Cryptosporidiosis

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections and diseases​ - cryptosporidiosis. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):1963-73.Full text  Abstract

National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Children with and Exposed to HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with and exposed to HIV: Cryptosporidiosis. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: cryptosporidiosis. 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

1. Hunter PR, Nichols G. Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Jan;15(1):145-54.Full text  Abstract

2. Chalmers RM, Davies AP. Mini-review: Clinical cryptosporidiosis. Exp Parasitol. 2010 Jan;121(1):138-46. Abstract

3. Gilbert IH, Vinayak S, Striepen B, et al. Safe and effective treatments are needed for cryptosporidiosis, a truly neglected tropical disease. BMJ Glob Health. 2023 Aug;8(8):e012540.Full text

4. Barta JR, Thompson RC. What is Cryptosporidium? Reappraising its biology and phylogenetic affinities. Trends Parasitol. 2006 Oct;22(10):463-8. Abstract

5. Cavalier-Smith T. Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionary diversification of sporozoa. Eur J Protistol. 2014 Oct;50(5):472-95. Abstract

6. Salomaki ED, Terpis KX, Rueckert S, et al. Gregarine single-cell transcriptomics reveals differential mitochondrial remodeling and adaptation in apicomplexans. BMC Biol. 2021 Apr 16;19(1):77.Full text  Abstract

7. Fayer R. Taxonomy and species delimitation in Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol. 2010 Jan;124(1):90-7. Abstract

8. Chalmers RM, Robinson G, Elwin K, et al. Cryptosporidium sp. rabbit genotype, a newly identified human pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 May;15(5):829-30.Full text  Abstract

9. Cama VA, Bern C, Roberts J, et al. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Oct;14(10):1567-74.Full text  Abstract

10. Ryan U, Zahedi A, Feng Y, et al. An update on zoonotic cryptosporidium species and genotypes in humans. Animals (Basel). 2021 Nov 19;11(11):3307.Full text  Abstract

11. Manabe YC, Clark DP, Moore RD, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in patients with AIDS: correlates of disease and survival. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Sep;27(3):536-42.Full text  Abstract

12. Pettoello-Mantovani M, Di Martino L, Dettori G, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of intestinal Cryptosporidium immunocompetent and immunodeficient children: a prospective study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995 Dec;14(12):1042-7. Abstract

13. Isaacs D, Hunt GH, Phillpis AD, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompentent children. J Clin Pathol. 1985 Jan;38(1):76-81. Abstract

14. Baxby D, Hart CA. The incidence of cryptosporidiosis: a two-year prospective survey in a children's hospital. J Hyg (Lond). 1986 Feb;96(1):107-11. Abstract

15. Addiss DG, Stewart JM, Finton RJ, et al. Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium infections in child day-care centers in Fulton County, Georgia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991 Dec;10(12):907-11. Abstract

16. García-Rodríguez JA, Martín-Sánchez AM, Canut Blasco A, et al. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in children in day care centres and primary schools in Salamanca (Spain): an epidemiological study. Eur J Epidemiol. 1990 Dec;6(4):432-5. Abstract

17. Davies AP, Campbell B, Evans MR, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of protozoan parasites in children in day care centers in the United Kingdom. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Sep;28(9):838-40. Abstract

18. Lacroix C, Berthier M, Agius G, et al. Cryptosporidium oocysts in immunocompetent children: epidemiologic investigations in the day-care centers of Poitiers, France. Eur J Epidemiol. 1987 Dec;3(4):381-5. Abstract

19. Sallon S, Deckelbaum RJ, Schmid II, et al. Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children. Am J Dis Child. 1988 Mar;142(3):312-5. Abstract

20. Sarabia-Arce S, Salazar-Lindo E, Gilman RH, et al. Case-control study of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children hospitalized for diarrhea: possible association with malnutrition and nosocomial infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990 Sep;9(9):627-31. Abstract

21. Lima AA, Fang G, Schorling JB, et al. Persistent diarrhea in Northeast Brazil: etiologies and interactions with malnutrition. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1992 Sep;381:39-44. Abstract

