Anal cancer

Rao S, Guren MG, Khan K, et al. Anal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Sep;32(9):1087-100.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: anal carcinoma [internet publication].Full text

1. Simpson JA, Scholefield JH. Diagnosis and management of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal cancer. BMJ. 2011 Nov 4;343:d6818. Abstract

2. Goodman KA, Gollub M, Eng C, et al. American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC cancer staging system: Anus: version 9 of the cancer staging system. American College of Surgeons; 2022.Full text

3. Ryan DP, Compton CC, Mayer RJ. Carcinoma of the anal canal. N Engl J Med. 2000 Mar 16;342(11):792-800. Abstract

4. Rao S, Guren MG, Khan K, et al. Anal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Sep;32(9):1087-100.Full text  Abstract

5. American Cancer Society. Cancer facts & figures 2023. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

6. Shiels MS, Kreimer AR, Coghill AE, et al. Anal cancer incidence in the United States, 1977-2011: distinct patterns by histology and behavior. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2015 Oct;24(10):1548-56.Full text  Abstract

7. Grulich AE, Poynten IM, Machalek DA, et al. The epidemiology of anal cancer. Sex Health. 2012 Dec;9(6):504-8. Abstract

8. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: anal carcinoma [internet publication].Full text

9. Deshmukh AA, Suk R, Shiels MS, et al. Recent trends in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus incidence and mortality in the United States, 2001-2015. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020 Aug 1;112(8):829-38.Full text  Abstract

10. Baricevic I, He X, Chakrabarty B, et al. High-sensitivity human papilloma virus genotyping reveals near universal positivity in anal squamous cell carcinoma: different implications for vaccine prevention and prognosis. Eur J Cancer. 2015 Apr;51(6):776-85. Abstract

11. Colón-López V, Shiels MS, Machin M, et al. Anal cancer risk among people with HIV infection in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jan 1;36(1):68-75.Full text  Abstract

12. Clifford GM, Georges D, Shiels MS, et al. A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence by risk group: toward a unified anal cancer risk scale. Int J Cancer. 2021 Jan 1;148(1):38-47.Full text  Abstract

13. Albuquerque A, Stirrup O, Nathan M, et al. Burden of anal squamous cell carcinoma, squamous intraepithelial lesions and HPV16 infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Transplant. 2020 Dec;20(12):3520-8.Full text  Abstract

14. Sunesen KG, Nørgaard M, Thorlacius-Ussing O, et al. Immunosuppressive disorders and risk of anal squamous cell carcinoma: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark, 1978-2005. Int J Cancer. 2010 Aug 1;127(3):675-84.Full text  Abstract

15. Brianti P, De Flammineis E, Mercuri SR. Review of HPV-related diseases and cancers. New Microbiol. 2017 Apr;40(2):80-5. Abstract

16. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. All cancer sites combined: recent trends in SEER age-adjusted incidence rates, 2000-2019. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

17. Gerard JP, Chapet O, Samiei F, et al. Management of inguinal lymph node metastases in patients with carcinoma of the anal canal: experience in a series of 270 patients treated in Lyon and review of the literature. Cancer. 2001 Jul 1;92(1):77-84.Full text  Abstract

18. Palefsky JM, Giuliano AR, Goldstone S, et al. HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1576-85.Full text  Abstract

19. Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, et al. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer. 2004 Jul 15;101(2):270-80.Full text  Abstract

20. Tinmouth J, Peeva V, Amare H, et al. Progression from perianal high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia to anal cancer in HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016 Sep;59(9):836-42. Abstract

21. Gautier M, Brochard C, Lion A, et al. High-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia: progression to invasive cancer is not a certainty. Dig Liver Dis. 2016 Jul;48(7):806-11. Abstract

22. Palefsky JM, Lee JY, Jay N, et al. Treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to prevent anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 16;386(24):2273-82.Full text  Abstract

23. Lin AY, Gridley G, Tucker M. Benign anal lesions and cancer. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:190-1. Abstract

24. Frisch M, Olsen JH, Bautz, A, et al. Benign anal lesions and the risk of anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:300-2. Abstract

25. Holly EA, Whittemore AS, Aston DA, et al. Anal cancer incidence: genital warts, anal fissure, hemorrhoids, and smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989;81:1726-1730. Abstract

