi N, et al. Midterm results for robotic thymectomy for malignant disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021 May;111(5):1675-81.Full text  Abstract

60. Marcuse F, Hochstenbag M, De Baets MHV, et al. Robotic thymectomy for thymomas: a retrospective follow-up study in the Netherlands. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022 Nov;114(5):1886-94.Full text  Abstract

61. Li XK, Xu Y, Cong ZZ, et al. Comparison of the progression-free survival between robot-assisted thymectomy and video-assisted thymectomy for thymic epithelial tumors: a propensity score matching study. J Thorac Dis. 2020 Aug;12(8):4033-43.Full text  Abstract

62. Shen C, Li J, Li J, et al. Robot-assisted thoracic surgery versus video-assisted thoracic surgery for treatment of patients with thymoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer. 2022 Jan;13(2):151-61.Full text  Abstract

63. Mangi AA, Wright CD, Allan JS, et al. Adjuvant radiation therapy for stage II thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:1033-1037. Abstract

64. Korst RJ, Kansler AL, Christos PJ, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for thymic epithelial tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87:1641-1647. Abstract

65. Falkson CB, Vella ET, Ellis PM, et al. Surgical, radiation, and systemic treatments of patients with thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical practice guideline. J Thorac Oncol. 2022 Nov;17(11):1258-75.Full text  Abstract

66. Giannopoulou A, Gkiozos I, Harrington KJ, et al. Thymoma and radiation therapy: a systematic review of medical treatment. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2013;13:759-766. Abstract

67. Chun SG, Rimner A, Amini A, et al. American radium society appropriate use criteria for radiation therapy in the multidisciplinary management of thymic carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. 2023 Jul 1;9(7):971-80. Abstract

68. Venuta F, Rendina EA, Longo F, et al. Long-term outcome after multimodality treatment for stage III thymic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:1866-1872. Abstract

69. Huang J, Rizk NP, Travis WD, et al. Feasibility of multimodality therapy including extended resections in stage IVA thymoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134:1477-1484. Abstract

70. Loehrer PJ, Jiroutek M, Aisner S, et al. Combined etoposide, ifosfamide and cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an intergroup trial. Cancer. 2001;91:2010-2015. Abstract

71. Riely GJ, Huang J. Induction therapy for locally advanced thymoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(suppl 4):323S-326S. Abstract

72. Lemma GL, Lee JW, Aisner SC, et al. Phase II study of carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011 May 20;29(15):2060-5.Full text  Abstract

73. Wright CD, Choi NC, Wain JC, et al. Induction chemoradiotherapy followed by resection for locally advanced Masaoka stage III and IVA thymic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85:385-389. Abstract

74. Loehrer PJ Sr, Chen M, Kim K, et al. Cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide plus thoracic radiation therapy for limited-stage unresectable thymoma: an intergroup trial. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:3093-3099. Abstract

75. Wright CD, Wain JC, Wong DR, et al. Predictors of recurrence in thymic tumors: importance of invasion, World Health Organization histology and size. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:1413-1421. Abstract

76. Huang J, Rizk NP, Travis WD. Comparison of patterns of relapse in thymic carcinoma and thymoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;138:26-31. Abstract

77. Schmitt J, Loehrer PJ. The role of chemotherapy in advanced thymoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(suppl 4):357S-360S. Abstract

78. Palmieri G, Buonerba C, Ottaviano M, et al. Capecitabine plus gemcitabine in thymic epithelial tumors: final analysis of a Phase II trial. Future Oncol. 2014 Nov;10(14):2141-7. Abstract

79. Zucali PA, De Pas T, Palmieri G, et al. Phase II study of everolimus in patients with thymoma and thymic carcinoma previously treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Feb 1;36(4):342-9.Full text  Abstract

80. Thomas A, Rajan A, Berman A, et al. Sunitinib in patients with chemotherapy-refractory thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Feb;16(2):177-86. Abstract

81. Sato J, Satouchi M, Itoh S, et al. Lenvatinib in patients with advanced or metastatic thymic carcinoma (REMORA): a multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Jun;21(6):843-50. Abstract

82. Wright CD. Pleuropneumonectomy for the treatment of Masaoka stage IVA thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82:1234-1239. Abstract

83. Eng TY, Thomas CR. Radiation therapy in the management of thymic tumors. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;17:32-40. Abstract

84. Lucchi M, Mussi A. Surgical treatment of recurrent thymomas. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(suppl 4):348S-351S. Abstract

85. Cho J, Kim HS, Ku BM, et al. Pembrolizumab for patients with refractory or relapsed thymic epithelial tumor: an open-label phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2019 Aug 20;37(24):2162-70. Abstract

86. Giaccone G, Kim C, Thompson J, et al. Pembrolizumab in patients with thymic carcinoma: a single-arm, single-centre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Mar;19(3):347-55. Abstract

87. Skeie GO, Apostolski S, Evoli A, et al. Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:893-902. Abstract

88. Okereke IC, Kesler KA, Morad MH, et al. Prognostic indicators after surgery for thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 Apr;89(4):1071-7; discussion 1077-9.Full text  Abstract

89. Rena O, Papalia E, Maggi G, et al. World Health Organization histologic classification: an independent prognostic factor in resected thymomas. Lung Cancer. 2005 Oct;50(1):59-66. Abstract

90. Kondo K, Yoshizawa K, Tsuyuguchi M, et al. WHO histologic classification is a prognostic indicator in thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 Apr;77(4):1183-8.Full text  Abstract

91. Yokoyama S, Miyoshi H. Thymic tumors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Thorac Dis. 2018 May;10(suppl 13):S1509-15.Full text  Abstract

92. Rajan A, Heery CR, Thomas A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody (Avelumab) treatment in advanced thymoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2019 Oct 21;7(1):269.Full text  Abstract

93. Kang SY, Lee JS, Choi JC, Kang JH. Myasthenia gravis appearing after thymectomy: a case report and review of the literature. J Clin Neurol. 2007;3:158-160.Full text  Abstract

94. Welsh JS, Wilkins KB, Green R, et al. Association between thymoma and second neoplasms. JAMA. 2000;283:1142-1143. Abstract