22. Mølbak K, Andersen M, Aaby P, et al. Cryptosporidium infection in infancy as a cause of malnutrition: a community study from Guinea-Bissau, west Africa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Jan;65(1):149-52. Abstract

23. Checkley W, Epstein LD, Gilman RH, et al. Effects of Cryptosporidium parvum in Peruvian children: growth faltering and subsequent catch-up growth. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Sep 1;148(5):497-506.Full text  Abstract

24. Khalil IA, Troeger C, Rao PC, et al. Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study. Lancet Glob Health. 2018 Jul;6(7):e758-68.Full text  Abstract

25. Checkley W, White AC Jr, Jaganath D, et al. A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Jan;15(1):85-94.Full text  Abstract

26. Korpe PS, Valencia C, Haque R, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in children from 8 low-income sites: results from the MAL-ED study. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Nov 13;67(11):1660-9.Full text  Abstract

27. Adak GK, Long SM, O'Brien SJ. Trends in indigenous foodborne disease and deaths, England and Wales: 1992 to 2000. Gut. 2002 Dec;51(6):832-41. Abstract

28. Tam CC, Rodrigues LC, Viviani L, et al. Longitudinal study of infectious intestinal disease in the UK (IID2 study): incidence in the community and presenting to general practice. Gut. 2012 Jan;61(1):69-77.Full text  Abstract

29. Dong S, Yang Y, Wang Y, et al. Prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol. 2020 Dec;65(4):882-9. Abstract

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Waterborne disease and outbreak surveillance reporting: cryptosporidiosis NNDSS summary report for 2019. ​Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text

31. Collier SA, Deng L, Adam EA, et al. Estimate of burden and direct healthcare cost of infectious waterborne disease in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;27(1):140-9.Full text  Abstract

32. Gharpure R, Perez A, Miller AD, et al. Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks - United States, 2009-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Jun 28;68(25):568-72.Full text  Abstract

33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks associated with treated recreational water - United States, 2015-2019​. May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

34. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Cryptosporidiosis - annual epidemiological report for 2018.​ Oct 2021 [internet publication].Full text

35. Public Health England​. Research and analysis: cryptosporidium data 2008 to 2017. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text

36. Cacciò SM, Chalmers RM. Human cryptosporidiosis in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 May 10;22(6):471-80.Full text  Abstract

37. Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet. 2013 Jul 20;382(9888):209-22. Abstract

38. Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, et al. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Jul;10(7):1241-9.Full text  Abstract

39. Chalmers RM, Elwin K, Thomas AL, et al. Long-term Cryptosporidium typing reveals the aetiology and species-specific epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2000 to 2003. Euro Surveill. 2009 Jan 15;14(2):19086. Abstract

40. Fayer R. General biology. In: Fayer R, Xiao L, eds. Cryptospsoridium and cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2008:1-42.

41. Juranek DD. Cryptosporidiosis: sources of infection and guidelines for prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Aug;21(suppl 1):S57-61. Abstract

42. Chalmers RM, Robinson G, Elwin K, et al. Analysis of the cryptosporidium spp. and gp60 subtypes linked to human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2009 to 2017. Parasit Vectors. 2019 Mar 12;12(1):95.Full text  Abstract

43. Clayton F, Heller T, Kotler DP. Variation in the enteric distribution of cryptosporidia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Path. 1994 Oct;102(4):420-5. Abstract

44. Berk RN, Wall SD, McArdle CB, et al. Cryptosporidiosis of the stomach and small intestine in patients with AIDS. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984 Sep;143(3):549-54.Full text  Abstract

45. Meisel JL, Perera DR, Meligro C, et al. Overwhelming watery diarrhea associated with a Cryptosporidium in an immunosuppressed patient. Gastroenterology. 1976 Jun;70(6):1156-60. Abstract

46. Farthing MJ. Clinical aspects of human cryptosporidiosis. In: Petry F, ed. Cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis. Contributions in microbiology. Karger, Basel: 2000;6:50-74.

