References

Key articles

Smego RA Jr, Foglia G. Actinomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Jun;26(6):1255-61. Abstract

Acevedo F, Baudrand R, Letelier LM, et al. Actinomycosis: a great pretender: case reports of unusual presentations and a review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;12(4):358-62. Abstract

Wong VK, Turmezei TD, Weston VC. Actinomycosis. BMJ. 2011 Oct 11;343:d6099. Abstract

Martin MV. The use of oral amoxycillin for the treatment of actinomycosis: a clinical and in vitro study. Br Dent J. 1984 Apr 7;156(7):252-4. Abstract

Spilsbury BW, Johnstone FR. The clinical course of actinomycotic infections: a report of 14 cases. Can J Surg. 1962 Jan;5:33-48. Abstract

Sudhakar SS, Ross JJ. Short-term treatment of actinomycosis: two cases and a review. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Feb 1;38(3):444-7.Full text  Abstract

Bennhoff DF. Actinomycosis: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations and a review of 32 cases. Laryngoscope. 1984 Sep;94(9):1198-217. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Smego RA Jr, Foglia G. Actinomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Jun;26(6):1255-61. Abstract

2. Taga S. Diagnosis and therapy of pelvic actinomycosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2007 Dec;33(6):882-5. Abstract

3. Metgud SC. Primary cutaneous actinomycosis: a rare soft tissue infection. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2008 Apr-Jun;26(2):184-6.Full text  Abstract

4. Acevedo F, Baudrand R, Letelier LM, et al. Actinomycosis: a great pretender: case reports of unusual presentations and a review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2008 Jul;12(4):358-62. Abstract

5. Kumar A, Varshney MK, Trikha V, et al. A rare actinomycosis of humerus: an unusual location and a diagnostic dilemma: a case report. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008 Jan;128(1):121-4. Abstract

6. Mah E, Stanley P, McCombe DB. Actinomycosis infection of the finger. Hand Surg. 2005;10(2-3):285-8. Abstract

7. Wong VK, Turmezei TD, Weston VC. Actinomycosis. BMJ. 2011 Oct 11;343:d6099. Abstract

8. Weese WC, Smith IM. A study of 57 cases of actinomycosis over a 36-year period: a diagnostic 'failure' with good prognosis after treatment. Arch Intern Med. 1975 Dec;135(12):1562-8. Abstract

9. Israel J. Neue Beobachtungen auf dem Gebiete der Mykosen des Menschen. Virchows Archiv. 1878;74:15-53.

10. Wolff M, Israel J. Ueber Reinkultur des Actinomyces und seine Uebertragbarkeit auf Tiere. Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klin Med. 1891;126:11-59.

11. Russo T. Actinomycosis. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 16th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005:937-9.

12. Holm P. Studies on the aetiology of human actinomycosis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1950;27:736-51.

13. Brown JR. Human actinomycosis: a study of 181 subjects. Hum Pathol. 1973 Sep;4(3):319-30. Abstract

14. Cintron JR, Del Pino A, Duarte B, et al. Abdominal actinomycosis. Dis Colon Rectum. 1996 Jan;39(1):105-8. Abstract

15. Ferrari TC, Couto CA, Murta-Oliveira C, et al. Actinomycosis of the colon: a rare form of presentation. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jan;35(1):108-9. Abstract

16. Yeguez JF, Martinez SA, Sands LR, et al. Pelvic actinomycosis presenting as malignant large bowel obstruction: a case report and a review of the literature. Am Surg. 2000 Jan;66(1):85-90. Abstract

17. Schaal KP, Lee HJ. Actinomycete infections in humans: a review. Gene. 1992 Jun 15;115(1-2):201-11. Abstract

18. Valour F, Sénéchal A, Dupieux C, et al. Actinomycosis: etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Infect Drug Resist. 2014 Jul 5;7:183-97.Full text  Abstract

19. Kwartler JA, Limaye A. Pathologic quiz case 1: cervicofacial actinomycosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989 Apr;115(4):524-7. Abstract

20. Das N, Lee J, Madden M, et al. A rare case of abdominal actinomycosis presenting as an inflammatory pseudotumour. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Jul;21(5):483-4. Abstract

21. Bastian A, Khanavkar B, Scherff A, et al. Thoracic actinomycosis: diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic considerations. Pneumologie. 2009 Feb;63(2):86-92. Abstract

22. Mabeza GF, Macfarlane J. Pulmonary actinomycosis. Eur Respir J. 2003 Mar;21(3):545-51.Full text  Abstract

23. Slade PR, Slesser BV, Southgate J. Thoracic actinomycosis. Thorax. 1973 Jan;28(1):73-85. Abstract

24. Smego RA Jr. Actinomycosis of the central nervous system. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 Sep-Oct;9(5):855-65. Abstract

25. Sundaram C, Purohit AK, Prasad VS, et al. Cranial and intracranial actinomycosis. Clin Neuropathol. 2004 Jul-Aug;23(4):173-7. Abstract

26. Yang XX, Lin JM, Xu KJ, et al. Hepatic actinomycosis: report of one case and analysis of 32 previously reported cases. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov 21;20(43):16372-6.Full text  Abstract

27. Feder HM Jr. Actinomycosis manifesting as an acute painless lump of the jaw. Pediatrics. 1990 May;85(5):858-64. Abstract

28. Sonbol H, Spratt D, Roberts GJ, et al. Prevalence, intensity and identity of bacteraemia following conservative dental procedures in children. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2009 Jun;24(3):177-82. Abstract

