Absence seizures

Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):522-30.Full text  Abstract

Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010 Apr;51(4):676-85. Abstract

Rosenow F, Wyllie E, Kotagal P, et al. Staring spells in children: descriptive features distinguishing epileptic and nonepileptic events. J Pediatr. 1998 Nov;133(5):660-3. Abstract

Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):790-9.Full text  Abstract

Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months. Epilepsia. 2013 Jan;54(1):141-55.Full text  Abstract

Bergey GK. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:161-8. Abstract

Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new-onset epilepsy: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2018 Jul 10;91(2):74-81.Full text  Abstract

Nordli DR Jr. Idiopathic generalized epilepsies recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):48-56.Full text  Abstract

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17. Mullins GM, O'Sullivan SS, Neligan A, et al. A study of idiopathic generalised epilepsy in an Irish population. Seizure. 2007 Apr;16(3):204-10. Abstract

18. Jallon P, Latour P. Epidemiology of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):10-4.Full text  Abstract

19. Rantala H, Putkonen T. Occurrence, outcome, and prognostic factors of infantile spasms and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 1999 Mar;40(3):286-9. Abstract

20. Trevathan E, Murphy CC, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome among Atlanta children. Epilepsia. 1997 Dec;38(12):1283-8. Abstract

21. Durá-Travé T, Yoldi-Petri ME, Gallinas-Victoriano F. Incidence of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes among children in Navarre, Spain: 2002 through 2005. J Child Neurol. 2008 Aug;23(8):878-82. Abstract

22. Lu Y, Wang X. Genes associated with idiopathic epilepsies: a current overview. Neurol Res. 2009 Mar;31(2):135-43. Abstract

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24. Manning J A, Richards DA, Bowery NG. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Oct;24(10):542-9. Abstract

25. Crunelli V, Leresche N. Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, channels, neurons and networks. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 May;3(5):371-82. Abstract

26. Cossette P, Liu L, Brisebois K, et al. Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Nat Genet. 2002 Jun;31(2):184-9. Abstract

27. Gardiner M. Genetics of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;4(suppl 9):15-20.Full text  Abstract

28. Haug K, Warnstedt M, Alekov AK, et al. Mutations in CLCN2 encoding a voltage-gated chloride channel are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Nat Genet. 2003 Apr;33(4):527-32. Abstract

29. Mullen SA, Suls A, De Jonghe P, et al. Absence epilepsies with widely variable onset are a key feature of familial GLUT1 deficiency. Neurology. 2010 Aug 3;75(5):432-40. Abstract

30. Elia M, Guerrini R, Musumeci SA, et al. Myoclonic absence-like seizures and chromosome abnormality syndromes. Epilepsia. 1998 Jun;39(6):660-3. Abstract

31. Christensen J, Kjeldsen MJ, Andersen H, et al. Gender differences in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Jun;46(6):956-60. Abstract

32. Sadleir LG, Scheffer IE, Smith S,et al. Automatisms in absence seizures in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2009 Jun;66(6):729-34. Abstract

33. Wang D, Pascual JM, De Vivo D. Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome. In: Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolcan CR, editors et al. Gene reviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington; 2012.

34. Suls A, Mullen SA, Weber YG, et al. Early-onset absence epilepsy caused by mutation in the glucose transporter GLUT1. Ann Neurol. 2009 Sep;66(3):415-9. Abstract

35. Byrne S, Kearns J, Carolan R, et al. Refractory absence epilepsy associated with GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome. Epilepsia. 2011 May;52(5):1021-4. Abstract

36. Rosenow F, Wyllie E, Kotagal P, et al. Staring spells in children: descriptive features distinguishing epileptic and nonepileptic events. J Pediatr. 1998 Nov;133(5):660-3. Abstract

37. Arsov T, Mullen SA, Damiano JA, et al. Glucose transporter 1 deficiency in the idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Ann Neurol. 2012 Nov;72(5):807-15. Abstract

38. Dlugos D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment EEG in childhood absence epilepsy: associations with attention and treatment outcome. Neurology. 2013 Jul 9;81(2):150-6. Abstract

39. Hirtz D, Ashwal S, Berg A, et al. Practice parameter: evaluating a first nonfebrile seizure in children (reaffirmed 2023). Neurology. 2000 Sep 12;55(5):616-23.Full text  Abstract

40. Harden C, Huff JS, Schwartz TH, et al. Reassessment: neuroimaging in the emergency patient presenting with seizure (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2007 Oct 30;69(18):1772-80. Abstract

41. Gaillard WD, Chiron C, Cross JH, et al. Guidelines for imaging infants and children with recent-onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009 Sep;50(9):2147-53.Full text  Abstract

42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

43. Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.Full text  Abstract

44. Brigo F, Igwe SC, Lattanzi S. Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Rev. 2019 Feb 8;(2):CD003032Full text  Abstract

45. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):790-9.Full text  Abstract

46. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months. Epilepsia. 2013 Jan;54(1):141-55.Full text  Abstract

47. Nadler B, Shevell MI. Childhood absence epilepsy requiring more than one medication for seizure control. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008 Jul;35(3):297-300. Abstract

48. Villareal HJ, Wilder BJ, Willmore LJ, et al. Effect of valproic acid on spike and wave discharges in patients with absence seizures. Neurology. 1978 Sep;28(9 Pt 1):886-91. Abstract

49. Erenberg G, Rothner AD, Henry CE, et al. Valproic acid in the treatment of intractable absence seizures in children: a single-blind clinical and quantitative EEG study. Am J Dis Child. 1982 Jun;136(6):526-9. Abstract

50. Callaghan N, O'Hare J, O'Driscoll D, et al. Comparative study of ethosuximide and sodium valproate in the treatment of typical absence seizures (petit mal). Dev Med Clin Neurol. 1982 Dec;24(6):830-6. Abstract

51. Sato S, White BG, Penry JK, et al. Valproic acid versus ethosuximide in the treatment of absence seizures. Neurology. 1982 Feb;32(2):157-63. Abstract

52. Martinovic Z. Comparison of ethosuximide with sodium valproate as monotherapies of absence seizures. In: Parsonage M, ed. Advances in epileptology: XIVth Epilepsy International Symposium. New York: Raven Press; 1983:301-5.

