Evaluation of liver dysfunction

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Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):306-33.Full text

Jophlin LL, Singal AK, Bataller R, et al. ACG clinical guideline: alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Jan 1;119(1):30-54.Full text  Abstract

Fontana RJ, Liou I, Reuben A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2023 Mar 1;77(3):1036-65.Full text

Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, et al. AASLD practice guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023 May 1;77(5):1797-835.Full text

1. Metra BM, Guglielmo FF, Halegoua-DeMarzio DL, et al. Beyond the liver function tests: a radiologist's guide to the liver blood tests. Radiographics. 2022 Jan-Feb;42(1):125-42.Full text  Abstract

2. Royal Pharmaceutical Society. Liver function tests: indication and interpretation. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

3. Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan;112(1):18-35. Abstract

4. Murali AR, Carey WD. Liver test interpretation - approach to the patient with liver disease: a guide to commonly used liver tests. April 2014 [internet publication].Full text

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9. Bacon BR. Treatment of patients with hepatitis C and normal serum aminotransferase levels. Hepatology. 2002 Nov;36(5 Suppl 1):S179-84.Full text  Abstract

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11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical overview of hepatitis B. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical overview of hepatitis C. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

13. European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu, Clinical Practice Guidelines Panel: Chair, EASL Governing Board representative, et al. EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C: final update of the series. J Hepatol. 2020 Nov;73(5):1170-218.Full text  Abstract

14. Chaudhry SA, Verma N, Koren G. Hepatitis E infection during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 2015 Jul;61(7):607-8.Full text  Abstract

15. Naseer M, Dailey FE, Juboori AA, et al. Epidemiology, determinants, and management of AIDS cholangiopathy: a review. World J Gastroenterol. 2018 Feb 21;24(7):767-74.Full text  Abstract

16. Sherman KE, Peters MG, Thomas DL. HIV and the liver. Top Antivir Med. 2019 Sep;27(3):101-10.Full text  Abstract

17. Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2020 Jan;71(1):306-33.Full text

18. Jophlin LL, Singal AK, Bataller R, et al. ACG clinical guideline: alcohol-associated liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Jan 1;119(1):30-54.Full text  Abstract

19. Chalasani NP, Maddur H, Russo MW, et al; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 May 1;116(5):878-98.Full text  Abstract

20. Fontana RJ, Liou I, Reuben A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on drug, herbal, and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2023 Mar 1;77(3):1036-65.Full text

21. Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, et al. Incidence, presentation, and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology. 2013 Jun;144(7):1419-25, 1425.e1-3; quiz e19-20.Full text  Abstract

22. Sgro C, Clinard F, Ouazir K, et al. Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study. Hepatology. 2002 Aug;36(2):451-5.Full text  Abstract

23. Andrade RJ, Chalasani N, Björnsson ES, et al. Drug-induced liver injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Aug 22;5(1):58. Abstract

24. Thompson PD, Panza G, Zaleski A, et al. Statin-associated side effects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 May 24;67(20):2395-410.Full text  Abstract

25. Medina-Caliz I, Garcia-Cortes M, Gonzalez-Jimenez A, et al. Herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injuries in the Spanish DILI registry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Sep;16(9):1495-502. Abstract

26. Navarro VJ, Khan I, Björnsson E, et al. Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements. Hepatology. 2017 Jan;65(1):363-73.Full text  Abstract

27. Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, et al. AASLD practice guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023 May 1;77(5):1797-835.Full text

28. Teng ML, Ng CH, Huang DQ, et al. Global incidence and prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023 Feb;29(suppl):S32-42.Full text  Abstract

29. Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, et al. Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jan;15(1):11-20. Abstract

30. Long MT, Noureddin M, Lim JK. AGA clinical practice update: diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean individuals: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2022 Sep;163(3):764-74.Full text  Abstract

31. Ahmed OT, Gidener T, Mara KC, et al. Natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with normal body mass index: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Jun;20(6):1374-81.e6.Full text  Abstract

32. Younes R, Bugianesi E. NASH in lean individuals. Semin Liver Dis. 2019 Feb;39(1):86-95.Full text  Abstract

33. Weinberg EM, Trinh HN, Firpi RJ, et al. Lean Americans with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have lower rates of cirrhosis and comorbid diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 May;19(5):996-1008.e6.Full text  Abstract

