Absence seizures

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Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia. 2010 Apr;51(4):676-85. Abstract

Rosenow F, Wyllie E, Kotagal P, et al. Staring spells in children: descriptive features distinguishing epileptic and nonepileptic events. J Pediatr. 1998 Nov;133(5):660-3. Abstract

Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):790-9.Full text  Abstract

Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months. Epilepsia. 2013 Jan;54(1):141-55.Full text  Abstract

Bergey GK. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:161-8. Abstract

Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: Treatment of new-onset epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2018 Jun 13;91(2):74-81.Full text  Abstract

Nordli DR Jr. Idiopathic generalized epilepsies recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):48-56.Full text  Abstract

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18. Jallon P, Latour P. Epidemiology of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):10-4.Full text  Abstract

19. Rantala H, Putkonen T. Occurrence, outcome, and prognostic factors of infantile spasms and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 1999 Mar;40(3):286-9. Abstract

20. Trevathan E, Murphy CC, Yeargin-Allsopp M. Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome among Atlanta children. Epilepsia. 1997 Dec;38(12):1283-8. Abstract

21. Durá-Travé T, Yoldi-Petri ME, Gallinas-Victoriano F. Incidence of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes among children in Navarre, Spain: 2002 through 2005. J Child Neurol. 2008;23:878-882. Abstract

22. Lu Y, Wang X. Genes associated with idiopathic epilepsies: a current overview. Neurol Res. 2009;31:135-43. Abstract

23. Beck-Mannagetta G, Janz D. Syndrome-related genetics in generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1991;4:105-11. Abstract

24. Manning J A, Richards DA, Bowery NG. Pharmacology of absence epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003 Oct;24(10):542-9. Abstract

25. Crunelli V, Leresche N. Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, channels, neurons and networks. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002 May;3(5):371-82. Abstract

26. Cossette P, Liu L, Brisebois K, et al. Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Nat Genet. 2002 Jun;31(2):184-9. Abstract

27. Gardiner M. Genetics of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;4(suppl 9):15-20.Full text  Abstract

28. Haug K, Warnstedt M, Alekov AK, et al. Mutations in CLCN2 encoding a voltage-gated chloride channel are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Nat Genet. 2003 Apr;33(4):527-32. Abstract

29. Mullen SA, Suls A, De Jonghe P, et al. Absence epilepsies with widely variable onset are a key feature of familial GLUT1 deficiency. Neurology. 2010 Aug 3;75(5):432-40. Abstract

30. Elia M, Guerrini R, Musumeci SA, et al. Myoclonic absence-like seizures and chromosome abnormality syndromes. Epilepsia. 1998 Jun;39(6):660-3. Abstract

31. Christensen J, Kjeldsen MJ, Andersen H, et al. Gender differences in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Jun;46(6):956-60. Abstract

32. Sadleir LG, Scheffer IE, Smith S,et al. Automatisms in absence seizures in children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2009 Jun;66(6):729-34. Abstract

33. Wang D, Pascual JM, De Vivo D. Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome. In: Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolcan CR, editors et al. Gene reviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington; 2012.

34. Suls A, Mullen SA, Weber YG, et al. Early-onset absence epilepsy caused by mutation in the glucose transporter GLUT1. Ann Neurol. 2009 Sep;66(3):415-9. Abstract

35. Byrne S, Kearns J, Carolan R, et al. Refractory absence epilepsy associated with GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome. Epilepsia. 2011 May;52(5):1021-4. Abstract

36. Rosenow F, Wyllie E, Kotagal P, et al. Staring spells in children: descriptive features distinguishing epileptic and nonepileptic events. J Pediatr. 1998 Nov;133(5):660-3. Abstract

37. Arsov T, Mullen SA, Damiano JA, et al. Glucose transporter 1 deficiency in the idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Ann Neurol. 2012 Nov;72(5):807-15. Abstract

38. Dlugos D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment EEG in childhood absence epilepsy: associations with attention and treatment outcome. Neurology. 2013 Jul 9;81(2):150-6. Abstract

39. Hirtz D, Ashwal S, Berg A, et al. Practice parameter: evaluating a first nonfebrile seizure in children (reaffirmed 2023). Neurology. 2000 JSep 12;55(5):616-23.Full text  Abstract

