Central airway obstruction

References

Key articles

Murgu SD, Egressy K, Laxmanan B, et al. Central Airway Obstruction: Benign Strictures, Tracheobronchomalacia, and Malignancy-related Obstruction. Chest. 2016 Aug;150(2):426-41.Full text  Abstract

Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, Beamis JF, et al. ERS/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:356-373.Full text  Abstract

Mahmood K, Frazer-Green L, Gonzalez AV, et al. Management of central airway obstruction: an American College of Chest Physicians clinical practice guideline. Chest. 18 Jul 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

Rosell A, Stratakos G. Therapeutic bronchoscopy for central airway diseases. Eur Respir Rev. 2020 Nov 18;29(158):190178.Full text  Abstract

Ernst A, Silvestri GA, Johnstone D. Interventional pulmonary procedures: guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest. 2003;123:1693-1717. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Murgu SD, Egressy K, Laxmanan B, et al. Central Airway Obstruction: Benign Strictures, Tracheobronchomalacia, and Malignancy-related Obstruction. Chest. 2016 Aug;150(2):426-41.Full text  Abstract

2. Ernst A, Feller-Kopman D, Becker HD, et al. Central airway obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:1278-97. Abstract

3. Beamis JF Jr. Interventional pulmonology techniques for treating malignant large airway obstruction: an update. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2005;11:292-295. Abstract

4. Blasco M, Quadrelli SA, Bosio M, et al. Synovial sarcoma and endobronchial invasion. J Bronchology. 2008;15:167-169.Full text

5. Maw M, Harvey M, Harrington Z, et al. Endobronchial deposits of chronic lymphocytic leukemia - an unusual cause of central airway obstruction. Respirol Case Rep. 2015;3:41-43.Full text  Abstract

6. Duwe BV, Sterman DH, Musani AI. Tumors of the mediastinum. Chest. 2005 Oct;128(4):2893-909. Abstract

7. Manali ED, Saad CP, Krizmanich G, et al. Endobronchial findings of fibrosing mediastinitis. Respir Care. 2003;48:1038-1042.Full text  Abstract

8. Colt HG, Dumon JF. Airway stents: present and future. Clin Chest Med. 1995;16:465-478. Abstract

9. Mehta AC, Harris RJ, De Boer GE. Endoscopic management of benign airway stenosis. Clin Chest Med. 1995;16:401-413. Abstract

10. Polychronopoulos VS, Prakash UB, Golbin JM, et al. Airway involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2007;33:755-775. Abstract

11. Saleiro S, Hespanhol V, Magalhães A. Endobronchial amyloidosis. J Bronchology. 2008;15:95-99.Full text

12. Iwata T, Inoue K, Nishiyama N, et al. Inflammatory pseudotumor of the central airways: A case report and literature review. J Bronchology. 2007;14:255-260.Full text

13. Murgu SD, Colt HG. Complications of silicone stent insertion in patients with expiratory central airway collapse. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84:1870-1877. Abstract

14. Santacruz JF, Mehta AC. Airway complications and management after lung transplantation: ischemia, dehiscence, and stenosis. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2009;6:79-93. Abstract

15. Aboussouan LS, Stoller JK. Diagnosis and management of upper airway obstruction. Clin Chest Med. 1994;15:35-53. Abstract

16. Bolliger CT, Mathur PN, Beamis JF, et al. ERS/ATS statement on interventional pulmonology. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. 2002;19:356-373.Full text  Abstract

17. Folch E, Mehta AC. Airway interventions in the tracheobronchial tree. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Aug;29(4):441-52. Abstract

18. Bolliger CT, Sutedja TG, Strausz J, et al. Therapeutic bronchoscopy with immediate effect: laser, electrocautery, argon plasma coagulation and stents. Eur Respir J. 2006;27:1258-1271.Full text  Abstract

19. Makris D, Marquette CH. Tracheobronchial stenting and central airway replacement. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2007;13:278-283. Abstract

20. Guedes F, Branquinho MV, Sousa AC, et al. Central airway obstruction: is it time to move forward? BMC Pulm Med. 2022 Feb 19;22(1):68.Full text  Abstract

21. Freitag L, Ernst A, Unger M, et al. A proposed classification system of central airway stenosis. Eur Respir J. 2007;30:7-12.Full text  Abstract

22. Seijo LM, Sterman DH. Interventional pulmonology. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:740-749. Abstract

23. Shaller BD, Filsoof D, Pineda JM, et al. Malignant central airway obstruction: what's new? Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Aug;43(4):512-29. Abstract

24. Giovacchini CX, Kessler ER, Merrick CM, et al. Clinical and radiographic predictors of successful therapeutic bronchoscopy for the relief of malignant central airway obstruction. BMC Pulm Med. 2019 Nov 21;19(1):219.Full text  Abstract

25. Siegel RL, Giaquinto AN, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024 Jan 17;74(1):12-49.Full text

26. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 May;71(3):209-49.Full text  Abstract

27. Cancer Research UK. Lung cancer statistics​ [internet publication].Full text

28. Michaud G. Malignant central airway obstruction. In: Ernst A, Herth F, eds. Principles and practice of interventional pulmonology. New York, NY: Springer; 2013:259-268.

