References
Key articles
American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM international classification of sleep disorders - third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR). Jun 2023 [internet publication].
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. text revision, (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022
Kotagal S. Parasomnias in childhood. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13:157-168. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Mahowald MW, Ettinger MG. Things that go bump in the night: the parasomnias revisited. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1990;7:119-143. Abstract
2. Broughton R. Behavioral parasomnias. In: Chokroverty S, ed. Sleep disorders medicine: basic science, technical considerations, and clinical aspects. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999:635-660.
3. Brooks S, Kushida CA. Behavioral parasomnias. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2002;4:363-368. Abstract
4. Mahowald MW, Bornemann MC, Schenck CH. Parasomnias. Semin Neurol. 2004;24:283-292. Abstract
5. Mason TB 2nd, Pack AI. Pediatric parasomnias. Sleep. 2007;30:141-151. Abstract
6. Mahowald MW. Overview of parasomnias. In: AASM. National sleep medicine course. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 1999.
7. Kowey PR, Mainchak RA, Rials SJ. Things that go bang in the night. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1884. Abstract
8. Thorpy MJ, Glovinsky PB. Parasomnias. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1987;10:623-639. Abstract
10. Parkes JD. The parasomnias. Lancet. 1986;2:1021-1025. Abstract
11. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM international classification of sleep disorders - third edition, text revision (ICSD-3-TR). Jun 2023 [internet publication].
12. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. text revision, (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022
13. Ohayon M, Guilleminault C, Priest RG. Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousal in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60:268-276. Abstract
14. Stallman HM, Kohler M. Prevalence of sleepwalking: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016 Nov 10;11(11):e0164769.Full text Abstract
15. Klackenberg G. Somnambulism in childhood - prevalence, course and behavioral correlations. A prospective longitudinal study (6-16 years). Acta Paediatr Scand. 1982;71:495-499. Abstract
16. Fisher C, Kahn E, Edwards A, et al. A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors. 1. Physiological aspects of the stage 4 night terror. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1973;157:75-98. Abstract
17. Fisher C, Kahn E, Edwards A, et al. A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors. 3. Mental content and recall of stage 4 night terrors. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1974;158:174-188. Abstract
18. Leung AKC, Leung AAM, Wong AHC, et al. Sleep terrors: an updated review. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2020;16(3):176-82.Full text Abstract
19. Schredl M, Fricke-Oerkermann L, Mitschke A, et al. Longitudinal study of nightmares in children: stability and effect of emotional symptoms. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2009;40:439-449. Abstract
20. Jimenez-Genchi A, Avila-Rodriguez VM, Sanchez-Rojas F, et al. Sleep paralysis in adolescents: the 'a dead body climbed on top of me' phenomenon in Mexico. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63;546-549. Abstract
21. Nevsimalova S, Prihodova I, Kemlink D, et al. REM behavior disorder (RBD) can be one of the first symptoms of childhood narcolepsy. Sleep Med. 2007;8:784-786. Abstract
22. Stores G. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50:728-732.Full text Abstract
23. Bonakis A, Howard RS, Ebrahim IO, et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and its associations in young patients. Sleep Med. 2009;10:641-645. Abstract
24. Bonakis A, Howard RS, Williams A. Narcolepsy presenting as REM sleep behaviour disorder. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110:518-520. Abstract
25. Dauvilliers Y, Rompre S, Gagnon JF, et al. REM sleep characteristics in narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2007;30:844-849.Full text Abstract
26. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Priest RG. Violent behavior during sleep. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58:369-376. Abstract
27. Guilleminault C, Palombini L, Pelayo R, et al. Sleepwalking and sleep terrors in prepubertal children: what triggers them? Pediatrics. 2003;111:e17-e25.Full text Abstract
28. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. NREM sleep parasomnias. Neurol Clin. 1996;14:675-696. Abstract
29. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. On the reported association of psychopathology with sleep terrors in adults. Sleep. 2000;23:448-449. Abstract
30. Wise MS. Parasomnias in children. Pediatr Ann. 1997;26:427-433. Abstract
31. Mahowald MW, Rosen GM. Parasomnias in children. Pediatrician. 1990;17:21-31. Abstract
32. Zadra A, Pilon M, Montplaisir J. Polysomnographic diagnosis of sleepwalking: effects of sleep deprivation. Ann Neurol. 2008;63:513-519. Abstract
33. Broughton RJ. Sleep disorders: disorders of arousal? Enuresis, somnambulism, and nightmares occur in confusional states of arousal, not in "dreaming sleep". Science. 1968;159:1070-1078. Abstract
34. Chugh DK, Weaver TE, Dinges DF. Neurobehavioral consequences of arousals. Sleep. 1996;19(10 suppl):S198-S201. Abstract
35. Roth B, Nevsimalova S, Sagova V, et al. Neurological, psychological and polygraphic findings in sleep drunkenness. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr. 1981;129:209-222. Abstract
36. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005.