40. Glauser T, Ben-Menachem E, Bourgeois B, et al; ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines. Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes. Epilepsia. 2013 Mar;54(3):551-63.Full text  Abstract

41. Brigo F, Igwe SC, Lattanzi S. Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Feb 8;2:CD003032.Full text  Abstract

42. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2010 Mar 4;362(9):790-9.Full text  Abstract

43. Glauser TA, Cnaan A, Shinnar S, et al. Ethosuximide, valproic acid and lamotrigine in childhood absence epilepsy: initial monotherapy outcomes at 12 months. Epilepsia. 2013 Jan;54(1):141-55.Full text  Abstract

44. Nadler B, Shevell MI. Childhood absence epilepsy requiring more than one medication for seizure control. Can J Neurol Sci. 2008 Jul;35(3):297-300. Abstract

45. Villareal HJ, Wilder BJ, Willmore LJ, et al. Effect of valproic acid on spike and wave discharges in patients with absence seizures. Neurology. 1978 Sep;28(9 Pt 1):886-91. Abstract

46. Erenberg G, Rothner AD, Henry CE, et al. Valproic acid in the treatment of intractable absence seizures in children: a single-blind clinical and quantitative EEG study. Am J Dis Child. 1982 Jun;136(6):526-9. Abstract

47. Callaghan N, O'Hare J, O'Driscoll D, et al. Comparative study of ethosuximide and sodium valproate in the treatment of typical absence seizures (petit mal). Dev Med Clin Neurol. 1982 Dec;24(6):830-6. Abstract

48. Sato S, White BG, Penry JK, et al. Valproic acid versus ethosuximide in the treatment of absence seizures. Neurology. 1982 Feb;32(2):157-63. Abstract

49. Martinovic Z. Comparison of ethosuximide with sodium valproate as monotherapies of absence seizures. In: Parsonage M, ed. Advances in epileptology: XIVth Epilepsy International Symposium. New York: Raven Press; 1983:301-5.

50. Hitiris N, Brodie MJ. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with older antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):149-53.Full text  Abstract

51. Wolf P, Inoue Y. Therapeutic response of absence seizures in patients of an epilepsy clinic for adolescents and adult. J Neurol. 1984;231(4):225-9. Abstract

52. Coppola G, Auricchio G, Federico R, et al. Lamotrigine versus valproic acid as first-line monotherapy in newly diagnosed typical absence seizures: an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study. Epilepsia. 2004 Sep;45(9):1049-53.Full text  Abstract

53. Frank LM, Enlow T, Holmes GL, et al. Lamictal (lamotrigine) monotherapy for typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsia. 1999 Jul;40(7):973-9. Abstract

54. Bergey GK. Evidence-based treatment of idiopathic generalized epilepsies with new antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:161-8. Abstract

55. Holmes GL, Frank LM, Sheth RD, et al. Lamotrigine monotherapy for newly diagnosed typical absence seizures in children. Epilepsy Res. 2008 Dec;82(2-3):124-32. Abstract

56. Beran RG, Berkovic SF, Dunagan FM, et al. Double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover study of lamotrigine in treatment resistant generalised epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1998 Dec;39(12):1329-33. Abstract

57. Motte J, Trevathan E, Arvidsson JF, et al; Lamictal Lennox-Gastaut Study Group. Lamotrigine for generalized seizures associated with the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 18;337(25):1807-12.Full text  Abstract

58. Eriksson AS, Nergadh A, Hoppu K. The efficacy of lamotrigine in children and adolescents with refractory generalized epilepsy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Epilepsia. 1998 May;39(5):495-501. Abstract

59. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: Treatment of new-onset epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2018 Jun 13;91(2):74-81.Full text  Abstract

60. Sachdeo RC, Glauser TA, Ritter F, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of topiramate in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Topiramate YL Study Group. Neurology. 1999 Jun 10;52(9):1882-7. Abstract

61. Wilfong A, Schultz R. Zonisamide for absence seizures. Epilepsy Res. 2005 Mar-Apr;64(1-2):31-4. Abstract

62. Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: Efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: Treatment-resistant epilepsy: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2018 Jun 13;91(2):82-90.Full text  Abstract