53. Hitiris N, Brodie MJ. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with older antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):149-53.Full text  Abstract

54. Wolf P, Inoue Y. Therapeutic response of absence seizures in patients of an epilepsy clinic for adolescents and adult. J Neurol. 1984;231(4):225-9. Abstract

55. Coppola G, Auricchio G, Federico R, et al. Lamotrigine versus valproic acid as first-line monotherapy in newly diagnosed typical absence seizures: an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Epilepsia. 2004 Sep;45(9):1049-53.Full text  Abstract

56. Frank LM, Enlow T, Holmes GL, et al. Lamictal (lamotrigine) monotherapy for typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsia. 1999 Jul;40(7):973-9. Abstract

57. Bergey GK. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:161-8. Abstract

58. Holmes GL, Frank LM, Sheth RD, et al. Lamotrigine monotherapy for newly diagnosed typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsy Res. 2008 Dec;82(2-3):124-32. Abstract

59. Beran RG, Berkovic SF, Dunagan FM, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of lamotrigine in treatment resistant generalised epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1998 Dec;39(12):1329-33. Abstract

60. Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al; Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 18;337(25):1807-12.Full text  Abstract

61. Eriksson AS, Nergadh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epilepsia. 1998 May;39(5):495-501. Abstract

62. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new-onset epilepsy: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2018 Jul 10;91(2):74-81.Full text  Abstract

63. Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology. 1999 Jun 10;52(9):1882-7. Abstract

64. Wilfong A, Schultz R. Zonisamide for absence seizures. Epilepsy Res. 2005 Mar-Apr;64(1-2):31-4. Abstract

65. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: Treatment-resistant epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2018 Jun 13;91(2):82-90.Full text  Abstract

66. Rosenfeld WE, Benbadis S, Edrich P, et al. Levetiracetam as add-on therapy for idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes with onset during adolescence: analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Epilepsy Res. 2009 Jul;85(1):72-80. Abstract

67. Verrotti A, Cerminara C, Domizio S, et al. Levetiracetam in absence epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Nov;50(11):850-3.Full text  Abstract

68. Fattore C, Boniver C, Capovilla G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of levetiracetam in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed absence epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011 Apr;52(4):802-9.Full text  Abstract

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70. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: updated advice following comprehensive safety review. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

71. Gloss D, Pargeon K, Pack A, et al. Antiseizure medication withdrawal in seizure-free patients: practice advisory update summary: report of the AAN guideline subcommittee. Neurology. 2021 Dec 7;97(23):1072-81.Full text  Abstract

72. Hixson JD. Stopping antiepileptic drugs: when and why? Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2010 Sep;12(5):434-42.Full text  Abstract

73. Devinsky O, Marsh E, Friedman D, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Mar;15(3):270-8.Full text  Abstract

74. American Epilepsy Society. AES position statement on cannabis as a treatment for patients with epileptic seizures. Sept 2022 [internet publication].Full text

75. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cannabis-based medicinal products. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

76. Harden C, Tomson T, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline summary: sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2017 Apr 25;88(17):1674-80.Full text  Abstract

77. Duron RM, Medina MT, Martinez-Juarez IE, et al. Seizures of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):34-47. Abstract

78. Grosso S, Galimberti D, Vezossi P, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: evolution and prognostic factors. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov;46(11):1796-1801. Abstract

79. Nordli DR Jr. Idiopathic generalized epilepsies recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):48-56.Full text  Abstract

80. Beghi E, Cornaggia C, et al. Morbidity and accidents in patients with epilepsy: results of European cohort study. Epilepsia. 2002 Sep;43(9):1076-83. Abstract

81. Wirrel EC. Epilepsy-related injuries. Epilepsia. 2006 Oct 11;47 Suppl 1:79-86. Abstract

82. Shorvon S, Walker M. Status epilepticus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:73-9. Abstract

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84. Sinclair DB, Unwala H. Absence epilepsy in childhood: electroencephalography (EEG) does not predict outcome. J Child Neurol. 2007 Jul;22(7):799-802. Abstract

85. Caplan R, Siddarth P, Stahl L, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: behavioral, cognitive, and linguistic comorbidities. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49(11):1838-46. Abstract

86. Hermann BP, Jones JE, Sheth R, et al. Growing up with epilepsy: a two-year investigation of cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49(11):1847-58. Abstract

87. Fastenau PS, Johnson CS, Perkins SM, et al. Neuropsychological status at seizure onset in children: risk factors for early cognitive deficits. Neurology. 2009 Aug 18;73(7):526-34. Abstract

88. Sirén A, Kylliäinen A, Tenhunen M, et al. Beneficial effects of antiepileptic medication on absence seizures and cognitive functioning in children. Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Aug;11(1):85-91. Abstract

89. Masur D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment cognitive deficits and treatment effects on attention in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology. 2013 Oct 29;81(18):1572-80. Abstract

90. Camfield C, Camfield P. Management guidelines for children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):112-6. Abstract

91. Strozzi I, Nolan SJ, Sperling MR, et al. Early versus late antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with epilepsy in remission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 11;(2):CD001902.Full text  Abstract

92. American Epilepsy Society. Position statements: substitution of different formulations of antiseizure medication for the treatment of epilepsy. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text