34. Young S, Tariq R, Provenza J, et al. Prevalence and profile of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Commun. 2020 Jul;4(7):953-72.Full text  Abstract

35. King D, Armstrong MJ. Overview of gilbert's syndrome. Drug Ther Bull. 2019 Feb;57(2):27-31.

36. Bacon BR, Adams PC, Kowdley KV, et al. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2011 Jul;54(1):328-43.Full text

37. Tejwani V, Stoller JK. The spectrum of clinical sequelae associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2021 Jul 29;12_suppl:2040622321995691.Full text  Abstract

38. American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct 1;168(7):818-900.Full text

39. Hamesch K, Mandorfer M, Pereira VM, et al. Liver fibrosis and metabolic alterations in adults with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency caused by the Pi*ZZ mutation. Gastroenterology. 2019 Sep;157(3):705-19.Full text  Abstract

40. Clark VC, Marek G, Liu C, et al. Clinical and histologic features of adults with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency in a non-cirrhotic cohort. J Hepatol. 2018 Dec;69(6):1357-64. Abstract

41. Schilsky ML, Roberts EA, Bronstein JM, et al. A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of wilson disease: executive summary of the 2022 practice guidance on wilson disease from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2023 Apr 1;77(4):1428-55.Full text

42. Lindor KD, Bowlus CL, Boyer J, et al. Primary biliary cholangitis: 2018 practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2019 Jan;69(1):394-419.Full text

43. Sørensen JØ, Nielsen OH, Andersson M, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a Danish population-based cohort study 1977-2011. Liver Int. 2018 Mar;38(3):532-41. Abstract

44. Elmunzer BJ, Maranki JL, Gómez V, et al. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of biliary strictures. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Mar 1;118(3):405-26.Full text  Abstract

45. Song J, Li Y, Bowlus CL, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2020 Feb;58(1):134-49. Abstract

46. Tran TT, Ahn J, Reau NS. ACG clinical guideline: liver disease and pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 Feb;111(2):176-94. Abstract

47. Manzotti C, Casazza G, Stimac T, et al. Total serum bile acids or serum bile acid profile, or both, for the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jul 5;7(7):CD012546.Full text  Abstract

48. Allen AM, Kim WR, Larson JJ, et al. The epidemiology of liver diseases unique to pregnancy in a US community: a population-based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Feb;14(2):287-94.Full text  Abstract

49. Shingina A, Mukhtar N, Wakim-Fleming J, et al. Acute liver failure guidelines. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jul 1;118(7):1128-53.Full text  Abstract

50. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure: update 2011. Sep 2011 [internet publication].Full text

51. British Society of Gastroenterology. BSG guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

52. Afdhal N, McHutchison J, Brown R, et al. Thrombocytopenia associated with chronic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2008 Jun;48(6):1000-7.Full text  Abstract

53. Xiao G, Zhu S, Xiao X, et al. Comparison of laboratory tests, ultrasound, or magnetic resonance elastography to detect fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017 Nov;66(5):1486-501.Full text  Abstract

54. Lurie Y, Webb M, Cytter-Kuint R, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Nov 7;21(41):11567-83.Full text  Abstract

55. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cirrhosis in over 16s: assessment and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

56. Sterling RK, Asrani SK, Levine D, et al. AASLD practice guideline on non-invasive liver disease assessments of portal hypertension. Hepatology. 2024 Mar 15.

57. Bradley KA, DeBenedetti AF, Volk RJ, et al. AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007 Jul;31(7):1208-17. Abstract

58. Williams N. The CAGE questionnaire. Occup Med (Lond). 2014 Sep;64(6):473-4.Full text

59. Stravitz RT, Lee WM. Acute liver failure. Lancet. 2019 Sep 7;394(10201):869-81. Abstract

60. Bernal W, Hyyrylainen A, Gera A, et al. Lessons from look-back in acute liver failure? A single centre experience of 3300 patients. J Hepatol. 2013 Jul;59(1):74-80. Abstract

61. Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy: definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology. 2002 Mar;35(3):716-21.Full text  Abstract

62. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. J Hepatol. 2014 Sep;61(3):642-59.Full text

63. Korman JD, Volenberg I, Balko J, et al. Screening for Wilson disease in acute liver failure: a comparison of currently available diagnostic tests. Hepatology. 2008 Oct;48(4):1167-74.Full text  Abstract

64. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria®​: abnormal liver function tests. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

65. Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003 Aug;38(2):518-26.Full text  Abstract

66. Vallet-Pichard A, Mallet V, Nalpas B, et al. FIB-4: an inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV infection. comparison with liver biopsy and fibrotest. Hepatology. 2007 Jul;46(1):32-6.Full text  Abstract

67. Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology. 2007 Apr;45(4):846-54.Full text  Abstract

68. Wattacheril JJ, Abdelmalek MF, Lim JK, et al. AGA clinical practice update on the role of noninvasive biomarkers in the evaluation and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2023 Oct;165(4):1080-8.Full text  Abstract

69. Schilsky ML, Roberts EA, Bronstein JM, et al. A multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis and management of Wilson disease: 2022 Practice Guidance on Wilson disease from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2022 Dec 7 [Epub ahead of print].Full text

70. Kowdley KV, Brown KE, Ahn J, et al. ACG clinical guideline: hereditary hemochromatosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Aug;114(8):1202-18. Abstract

71. Newsome PN, Cramb R, Davison SM, et al. Guidelines on the management of abnormal liver blood tests. Gut. 2018 Jan;67(1):6-19.Full text  Abstract

72. Dowman JK, Tomlinson JW, Newsome PN. Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Mar;33(5):525-40.Full text  Abstract

73. European Association for the Study of the Liver; Clinical Practice Guideline Panel. EASL clinical practice guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis - 2021 update. J Hepatol. 2021 Sep;75(3):659-89.Full text  Abstract

74. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria®: chronic liver disease​. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

75. Park CC, Nguyen P, Hernandez C, et al. Magnetic resonance elastography vs transient elastography in detection of fibrosis and noninvasive measurement of steatosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2017 Feb;152(3):598-607.e2.Full text  Abstract

76. European Association for Study of Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: Wilson's disease. J Hepatol. 2012 Mar;56(3):671-85.Full text  Abstract

77. Manns M, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, et al. AASLD practice guidelines: diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology. 2010 Jun;51(6):2193-213.Full text

78. Forrest EH, Evans CD, Stewart S, et al. Analysis of factors predictive of mortality in alcoholic hepatitis and derivation and validation of the Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score. Gut. 2005 Aug;54(8):1174-9.Full text  Abstract

79. Dunn W, Jamil LH, Brown LS, et al. MELD accurately predicts mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology. 2005 Feb;41(2):353-8.Full text  Abstract

80. Louvet A, Naveau S, Abdelnour M, et al. The Lille model: a new tool for therapeutic strategy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with steroids. Hepatology. 2007 Jun;45(6):1348-54.Full text  Abstract

81. Garcia-Saenz-de-Sicilia M, Duvoor C, Altamirano J, et al. A day-4 lille model predicts response to corticosteroids and mortality in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb;112(2):306-15. Abstract

82. Foncea CG, Sporea I, Lupușoru R, et al. Day-4 lille score is a good prognostic factor and early predictor in assessing therapy response in patients with liver cirrhosis and severe alcoholic hepatitis. J Clin Med. 2021 May 27;10(11).Full text  Abstract

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85. Chapman MH, Thorburn D, Hirschfield GM, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology and UK-PSC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. 2019 Aug;68(8):1356-78.Full text  Abstract

86. Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, et al. AASLD practice guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Dec 1;78(6):1922-65.Full text

87. Roberts LR, Sirlin CB, Zaiem F, et al. Imaging for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2018 Jan;67(1):401-21. Abstract

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89. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases/Infectious Diseases Society of America. HCV guidance: recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

90. Bhattacharya D, Aronsohn A, Price J, et al. Hepatitis C guidance 2023 update: AASLD-IDSA recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 May 25:ciad319.Full text  Abstract

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111. Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Harrison ME, et al. ACG clinical guideline: primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 May;110(5):646-59. Abstract

112. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol. 2022 Sep;77(3):761-806.Full text  Abstract

113. Tenner S, Vege SS, Sheth SG,et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024 Mar 1;119(3):419-37.Full text  Abstract

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120. Bowlus CL, Arrivé L, Bergquist A, et al. AASLD practice guidance on primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology. 2023 Feb 1;77(2):659-702.Full text