29. Oberg CL, Holden VK, Channick CL. Benign central airway obstruction. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Dec;39(6):731-46. Abstract

30. Ernst A, Simoff M, Ost D, et al. Prospective risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality outcome analysis after therapeutic bronchoscopic procedures: results of a multi-institutional outcomes database. Chest. 2008;134:514-519. Abstract

31. Cosano Povedano A, Muñoz Cabrera L, Cosano Povedano FJ, et al. Endoscopic treatment of central airway stenosis: five years' experience. Arch Bronconeumol. 2005;41:322-327. Abstract

32. Chhajed PN, Eberhardt R, Dienemann H, et al. Therapeutic bronchoscopy interventions before surgical resection of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81:1839-1843. Abstract

33. Lund ME, Garland R, Ernst A. Airway stenting: applications and practice management considerations. Chest. 2007;131:579-587. Abstract

34. Dutau H, Toutblanc B, Lamb C, et al. Use of the Dumon Y-stent in the management of malignant disease involving the carina: a retrospective review of 86 patients. Chest. 2004;126:951-958. Abstract

35. Fishman AP, Elias JA, Fishman JA, et al. Fishman's pulmonary diseases and disorders. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008.

36. Wood DE. Management of malignant tracheobronchial obstruction. Surg Clin North Am. 2002;82:621-642. Abstract

37. Kiryu T, Hoshi H, Matsui E, et al. Endotracheal/endobronchial metastases: clinicopathologic study with special reference to developmental modes. Chest. 2001;119:768-775. Abstract

38. Shepherd MP. Endobronchial metastatic disease. Thorax. 1982;37:362-365.Full text  Abstract

39. George M, Lang F, Pasche P, et al. Surgical management of laryngotracheal stenosis in adults. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;262:609-615. Abstract

40. Swanson KL, Edell ES, Prakash UB, et al. Complications of metal stent therapy in benign airway obstruction. J Bronchology. 2007;14:90-94.Full text

41. Naidich DP, Webb WR, Muller NL, et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance of the thorax. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.

42. Blackledge FA, Anand VK. Tracheobronchial extension of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000;109:812-818. Abstract

43. Cosío BG, Villena V, Echave-Sustaeta J, et al. Endobronchial hamartoma. Chest. 2002;122:202-205. Abstract

44. Herrera JM, McNeil KD, Higgins RS, et al. Airway complications after lung transplantation: treatment and long-term outcome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:989-993. Abstract

45. De Gracia J, Culebras M, Alvarez A, et al. Bronchoscopic balloon dilatation in the management of bronchial stenosis following lung transplantation. Respir Med. 2007;101:27-33. Abstract

46. Hoheisel G, Chan BK, Chan CH, et al. Endobronchial tuberculosis: diagnostic features and therapeutic outcome. Respir Med. 1994;88:593-597. Abstract

47. David R, Duhamel M, James H, et al. Clinical atlas of airway diseases. Bronchoscopy, radiology, and pathology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.

48. Gudavalli R, Marquez-Martin E, Machuzak MS, et al. Bronchial stenosis due to potassium pill aspiration. J Bronchology. 2008;15:202-203.Full text

49. Rafanan AL, Mehta AC. Adult airway foreign body removal: what's new? Clin Chest Med. 2001;22:319-330. Abstract

50. Silva FS. Neck haematoma and airway obstruction in a patient with goitre: complication of internal jugular vein cannulation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003;47:626-629. Abstract

51. Sandooram D, Chandramohan AR, Radcliffe G. Retropharyngeal haematoma causing airway obstruction: a multidisciplinary challenge. J Laryngol Otol. 2000;114:706-708. Abstract

52. Roh JL. Intrathyroid hemorrhage and acute upper airway obstruction after fine needle aspiration of the thyroid gland. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:154-156. Abstract

53. Kshettry VR, Kroshus TJ, Hertz MI, et al. Early and late airway complications after lung transplantation: incidence and management. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:1576-1583. Abstract

54. Mulligan MS. Endoscopic management of airway complications after lung transplantation. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 2001;11:907-915. Abstract

55. Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Ford JG, et al. Epidemiology of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013 May;143(5 Suppl):e1S-e29S.Full text  Abstract