47. Guarino A, Canani RB, Pozio E, et al. Enterotoxic effect of stool supernatant of Cryptosporidium-infected calves on human jejunum. Gastroenterology. 1994 Jan;106(1):28-34. Abstract

48. Guarino A, Canani RB, Casola A, et al. Human intestinal cryptosporidiosis: secretory diarrhea and enterotoxic activity in Caco-2 cells. J Infect Dis. 1995 Apr;171(4):976-83. Abstract

49. Laurent F, Eckmann L, Savidge TC, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum infection of human intestinal epithelial cells induces the polarized secretion of C-X-C chemikines. Infect Immun. 1997 Dec;65(12):5067-73.Full text  Abstract

50. McDonald V, Smith R, Robinson H, et al. Host immune responses against Cryptosporidium. Contrib Microbiol. 2000;6:75-91. Abstract

51. Hernandez J, Lackner A, Aye P, et al. Substance P is responsible for physiological alterations such as increased chloride ion secretion and glucose malabsorption in cryptosporidiosis. Infect Immun. 2007 Mar;75(3):1137-43.Full text  Abstract

52. Argenzio RA, Liacos JA, Levy ML, et al. Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, cellular infiltration, and impaired glucose-Na absorption in enteric cryptosporidiosis of pigs. Gastroenterology. 1990 May;98(5 Pt 1):1129-40. Abstract

53. Kirkpatrick BD, Noel F, Rouzier PD, et al. Childhood cryptosporidiosis is associated with a persistent systemic inflammatory response. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Sep 1;43(5):604-8. Abstract

54. Lumadue JA, Manabe YC, Moore RD, et al. A clinicopathologic analysis of AIDS-related cryptosporidiosis. AIDS. 1998 Dec 24;12(18):2459-66. Abstract

55. Bonacini M. Hepatobiliary complications in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med. 1992 Apr;92(4):404-11. Abstract

56. Benhamou Y, Caumes E, Gerosa Y, et al. AIDS-related cholangiopathy: critical analysis of a prospective series of 26 patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1993 Jun;38(6):1113-8. Abstract

57. Chen XM, Levine SA, Tietz P, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum is cytopathic for cultured human biliary epithelia via an apoptotic mechanism. Hepatology. 1998 Oct;28(4):906-13. Abstract

58. Chen XM, Gores GJ, Paya CV, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum induces apoptosis in biliary epithelia by a Fas/Fas ligand-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol. 1999 Sep;277(3):G599-608.Full text  Abstract

59. Davis JJ, Heyman MB, Ferrell L, et al. Sclerosing cholangitis associated with chronic cryptosporidiosis in a child with congenital immunodeficiency disorder. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987 Nov;82(11):1196-1202. Abstract

60. Dowsett JF, Miller R, Davidson R, et al. Sclerosing cholangitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: case reports and review of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1988 Dec;23(10):1267-74. Abstract

61. Cello JP. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cholangiopathy: spectrum of disease. Am J Med. 1989 May;86(5):539-46. Abstract

62. Chen XM, LaRusso NF. Cryptosporidiosis and the pathogenesis of AIDS-cholangiopathy. Semin Liver Dis. 2002 Aug;22(3):277-89. Abstract

63. McLauchlin J, Amar CF, Pedraza-Díaz S, et al. Polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of infection with Cryptosporidium in children with primary immunodeficiencies. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Apr;22(4):329-35. Abstract

64. Clavel A, Arnal AC, Sánchez EC, et al. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis: case series and review of the literature. Infection. 1996 Sep-Oct;24(5):341-6. Abstract

65. Dunand VA, Hammer SM, Rossi R, et al. Parasitic sinusitis and otitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: report of five cases and review. Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Aug;25(2):267-72.Full text  Abstract

66. Mor SM, Tumwine JK, Ndeezi G, et al. Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seronegative children in Uganda: potential for respiratory transmission. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 May 15;50(10):1366-72.Full text  Abstract

67. Robertson B, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB, et al. Case control studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia. Epidemiol Infect. 2002 Jun;28(3):419-31. Abstract

68. Pritchard GC, Fleetwood AJ. Cryptosporidiosis and farm visits. Vet Rec. 1995 Feb 18;136(7):179. Abstract

69. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections and diseases​ - cryptosporidiosis. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