26. Lin ACH, Hakim A, Kellish AS, et al. Inguinal lymph node dissection does not improve overall survival in anal cancer nodal disease. J Surg Res. 2020 Nov;255:13-22. Abstract

27. Mahmud A, Poon R, Jonker D. PET imaging in anal canal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Radiol. 2017 Dec;90(1080):20170370.Full text  Abstract

28. Jones M, Hruby G, Solomon M, et al. The role of FDG-PET in the initial staging and response assessment of anal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015 Oct;22(11):3574-81. Abstract

29. UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin. Lancet. 1996 Oct 19;348(9034):1049-54. Abstract

30. Northover J, Glynne-Jones R, Sebag-Montefiore D, et al. Chemoradiation for the treatment of epidermoid anal cancer: 13-year follow-up of the first randomised UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial (ACT I). Br J Cancer. 2010 Mar 30;102(7):1123-8.Full text  Abstract

31. Bartelink H, Roelofsen F, Eschwege F, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer radiotherapy and gastrointestinal cooperative groups. J Clin Oncol. 1997 May;15(5):2040-9. Abstract

32. Jones CM, Adams R, Downing A, et al. Toxicity, tolerability, and compliance of concurrent capecitabine or 5-fluorouracil in radical management of anal cancer with single-dose mitomycin-C and intensity modulated radiation therapy: evaluation of a national cohort. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2018 Apr;101(5):1202-11. Abstract

33. Glynne-Jones R, Meadows H, Wan S, et al. EXTRA--a multicenter phase II study of chemoradiation using a 5 day per week oral regimen of capecitabine and intravenous mitomycin C in anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Sep 1;72(1):119-26.Full text  Abstract

34. Glynne-Jones R, Lim F. Anal cancer: an examination of radiotherapy strategies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79:1290-1301. Abstract

35. Flam M, John M, Pajak TF, et al. Role of mitomycin in combination with fluorouracil and radiotherapy, and salvage chemoradiation in the definitive nonsurgical treatment of epidermoid carcinoma of the anal canal: results of a phase III randomized intergroup study. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Sep;14(9):2527-39. Abstract

36. Thind G, Johal B, Follwell M, et al. Chemoradiation with capecitabine and mitomycin-C for stage I-III anal squamous cell carcinoma. Radiat Oncol. 2014 May 29;9:124.Full text  Abstract

37. Goodman KA, Julie D, Cercek A, et al. Capecitabine with mitomycin reduces acute hematologic toxicity and treatment delays in patients undergoing definitive chemoradiation using intensity modulated radiation therapy for anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017 Aug 1;98(5):1087-95. Abstract

38. Gunderson LL, Winter KA, Ajani JA, et al. Long-term update of US GI intergroup RTOG 98-11 phase III trial for anal carcinoma: survival, relapse, and colostomy failure with concurrent chemoradiation involving fluorouracil/mitomycin versus fluorouracil/cisplatin. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Dec 10;30(35):4344-51.Full text  Abstract

39. James RD, Glynne-Jones R, Meadows HM, et al. Mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, 2 × 2 factorial trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 May;14(6):516-24.Full text  Abstract

40. Peiffert D, Tournier-Rangeard L, Gérard JP, et al. Induction chemotherapy and dose intensification of the radiation boost in locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: final analysis of the randomized UNICANCER ACCORD 03 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1941-1948. Abstract

41. Bazan JG, Hara W, Hsu A, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy versus conventional radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Cancer. 2011;117:3342-3351. Abstract

42. Gilbert A, Drinkwater K, McParland L, et al. UK national cohort of anal cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy: One-year oncological and patient-reported outcomes. Eur J Cancer. 2020 Mar;128:7-16. Abstract

43. ISRCTN registry. PLATO - personalising anal cancer radiotherapy dose. ISRCTN88455282. Sept 2021 [internet publication].Full text

44. Muirhead R, Partridge M, Hawkins MA. A tumor control probability model for anal squamous cell carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2015 Aug;116(2):192-6. Abstract

45. Moureau-Zabotto L, Viret F, Giovaninni M, et al. Is neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radio-chemotherapy beneficial in T4 anal carcinoma? J Surg Oncol. 2011 Jul 1;104(1):66-71. Abstract

