Hydrocele

Dagur G, Gandhi J, Suh Y, et al. Classifying hydroceles of the pelvis and groin: an overview of etiology, secondary complications, evaluation, and management. Curr Urol. 2017 Apr;10(1):1-14.Full text  Abstract

European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on paediatric urology. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

1. Rafailidis V, Varelas S, Apostolopoulou F, et al. Nonobliteration of the processus vaginalis. Sonography of related abnormalities in children. J Ultrasound Med. 2016 Apr;35(4):805-18. Abstract

2. Dagur G, Gandhi J, Suh Y, et al. Classifying hydroceles of the pelvis and groin: an overview of etiology, secondary complications, evaluation, and management. Curr Urol. 2017 Apr;10(1):1-14.Full text  Abstract

3. Karbasian N, Segaran N, Solomon N, et al. Pathologic conditions at imaging of the spermatic cord. Radiographics. 2022 May-Jun;42(3):741-58.Full text  Abstract

4. Kaefer M, Agarwal D, Misseri R, et al. Treatment of contralateral hydrocele in neonatal testicular torsion: is less more? J Pediatr Urol. 2016 Oct;12(5):306.e1-306.e4. Abstract

5. Kapur P, Caty MG, Glick PL. Pediatric hernias and hydroceles. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1998 Aug;45(4):773-89. Abstract

6. Baskin LS, Kogan BA. Hydrocele/hernia. In: Gonzales ET, Bauer SB, eds. Pediatric urology practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1999:649-53.

7. Skoog SJ. Benign and malignant pediatric scrotal masses. Urol Clin North Am. 1997 Oct;44(5):1229-50. Abstract

8. Barthold JS, Kass EJ. Abnormalities of the penis and scrotum. In: Belman AB, King LR, Kramer SA, eds. Guide to clinical pediatric urology. London: Martin Dunitz; 2002:267-98.

9. Rowe MI, Copelson LW, Clatworthy HW. The patent processus vaginalis and the inguinal hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1969 Feb;4(1):102-7. Abstract

10. Bronsther B, Abrams MW, Elboim C. Inguinal hernias in children - a study of 1,000 cases and a review of the literature. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1972 Oct;27(10):522-5. Abstract

11. Schneck FX, Bellinger MF. Abnormalities of testis and scrotum and their surgical management. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:3761-98.

12. Small CM, DeCaro JJ, Terrell ML, et al. Maternal exposure to a brominated flame retardant and genitourinary conditions in male offspring. Environ Health Perspect. 2009 Jul;117(7):1175-9.Full text  Abstract

13. Metcalfe PD, Farivar-Mohseni H, Farhat W, et al. Pediatric testicular tumors: contemporary incidence and efficacy of testicular preserving surgery. J Urol. 2003 Dec;170(6 pt 1):2412-5; discussion 2415-6. Abstract

14. Ahmed HU, Arya M, Muneer A, et al. Testicular and paratesticular tumours in the prepubertal population. Lancet Oncol. 2010 May;11(5):476-83. Abstract

15. Al-Kandari AM, Shabaan H, Ibrahim HM, et al. Comparison of outcomes of different varicocelectomy techniques: open inguinal, laparoscopic, and subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Urology. 2007 Mar;69(3):417-20. Abstract

16. Esposito C, Valla JS, Najmaldin A, et al. Incidence and management of hydrocele following varicocele surgery in children. J Urol. 2004 Mar;171(3):1271-3. Abstract

17. Lipshultz LI, Thomas AJ, Khera M. Surgical management of male infertility. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:665.

18. Streit T, Lafontant JG. Eliminating lymphatic filariasis: a view from the field. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1136:53-63.Full text  Abstract

19. European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on paediatric urology. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

20. Cimador M, Castagnetti M, De Grazia E. Management of hydrocele in adolescent patients. Nat Rev Urol. 2010 Jul;7(7):379-85. Abstract

21. Brainwood M, Beirne G, Fenech M. Persistence of the processus vaginalis and its related disorders. Australas J Ultrasound Med. 2020 Feb 20;23(1):22-9.Full text  Abstract

22. Chang YT, Lee JY, Wang JY, et al. Hydrocele of the spermatic cord in infants and children: its particular characteristics. Urology. 2010 Jul;76(1):82-6. Abstract

23. Busigó JP, Eftekhari F. Encysted spermatic cord hydroceles: a report of three cases in adults and a review of the literature. Acta Radiol. 2007 Dec;48(10):1138-42. Abstract

24. Rajput A, Gauderer MW, Hack M. Inguinal hernias in very low birth weight infants: incidence and timing of repair. J Pediatr Surg. 1992 Oct;27(10):1322-4. Abstract

25. DeCou JM, Gauderer MW. Inguinal hernia in infants with very low birth weight. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2000 May;9(2):84-7. Abstract

26. Kogan BA. Communicating hydrocele/hernia repair in children. BJU Int. 2007 Sep;100(3):703-14. Abstract

27. Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, et al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003 Apr;227(1):18-36. Abstract

28. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: acute onset of scrotal pain - without trauma, without antecedent mass. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

29. Sandlow JI, Winfield HN, Goldstein M. Surgery of the scrotum and seminal vesicles. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al, eds. Campbell-Walsh urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2007:1105-6.

30. Altinkilic B, Pilatz A, Weidner W. Detection of normal intratesticular perfusion using color coded duplex sonography obviates need for scrotal exploration in patients with suspected testicular torsion. J Urol. 2013 May;189(5):1853-8. Abstract

31. International Pediatric Endosurgery Group. IPEG guidelines for inguinal hernia and hydrocele. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2010 Mar;20(2):x-xiv.Full text  Abstract

32. Abel EJ, Pettus JA, Snow B. Laparoscopic marsupialization before inguinal repair of large abdominoscrotal hydroceles in infants: observation of natural history and description of technique. Urology. 2009 Mar;73(3):507-9. Abstract

33. Shakiba B, Heidari K, Afshar K, et al. Aspiration and sclerotherapy versus hydrocelectomy for treating hydroceles: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Surg Endosc. 2023 Jul;37(7):5045-51. Abstract

34. Jahnson S, Sandblom D, Holmang S. A randomized trial comparing 2 doses of polidocanol sclerotherapy for hydrocele or spermatocele. J Urol. 2011 Oct;186(4):1319-23. Abstract

35. Zampieri N, El-Dalati G, Ottolenghi A, et al. Percutaneous aspiration for hydroceles after varicocelectomy. Urology. 2009 Nov;74(5):1122-4. Abstract

36. Mäki-Lohiluoma L, Kilpeläinen TP, Järvinen P, et al. Risk of complications after hydrocele surgery: a retrospective multicenter study in Helsinki metropolitan area. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2022 Jul 19:43:22-7.Full text  Abstract

37. Fallatah M, Aljuhaiman A, Alali H, et al. Infertility secondary to an infected hydrocele: a case report. Urol Case Rep. 2019 Nov 8:28:101071.Full text  Abstract

38. Osegbe DN. Fertility after sclerotherapy for hydrocele. Lancet. 1991 Jan 19;337(8734):172. Abstract