63. Rosenfeld WE, Benbadis S, Edrich P, et al. Levetiracetam as add-on therapy for idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes with onset during adolescence: analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Epilepsy Res. 2009 Jul;85(1):72-80. Abstract

64. Verrotti A, Cerminara C, Domizio S, et al. Levetiracetam in absence epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008 Nov;50(11):850-3. Abstract

65. Fattore C, Boniver C, Capovilla G, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of levetiracetam in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed absence epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011 Apr;52(4):802-9. Abstract

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67. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: updated advice following comprehensive safety review. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

68. Gloss D, Pargeon K, Pack A, et al. Antiseizure medication withdrawal in seizure-free patients: practice advisory update summary: report of the AAN guideline subcommittee. Neurology. 2021 Dec 7;97(23):1072-81.Full text  Abstract

69. Hixson JD. Stopping antiepileptic drugs: when and why? Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2010 Sep;12(5):434-42.Full text  Abstract

70. Devinsky O, Marsh E, Friedman D, et al. Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Mar;15(3):270-8.Full text  Abstract

71. American Epilepsy Society. AES position statement on cannabis as a treatment for patients with epileptic seizures. Sept 2022 [internet publication].Full text

72. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cannabis-based medicinal products. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

73. Duron RM, Medina MT, Martinez-Juarez IE, et al. Seizures of idiopathic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):34-47. Abstract

74. Grosso S, Galimberti D, Vezossi P, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: evolution and prognostic factors. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov;46(11):1796-1801. Abstract

75. Nordli DR Jr. Idiopathic generalized epilepsies recognized by the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):48-56.Full text  Abstract

76. Beghi E, Cornaggia C, et al. Morbidity and accidents in patients with epilepsy: results of European cohort study. Epilepsia. 2002 Sep;43(9):1076-83. Abstract

77. Wirrel EC. Epilepsy-related injuries. Epilepsia. 2006 Oct 11;47 Suppl 1:79-86. Abstract

78. Shorvon S, Walker M. Status epilepticus in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46 Suppl 9:73-9. Abstract

79. Bouma PAD, Westendorp RGJ, van Dijk JG, et al. The outcome of absence epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 1996 Sep;47(3):802-8. Abstract

80. Sinclair DB, Unwala H. Absence epilepsy in childhood: electroencephalography (EEG) does not predict outcome. J Child Neurol. 2007 Jul;22(7):799-802. Abstract

81. Caplan R, Siddarth P, Stahl L, et al. Childhood absence epilepsy: behavioral, cognitive, and linguistic comorbidities. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49(11):1838-46. Abstract

82. Hermann BP, Jones JE, Sheth R, et al. Growing up with epilepsy: a two-year investigation of cognitive development in children with new onset epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49(11):1847-58. Abstract

83. Fastenau PS, Johnson CS, Perkins SM, et al. Neuropsychological status at seizure onset in children: risk factors for early cognitive deficits. Neurology. 2009 Aug 18;73(7):526-34. Abstract

84. Sirén A, Kylliäinen A, Tenhunen M, et al. Beneficial effects of antiepileptic medication on absence seizures and cognitive functioning in children. Epilepsy Behav. 2007 Aug;11(1):85-91. Abstract

85. Masur D, Shinnar S, Cnaan A, et al. Pretreatment cognitive deficits and treatment effects on attention in childhood absence epilepsy. Neurology. 2013 Oct 29;81(18):1572-80. Abstract

86. Harden C, Tomson T, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline summary: sudden unexpected death in epilepsy incidence rates and risk factors: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2017 Apr 25;88(17):1674-80.Full text  Abstract

87. Camfield C, Camfield P. Management guidelines for children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005 Nov 18;46(suppl 9):112-6. Abstract

88. Strozzi I, Nolan SJ, Sperling MR, et al. Early versus late antiepileptic drug withdrawal for people with epilepsy in remission. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 11;(2):CD001902.Full text  Abstract

89. American Epilepsy Society. Position statements: substitution of different formulations of antiseizure medication for the treatment of epilepsy. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text