37. Kotagal S. Parasomnias in childhood. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13:157-168. Abstract
38. Lecendreux M, Bassetti C, Dauvilliers Y, et al. HLA and genetic susceptibility to sleepwalking. Mol Psychiatry. 2003;8:114-117.Full text Abstract
39. Lam SP, Fong SY, Ho CK, et al. Parasomnia among psychiatric outpatients: a clinical, epidemiologic, cross-sectional study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:1374-1382. Abstract
40. Ohayon MM, Mahowald MW, Dauvilliers Y, et al. Prevalence and comorbidity of nocturnal wandering in the U.S. adult general population. Neurology. 2012 May 15;78(20):1583-9.Full text Abstract
41. Belicki K. Nightmare frequency versus nightmare distress: relations to psychopathology and cognitive style. J Abnorm Psychol. 1992;101:592-597. Abstract
42. Semiz UB, Basoglu C, Ebrinc S, et al. Nightmare disorder, dream anxiety, and subjective sleep quality in patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;62:48-55. Abstract
43. Kales JD, Kales A, Soldatos CR, et al. Sleepwalking and night terrors related to febrile illness. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136:1214-1215. Abstract
45. Nightingale S, Orgill JC, Ebrahim IO, et al. The association between narcolepsy and REM behavior disorder (RBD). Sleep Med. 2005;6:253-258. Abstract
46. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Two cases of premenstrual sleep terrors and injurious sleep-walking. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1995;16:79-84. Abstract
47. Chamness JA. Taking a pediatric sleep history. Pediatr Ann. 2008;37:502-508. Abstract
49. Calamaro CJ, Mason TB. Sleep-related dissociative disorder in a 6-year-old girl. Behav Sleep Med. 2008;6:147-157. Abstract
50. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Parasomnias: sleepwalking and the law. Sleep Med Rev. 2000;4:321-339. Abstract
51. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Diagnosis and management of parasomnias. Clin Cornerstone. 2000;2:48-57. Abstract
52. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. Parasomnias. Managing bizarre sleep-related behavior disorders. Postgrad Med. 2000;107:145-156. Abstract
53. Kotagal S, Nichols CD, Grigg-Damberger MM, et al. Non-respiratory indications for polysomnography and related procedures in children: An evidence-based review. Sleep. 2012;35:1451-1466. Abstract
54. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
55. Foldvary N, Caruso AC, Mascha E, et al. Identifying montages that best detect electrographic seizure activity during polysomnography. Sleep. 2000;23:221-229. Abstract
56. Dyken ME, Yamada T, Lin-Dyken DC. Polysomnographic assessment of spells in sleep: nocturnal seizures versus parasomnias. Semin Neurol. 2001;21:377-390. Abstract
57. Martin BT, Williamson BD, Edwards N, et al. Parental symptom report and periodic limb movements of sleep in children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4:57-61.Full text Abstract
58. Dyken ME, Lin-Dyken DC, Yamada T. Diagnosing rhythmic movement disorder with video-polysomnography. Pediatr Neurol. 1997;16:37-41. Abstract
59. Challamel MJ, Mazzola ME, Nevsimalova S, et al. Narcolepsy in children. Sleep. 1994 Dec;17(8 suppl):S17-20.Full text Abstract
60. Tobin JD Jr. Treatment of somnambulism with anticipatory awakening. J Pediatr. 1993;122:426-427. Abstract
61. Frank NC, Spirito A, Stark L, et al. The use of scheduled awakenings to eliminate childhood sleepwalking. J Pediatr Psychol. 1997;22:345-353.Full text Abstract
62. Nino-Murcia G, Dement WC. Psychophysiological and pharmacological aspects of somnambulism and night terrors in children. In: Meltzer HY, ed. Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1987:873-879.
63. Reid WH, Ahmed I, Levie CA. Treatment of sleepwalking: a controlled study. Am J Psychother. 1981;35:27-37. Abstract
64. Nemeroff CB, Kalali A, Keller MB, et al. Impact of publicity concerning pediatric suicidality data on physician practice patterns in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;64(4):466-72.Full text Abstract
65. Lillywhite AR, Wilson SJ, Nutt DJ. Successful treatment of night terrors and somnambulism with paroxetine. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;164:551-554. Abstract
66. Balon R. Sleep terror disorder and insomnia treated with trazodone: a case report. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1994;6:161-163. Abstract
67. Guzman CS, Wang YP. Sleep terror disorder: a case report. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2008;30:169.Full text Abstract
68. Bruni O, Ferri R, Miano S, et al. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan treatment of sleep terrors in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2004;163:402-407. Abstract
69. Krakow B, Kellner R, Neidhardt J, et al. Imagery rehearsal treatment of chronic nightmares: with a thirty month follow-up. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1993 Dec;24(4):325-30.Full text Abstract
70. Aldrich MS. Sleep medicine. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1999.
71. Mitler MM, Hajdukovic R, Erman M, et al. Narcolepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1990;7:93-118.Full text Abstract
72. Morgenthaler TI, Kapur VK, Brown T, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias of central origin. Sleep. 2007 Dec;30(12):1705-11.Full text Abstract
73. Schenck CH, Mahowald MW. A polysomnographic, neurologic, psychiatric, and clinical outcome report on 70 consecutive cases with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD): sustained clonazepam efficacy in 89.5% of 57 treated patients. Cleve Clin J Med. 1990;57(suppl):S9-S23.
74. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. REM sleep behavior disorder. In: Kryger M, Dement W, Roth T, eds. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1994:574-588.
75. Aurora RN, Zak RS, Maganti RK, et al. Best practice guide for the treatment of REM sleep behaviour disorder. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6:85-95. Abstract
76. Haupt M, Sheldon SH, Loghmanee D. Just a scary dream? A brief review of sleep terrors, nightmares, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Pediatr Ann. 2013;42:211-216. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer