Evaluation of primary amenorrhea

References

Key articles

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2024 Jul;122(1):52-61.Full text  Abstract

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 605: primary ovarian insufficiency in adolescents and young women. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jul;124(1):193-7.Full text  Abstract

Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Dec;98(12):4565-92.Full text  Abstract

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Adolescent Health Care-Gynecology. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 728: Müllerian agenesis: diagnosis, management, and treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;131(1):e35-42.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2024 Jul;122(1):52-61.Full text  Abstract

2. Timmreck LS, Reindollar RH. Contemporary issues in primary amenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2003;30:287-302. Abstract

3. Pettersson F, Fries H, Nillius SJ. Epidemiology of secondary amenorrhea: incidence and prevalence rates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1973;117:80-86. Abstract

4. Weidler EM, Linnaus ME, Baratz AB, et al. A management protocol for gonad preservation in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2019 Dec;32(6):605-11.Full text  Abstract

5. Tack LJW, Maris E, Looijenga LHJ, et al. Management of gonads in adults with androgen insensitivity: an international survey. Horm Res Paediatr. 2018;90(4):236-46.Full text  Abstract

6. Hughes IA, Davies JD, Bunch TI, et al. Androgen insensitivity syndrome. Lancet. 2012 Oct 20;380(9851):1419-28.Full text  Abstract

7. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 605: primary ovarian insufficiency in adolescents and young women. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jul;124(1):193-7.Full text  Abstract

8. Shroff R, Kerchner A, Maifeld M, et al. Young obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome have evidence of early coronary atherosclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:4609-4614.Full text  Abstract

9. Lass N, Kleber M, Winkel K, et al. Effect of lifestyle intervention on features of polycystic ovarian syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and intima-media thickness in obese adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Nov;96(11):3533-40.Full text  Abstract

10. Caronia LM, Martin C, Welt CK, et al. A genetic basis for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:215-25. Abstract

11. Agents stimulating gonadal function in the human. Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1973;514:1-30.Full text  Abstract

12. Munro MG, Balen AH, Cho S, et al. The FIGO ovulatory disorders classification system. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022 Oct;159(1):1-20.Full text  Abstract

13. Brenner SH, Lessing JB, Quagliarello J, et al. Hyperprolactinemia and associated pituitary prolactinomas. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;65:661-664. Abstract

14. Verp MS, Simpson JL. Abnormal sexual differentiation and neoplasia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1987;25:191-218. Abstract

15. Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, et al. Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: a study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network. Pediatrics. 1997;99:505-12. Abstract

16. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee opinion no. 651: menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign. Dec 2015 [internet publication].Full text

17. Witchel SF. Puberty and polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006;254-255:146-153. Abstract

18. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Headaches in over 12s: diagnosis and management. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

19. Bhagavath B, Layman LC. The genetics of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Semin Reprod Med. 2007;25:272-286. Abstract

20. Turner HH. A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck and cubitus valgus. Endocrinology. 1938;23:566.

21. Jayasena CN, Devine K, Barber K, et al. Society for endocrinology guideline for understanding, diagnosing and treating female hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2024 Nov;101(5):409-42.Full text  Abstract

22. Goodman LR, Warren MP. The female athlete and menstrual function. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;17:466-70. Abstract

23. Gordon CM, Ackerman KE, Berga SL, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 May 1;102(5):1413-39.Full text  Abstract

24. ESHRE, ASRM, CREWHIRL and IMS Guideline Group on POI, Panay N, Anderson RA, et al. Evidence-based guideline: premature ovarian insufficiency. Fertil Steril. 2025 Feb;123(2):221-36.Full text  Abstract

25. Krassas GE, Pontikides N, Kaltsas T, et al. Disturbances of menstruation in hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;50:655-659. Abstract

26. Groff TR, Shulkin BL, Utiger RD, et al. Amenorrhea-galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and suprasellar pituitary enlargement as presenting features of primary hypothyroidism. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;63(3 Suppl):86S-89S. Abstract

27. Richardson MR. Current perspectives in polycystic ovary syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Aug 15;68(4):697-704. Abstract

28. Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Dec;98(12):4565-92.Full text  Abstract

29. Govindarajan M, Rajan RS, Kalyanpur A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2008;1:83-85.Full text  Abstract

30. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Adolescent Health Care-Gynecology. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 728: Müllerian agenesis: diagnosis, management, and treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;131(1):e35-42.Full text  Abstract

31. Gibney J, Smith TP, McKenna TJ. The impact on clinical practice of routine screening for macroprolactin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jul;90(7):3927-32.Full text  Abstract

32. Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):141-6. Abstract

33. Thong EP, Codner E, Laven JSE, et al. Diabetes: a metabolic and reproductive disorder in women. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Feb;8(2):134-49.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer