Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- vaginal bleeding
- abdominal pain
- uterine contractions
- uterine tenderness
Risk factors
- chronic hypertension
- pre-eclampsia
- smoking
- cocaine use
- trauma
- prior caesarean delivery
- preterm premature rupture of the membranes
- multiparity
- advanced maternal age
- polyhydramnios
- chorioamnionitis
- uterine malformations
- prior placental abruption
- multi-fetal gestations
- oligohydramnios
- uterine leiomyomas
- thrombophilias
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- fetal monitoring
- Hb and Hct
- coagulation studies
- Kleihauer-Betke (K-B) test
- ultrasound
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors

Perinatologist
Atlantic Health System
Morristown
NJ
Disclosures
YO is an author of a number of references cited in this monograph.

Chairman
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Winthrop University Hospital
Mineola
Professor
Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine
Stony Brook School of Medicine
Stony Brook
NY
Disclosures
AMV is a consultant for BD (for development of the ODON fetal extraction device).
Peer reviewers
Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Rochester School of Medicine
Rochester
New York
NY
Disclosures
CG declares that he has no competing interests.
Consultant/Senior Lecturer in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
St George's Hospital
London
UK
Disclosures
AU declares that he has no competing interests.
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