56. Yang P, Cerhan JR, Vierkant RA, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the lung is strongly associated with cigarette smoking: further evidence from a prospective study of women. Am J Epidemiol. 2002 Dec 15;156(12):1114-22. Abstract

57. Sarodia BD, Dasgupta A, Mehta AC. Management of airway manifestations of relapsing polychondritis: case reports and review of literature. Chest. 1999;116:1669-1675. Abstract

58. Cordier JF, Valeyre D, Guillevin L, et al. Pulmonary Wegener's granulomatosis: a clinical and imaging study of 77 cases. Chest. 1990;97:906-912. Abstract

59. Daum TE, Specks U, Colby TV, et al. Tracheobronchial involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:522-526. Abstract

60. Mahmood K, Frazer-Green L, Gonzalez AV, et al. Management of central airway obstruction: an American College of Chest Physicians clinical practice guideline. Chest. 18 Jul 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

61. Rosell A, Stratakos G. Therapeutic bronchoscopy for central airway diseases. Eur Respir Rev. 2020 Nov 18;29(158):190178.Full text  Abstract

62. Brodsky JB. Bronchoscopic procedures for central airway obstruction. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003;17:638-646. Abstract

63. Reddy C, Majid A, Michaud G, et al. Gas embolism following bronchoscopic argon plasma coagulation: a case series. Chest. 2008;134:1066-1069. Abstract

64. Lee P, Kupeli E, Mehta AC. Therapeutic bronchoscopy in lung cancer: laser therapy, electrocautery, brachytherapy, stents, and photodynamic therapy. Clin Chest Med. 2002;23:241-256. Abstract

65. Wahidi MM, Herth FJ, Ernst A. State of the art: interventional pulmonology. Chest. 2007;131:261-274. Abstract

66. Jabbardarjani H, Herth F, Kiani A, et al. Central airway obstruction masquerading as difficult-to-treat asthma: A retrospective study. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 2009;16:6-9. Abstract

67. Israel RH, Poe RH. Hemoptysis. Clin Chest Med. 1987;8:197-205. Abstract

68. Hollingsworth HM. Wheezing and stridor. Clin Chest Med. 1987;8:231-240. Abstract

69. Simoff MJ, Sterman DH, Ernst A (eds). Thoracic endoscopy. Advances in interventional pulmonology. Malden, MA: Blackwell; 2006.

70. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: tracheobronchial disease​. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

71. Collins J, Stern EJ. Chest radiology. The essentials. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2008.

72. Jeon K, Kim H, Yu CM, et al. Rigid bronchoscopic intervention in patients with respiratory failure caused by malignant central airway obstruction. J Thorac Oncol. 2006 May;1(4):319-23. Abstract

73. Ayers ML, Beamis JF Jr. Rigid bronchoscopy in the twenty-first century. Clin Chest Med. 2001;22:355-364. Abstract

74. Ko-Pen W, Mehta AC, Turner JF. Flexible bronchoscopy. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell; 2004.

75. Batra H, Yarmus L. Indications and complications of rigid bronchoscopy. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018 Jun;12(6):509-20.Full text  Abstract

76. Chung JH, Kanne JP. Multidetector-row computed tomography of diffuse tracheal disease: pictorial review. J Bronchol Interv Pulmonol. 2009;16:28-36. Abstract

77. Boiselle PM. Imaging of the large airways. Clin Chest Med. 2008;29:181-193. Abstract

78. Finkelstein SE, Summers RM, Nguyen DM, et al. Virtual bronchoscopy for evaluation of malignant tumors of the thorax. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123:967-972. Abstract

79. De Wever W, Bogaert J, Verschakelen JA. Virtual bronchoscopy: accuracy and usefulness - an overview. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2005;26:364-373. Abstract

80. Whyte RI, Quint LE, Kazerooni EA, et al. Helical computed tomography for the evaluation of tracheal stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:27-30. Abstract

81. Quint LE, Whyte RI, Kazerooni EA, et al. Stenosis of the central airways: evaluation by using helical CT with multiplanar reconstructions. Radiology. 1995;194:871-877. Abstract

82. Kalchiem-Dekel O, Hossain S, Gauran C, et al. An evolving role for endobronchial ultrasonography in the intensive care unit. J Thorac Dis. 2021 Aug;13(8):5183-94.Full text  Abstract

83. Finlayson GN, Brodsky JB. Anesthetic considerations for airway stenting in adult patients. Anesthesiol Clin. 2008;26:281-291. Abstract

84. Lin J, Frye L. The intersection of bronchoscopy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Dis. 2021 Aug;13(8):5176-82.Full text  Abstract

85. Wu H, Zhuo K, Cheng D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critical airway interventional therapy: A review. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1098594.Full text  Abstract

86. Ratwani AP, Davis A, Maldonado F. Current practices in the management of central airway obstruction. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2022 Jan 1;28(1):45-51. Abstract

87. Cavaliere S, Foccoli P, Toninelli C, et al. Laser in lung cancer. An 11-year experience with 2253 applications in 1585 patients. J Bronchology. 1996;3:112-115.