29. Spagnuolo PJ, Fransioli M. Intrauterine device-associated actinomycosis simulating pelvic malignancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1981 Feb;75(2):144-7. Abstract

30. Akhan SE, Dogan Y, Akhan S, et al. Pelvic actinomycosis mimicking ovarian malignancy: three cases. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2008;29(3):294-7. Abstract

31. Mao K, Guillebaud J. Influence of removal of intrauterine contraceptive devices on colonisation of the cervix by actinomyces-like organisms. Contraception. 1984 Dec;30(6):535-44. Abstract

32. Mueller-Quernheim JM, Vollmer E, Galle J. Secondary bronchial botryomycosis due to foreign body aspiration. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2007 Jun;67(2):119-21. Abstract

33. Atespare A, Keskin G, Ercin C, et al. Actinomycosis of the tongue: a diagnostic dilemma. J Laryngol Otol. 2006 Aug;120(8):681-3. Abstract

34. Woo HJ, Bae CH, Song SY, et al. Actinomycosis of the paranasal sinus. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008 Sep;139(3):460-2. Abstract

35. Lerner PI. The lumpy jaw: cervicofacial actinomycosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1988 Mar;2(1):203-20. Abstract

36. Schaal KP, Beaman BL. Clinical significance of actinomycetes. In: Goodfellow M, Mordarski M, Williams ST, eds. The biology of the actinomycetes. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1983:389-424.

37. Burden P. Actinomycosis. J Infect. 1989 Sep;19(2):95-9. Abstract

38. Piper MH, Schaberg DR, Ross JM, et al. Endoscopic detection and therapy of colonic actinomycosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992 Aug;87(8):1040-2. Abstract

39. Harris LA, DeCosse JJ, Dannenberg A. Abdominal actinomycosis: evaluation by computed tomography. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Feb;84(2):198-200. Abstract

40. Sehouli J, Stupin JH, Schlieper U, et al. Actinomycotic inflammatory disease and misdiagnosis of ovarian cancer: a case report. Anticancer Res. 2006 Mar-Apr;26(2C):1727-31. Abstract

41. Malik AI, Papagrigoriadis S, Leather AJ, et al. Abdominopelvic mass secondary to Actinomyces israelii mimicking cancer: report of two cases. Tech Coloproctol. 2005 Jul;9(2):170-71. Abstract

42. Ghaninejad H, Hasibi M, Moslehi H, et al. Primary cutaneous actinomycosis of the elbow with an exceptionally long incubation period. Int J Dermatol. 2008 Mar;47(3):304-5. Abstract

43. Wang YH, Tsai HC, Lee SS, et al. Clinical manifestations of actinomycosis in Southern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2007 Dec;40(6):487-92. Abstract

44. Karimian F, Feizi S, Nazari R, et al. Delayed-onset Actinomyces keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis. Cornea. 2008 Aug;27(7):843-6. Abstract

45. Carneiro RC, Macedo EM, Oliveira PP. Canaliculitis: case report and management. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2008 Jan-Feb;71(1):107-9.Full text  Abstract

46. Milman T, Mirani N, Gibler T, et al. Actinomyces israelii endogenous endophthalmitis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008 Mar;92(3):427-8. Abstract

47. Peabody JW Jr, Seabury JH. Actinomycosis and nocardiosis: a review of basic differences in therapy. Am J Med. 1960 Jan;28:99-115. Abstract

48. Wagenlehner FM, Mohren B, Naber KG, et al. Abdominal actinomycosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003 Aug;9(8):881-5.Full text  Abstract

49. Martin MV. The use of oral amoxycillin for the treatment of actinomycosis: a clinical and in vitro study. Br Dent J. 1984 Apr 7;156(7):252-4. Abstract

50. Spilsbury BW, Johnstone FR. The clinical course of actinomycotic infections: a report of 14 cases. Can J Surg. 1962 Jan;5:33-48. Abstract

51. Sudhakar SS, Ross JJ. Short-term treatment of actinomycosis: two cases and a review. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Feb 1;38(3):444-7.Full text  Abstract

52. Nielsen PM, Novak A. Acute cervico-facial actinomycosis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987 Aug;16(4):440-4. Abstract

53. Martin MV. Antibiotic treatment of cervicofacial actinomycosis for patients allergic to penicillin: a clinical and in vitro study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1985 Dec;23(6):428-34. Abstract

54. Leafstedt SW, Gleeson RM. Cervicofacial actinomycosis. Am J Surg. 1975 Oct;130(4):496-8. Abstract

55. Makaryus AN, Latzman J, Yang R, et al. A rare case of Actinomyces israelii presenting as pericarditis in a 75-year-old man. Cardiol Rev. 2005 May-Jun;13(3):125-7. Abstract

56. Brown R, Bancewicz J. Ureteric obstruction due to pelvic actinomycosis. Br J Surg. 1982 Mar;69(3):156. Abstract

57. Bonacho I, Pita S, Gómez-Besteiro MI. The importance of the removal of the intrauterine device in genital colonization by actinomyces. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2001;52(2):119-23. Abstract

58. Bennhoff DF. Actinomycosis: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations and a review of 32 cases. Laryngoscope. 1984 Sep;94(9):1198-217. Abstract

59. Japanese Society of Chemotherapy Committee on Guidelines for Treatment of Anaerobic Infections; Japanese Association for Anaerobic Infection Research. Chapter 2-12-1. Anaerobic infections (individual fields): actinomycosis. J Infect Chemother. 2011 Jul;17(suppl 1):119-20. Abstract

60. Smego RA Jr, Foglia G. Actinomycosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Jun;26(6):1255-61. Abstract

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