46. Glynne-Jones R, Sebag-Montefiore D, Meadows HM, et al. Best time to assess complete clinical response after chemoradiotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a post-hoc analysis of randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Mar;18(3):347-56.Full text  Abstract

47. Rao S, Sclafani F, Eng C, et al. International Rare Cancers Initiative multicenter randomized phase II trial of cisplatin and fluorouracil versus carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced anal cancer: InterAAct. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Aug 1;38(22):2510-18.Full text  Abstract

48. Kim S, François E, André T, et al. Docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil chemotherapy for metastatic or unresectable locally recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma (Epitopes-HPV02): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018 Aug;19(8):1094-106. Abstract

49. Sclafani F, Morano F, Cunningham D, et al. Platinum-fluoropyrimidine and paclitaxel-based chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced anal cancer patients. Oncologist. 2017 Apr;22(4):402-8.Full text  Abstract

50. Phan LK, Hoff PM. Evidence of clinical activity for cetuximab combined with irinotecan in a patient with refractory anal canal squamous-cell carcinoma: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:395-398. Abstract

51. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: cancer in people with HIV [internet publication].Full text

52. Chiao EY, Giordano TP, Richardson P, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated squamous cell cancer of the anus: epidemiology and outcomes in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 20;26(3):474-9.Full text  Abstract

53. Seo Y, Kinsella MT, Reynolds HL, et al. Outcomes of chemoradiotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil and mitomycin C for anal cancer in immunocompetent versus immunodeficient patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Sep 1;75(1):143-9. Abstract

54. Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, et al. US intergroup anal carcinoma trial: tumor diameter predicts for colostomy. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Mar 1;27(7):1116-21.Full text  Abstract

55. Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, et al. Prognostic factors derived from a prospective database dictate clinical biology of anal cancer: the intergroup trial (RTOG 98-11). Cancer. 2010 Sep 1;116(17):4007-13.Full text  Abstract

56. Goffredo P, Garancini M, Robinson TJ, et al. A national-level validation of the new American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition subclassification of stage IIA and B anal squamous cell cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018 Jun;25(6):1654-60. Abstract

57. American Cancer Society. Cancer A-Z. Anal cancer survival rates. February 2022 [internet publication].Full text

58. Peiffert D, Bey P, Pernot M, et al. Conservative management by irradiation of epidermoid cancers of the anal canal: prognostic factors of tumor control and complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37:313-324. Abstract

59. Gerard JP, Ayzac L, Hun D, et al. Treatment of anal canal carcinoma with high dose radiation therapy and concomitant fluorouracil-cisplatinum: long term results in 95 patients. Radiother Oncol. 1998;46:249-256. Abstract

60. Rusten E, Rekstad BL, Undseth C, et al. Anal cancer chemoradiotherapy outcome prediction using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and clinicopathological factors. Br J Radiol. 2019 May;92(1097):20181006.Full text  Abstract

61. Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Apr 23;299(16):1914-21.Full text  Abstract

62. Glynne-Jones R, Sebag-Montefiore D, Adams R, et al. Prognostic factors for recurrence and survival in anal cancer: generating hypotheses from the mature outcomes of the first United Kingdom Coordinating Committee on Cancer Research Anal Cancer Trial (ACT I). Cancer. 2013 Feb 15;119(4):748-55.Full text  Abstract

63. Lawrie TA, Green JT, Beresford M, et al. Interventions to reduce acute and late adverse gastrointestinal effects of pelvic radiotherapy for primary pelvic cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 23;(1):CD012529.Full text  Abstract

64. Kapp KS, Geyer E, Gebhart FH, et al. Evaluation of sphincter function after external beam irradiation and Ir-192 high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy +/- chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma of the anal canal. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:339.

65. Tournier-Rangeard L, Mercier M, Peiffert D, et al. Radiochemotherapy of locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: prospective assessment of early impact on the quality of life (randomized trial ACCORD 03). Radiother Oncol. 2008;87:391-397. Abstract

66. Weber DC, Nouet P, Kurtz JM, et al. Assessment of target dose delivery in anal cancer using in vivo thermoluminescent dosimetry. Radiother Oncol. 2001;59:39-43. Abstract

67. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: survivorship [internet publication].Full text

68. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: cancer-related fatigue [internet publication].Full text