70. Cordell RL, Addiss DG. Cryptosporidiosis in child care settings: a review of the literature and recommendations for prevention and control. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 Apr;13(4):310-7. Abstract

71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a splash park - Idaho, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Jun 12;58(22):615-8.Full text  Abstract

72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Communitywide cryptosporidiosis outbreak - Utah, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008 Sep 12;57(36):989-93.Full text  Abstract

73. MacKenzie WR, Schell WL, Blair KA, et al. Massive outbreak of waterborne Cryptosporidium infection in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: recurrence of illness and risk of secondary transmission. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Jul;21(1):57-62. Abstract

74. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):1963-73.Full text  Abstract

75. Flanigan T, Whalen C, Turner J, et al. Cryptosporidium infection and CD4 counts. Ann Intern Med. 1992 May 15;116(10):840-2. Abstract

76. Blanshard C, Jackson AM, Shanson DC, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in HIV-seropositive patients. Q J Med. 1992 Nov-Dec;85(307-308):813-23. Abstract

77. Navin TR, Weber R, Vugia DJ, et al. Declining CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts are associated with increased risk of enteric parasitosis and chronic diarrhea: results of a 3-year longitudinal study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999 Feb 1;20(2):154-9. Abstract

78. Public Health England. UK standards for microbiology investigations S 7: gastroenteritis​. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text

79. Garcia LS, Arrowood M, Kokoskin E, et al. Practical guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories: laboratory diagnosis of parasites from the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017 Nov 15;31(1):e00025-17.Full text  Abstract

80. Garcia LS. Diagnostic medical parasitology. 5th ed. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2007.

81. Roellig DM, Yoder JS, Madison-Antenucci S, et al. Community laboratory testing for cryptosporidium: multicenter study retesting public health surveillance stool samples positive for cryptosporidium by rapid cartridge assay with direct fluorescent antibody testing. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 13;12(1):e0169915.Full text  Abstract

82. Doing KM, Hamm JL, Jellison JA, et al. False-positive results obtained with the Alexon ProSpecT Cryptosporidium enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol. 1999 May;37(5):1582-3.Full text  Abstract

83. Public Health Laboratory Service Study Group. Cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales: prevalence and clinical and epidemiological features. BMJ. 1990 Mar;300(6727):774-7.Full text  Abstract

84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.): 2012 case definition. February 2015 [internet publication].Full text

85. Diptyanusa A, Sari IP. Treatment of human intestinal cryptosporidiosis: a review of published clinical trials. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2021 Dec;17:128-38.Full text  Abstract

86. Rossignol JF, Ayoub A, Ayers MS. Treatment of diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide. J Infect Dis. 2001 Jul 1;184(1):103-6. Abstract

87. Diaz E, Mondragon J, Ramirez E, et al. Epidemiology and control of intestinal parasites with nitazoxanide in children in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Apr;68(4):384-5.Full text  Abstract

88. Favennec L, Jave Ortiz J, Gargala G, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of fascioliasis in adults and children from northern Peru. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Jan;17(2):265-70.Full text  Abstract

89. Doumbo O, Rossignol JF, Pichard E, et al. Nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhea and other intestinal parasitic infections associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in tropical Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Jun;56(5):637-9. Abstract

90. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Children with and Exposed to HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in children with and exposed to HIV: Cryptosporidiosis. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

91. National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV Medicine Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Panel on Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: cryptosporidiosis. 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

92. Hommer V, Eichholz J, Petry F. Effect of antiretroviral protease inhibitors alone, and in combination with paromomycin, on the excystation, invasion and in vitro development of Cryptosporidium parvum. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Sep;52(3):359-64.Full text  Abstract

93. Abdo A, Klassen J, Urbanski S, et al. Reversible sclerosing cholangitis secondary to cryptosporidiosis in a renal transplant patient. J Hepatol. 2003 May;38(5):688-91. Abstract

94. Rossignol JF, Hidalgo H, Feregrino M, et al. A double-'blind' placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS patients in Mexico. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998 Nov-Dec;92(6):663-6. Abstract

95. White AC Jr, Chappell CL, Hayat CS, et al. Paromomycin for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS: a prospective, double-blind trial. J Infect Dis. 1994 Aug;170(2):419-24. Abstract

96. Bissuel F, Cotte L, Rabodonirina M, et al. Paromomycin: an effective treatment for cryptosporidial diarrhea in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Mar;18(3):447-9. Abstract

97. Hewitt RG, Yiannoutsos CT, Higgs ES, et al. Paromomycin: no more effective than placebo for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Oct;31(4):1084-92.Full text  Abstract

98. Kadappu KK, Nagaraja MV, Rao PV, et al. Azithromycin as treatment for cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Postgrad Med. 2002 Jul-Sep;48(3):179-81.Full text  Abstract

99. Allam AF, Shehab AY. Efficacy of azithromycin, praziquantel and mirazid in treatment of cryptosporidiosis in school children. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2002 Dec;32(3):969-78. Abstract

100. Russell TS, Lynch J, Ottolini MG. Eradication of Cryptosporidium in a child undergoing maintenance chemotherapy for leukemia using high dose azithromycin therapy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1998 Jan-Feb;20(1):83-5. Abstract

101. Blanshard C, Shanson DC, Gazzard BG. Pilot studies of azithromycin, letrazuril and paromomycin in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Int J STD AIDS. 1997 Feb;8(2):124-9. Abstract

102. Palmieri F, Cicalini S, Froio N, et al. Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in an AIDS patient: successful treatment with paromomycin plus azithromycin. Int J STD AIDS. 2005 Jul;16(7):515-7. Abstract

103. Smith NH, Cron NS, Valdez LM, et al. Combination drug therapy for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1998 Sep;178(3):900-3. Abstract

104. Tomczak E, McDougal AN, White AC Jr. Resolution of cryptosporidiosis in transplant recipients: review of the literature and presentation of a renal transplant patient treated with nitazoxanide, azithromycin, and rifaximin. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;9(1):ofab610.Full text  Abstract

105. Hunter PR, Hughes S, Woodhouse S, et al. Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 15;39(4):504-10.Full text  Abstract

106. Hay EM, Winfield J, McKendrick MW. Reactive arthritis associated with Cryptosporidium enteritis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987 Jul 25;295(6592):248.Full text

107. Ozgül A, Tanyüksel M, Yazicioglu K, et al. Sacroiliitis associated with Cryptosporidium parvum in an HLA-B27-negative patient. Rheumatology. 1999 Mar;38(3):288-9.Full text  Abstract

108. Cron RQ, Sherry DD. Reiter's syndrome associated with cryptosporidial gastroenteritis. J Rheumatol. 1995 Oct;22(10):1962-3. Abstract

109. Shepherd RC, Smail PJ, Sinha GP. Reactive arthritis complicating cryptosporidial infection. Arch Dis Child. 1989 May;64(5):743-4.Full text  Abstract

110. Carter BL, Stiff RE, Elwin K, et al. Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis-a 12-month prospective follow-up study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019 Sep;38(9):1709-17. Abstract

111. Stiff RE, Davies AP, Mason BW, et al. Long-term health effects after resolution of acute Cryptosporidium parvum infection: a 1-year follow-up of outbreak-associated cases. J Med Microbiol. 2017 Nov;66(11):1607-11.Full text  Abstract

112. Carter BL, Chalmers RM, Davies AP. Health sequelae of human cryptosporidiosis in industrialised countries: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors. 2020 Sep 4;13(1):443.Full text  Abstract

113. Taghipour A, Rayatdoost E, Bairami A, et al. Are Blastocystis hominis and Cryptosporidium spp. playing a positive role in colorectal cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Agent Cancer. 2022 Jun 17;17(1):32.Full text  Abstract

114. Sawant M, Baydoun M, Creusy C, et al. Cryptosporidium and Colon Cancer: Cause or Consequence? Microorganisms. 2020 Oct 27;8(11):1665.Full text  Abstract

115. Sullivan T, Reese L, Huprikar S, et al. Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case report and review. Int J STD AIDS. 2013 Apr;24(4):333-4. Abstract