88. Simoff MJ, Lally B, Slade MG, et al. Symptom management in patients with lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(suppl 5):e455S-e497S.Full text  Abstract

89. Hespanhol V, Magalhães A, Marques A, et al. Neoplastic severe central airways obstruction, interventional bronchoscopy: a decision-making analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;145:926-932. Abstract

90. Ernst A, Silvestri GA, Johnstone D. Interventional pulmonary procedures: guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest. 2003;123:1693-1717. Abstract

91. Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D. New bronchoscopic instrumentation: a review and update in rigid bronchoscopy. In: Beamis JF, Mathur P, Mehta AC, eds. Interventional pulmonary medicine. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2009.

92. Alraiyes AH, Machuzak MS. Rigid bronchoscopy. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;35:671-680. Abstract

93. Vishwanath G, Madan K, Bal A, et al. Rigid bronchoscopy and mechanical debulking in the management of central airway tumors: an Indian experience. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 2013;20:127-133. Abstract

94. Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D. Bronchoscopes of the twenty-first century. Clin Chest Med. 2001;31;19-27. Abstract

95. Dutau H, Vandemoortele T, Breen DP. Rigid bronchoscopy. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34:427-435. Abstract

96. Bolliger CT. Laser bronchoscopy, electrocautery, APC and microdebrider. In: Beamis JF, Mathur P, Mehta AC, eds. Interventional pulmonary medicine. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2009.

97. Chua AP, Santacruz JF, Gildea TR. Pulmonary complications of cancer therapy and central airway obstruction. In: Davis M, Feyer P, Ortner P, et al, eds. Supportive oncology. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:309-327.

98. Dumon JF, Reboud E, Garbe L, et al. Treatment of tracheobronchial lesions by laser photoresection. Chest. 1982;81:278-284. Abstract

99. Cavaliere S, Venuta F, Foccoli P, et al. Endoscopic treatment of malignant airway obstructions in 2,008 patients. Chest. 1996;110:1536-1542.Full text  Abstract

100. Desai SJ, Mehta AC, VanderBrug Medendorp S, et al. Survival experience following nd:YAG laser photoresection for primary bronchogenic carcinoma. Chest. 1988;94:939-944. Abstract

101. Sheski FD, Mathur PN. Cryotherapy, electrocautery, and brachytherapy. Clin Chest Med. 1999;20:123-138. Abstract

102. Sheski FD, Mathur PN. Endobronchial electrosurgery: argon plasma coagulation and electrocautery. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;25:367-374. Abstract

103. Coulter TD, Mehta AC. The heat is on: impact of endobronchial electrosurgery on the need for nd-YAG laser photoresection. Chest. 2000;118:516-521. Abstract

104. Mahmood K, Wahidi MM. Ablative therapies for central airway obstruction. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;35:681-692. Abstract

105. Morice RC, Ece T, Ece F, et al. Endobronchial argon plasma coagulation for treatment of hemoptysis and neoplastic airway obstruction. Chest. 2001;119:781-787. Abstract

106. Mathur PN, Wolf KM, Busk MF, et al. Fiberoptic bronchoscopic cryotherapy in the management of tracheobronchial obstruction. Chest. 1996;110:718-723.Full text  Abstract

107. Seaman JC, Musani AI. Endobronchial ablative therapies. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34:417-425. Abstract

108. Boujaoude Z, Young D, Lotano R, et al. Cryosurgery for the immediate treatment of acute central airway obstruction. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 2013;20:45-47. Abstract

109. Schumann C, Hetzel M, Babiak AJ, et al. Endobronchial tumor debulking with a flexible cryoprobe for immediate treatment of malignant stenosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:997-1000.Full text  Abstract

110. Hautmann H, Gamarra F, Pfeifer KJ, et al. Fiberoptic bronchoscopic balloon dilatation in malignant tracheobronchial disease: indications and results. Chest. 2001;120:43-49. Abstract

111. McArdle JR, Gildea TR, Mehta AC. Balloon bronchoplasty: its indications, benefits, and complications. J Bronchology. 2005;12:123-127.Full text

112. Santacruz JF, Folch E, Mehta AC. Silicone and metallic stents in interventional pulmonology. Minerva Pneumol. 2009;48:243-259.

113. Casal RF. Update in airway stents. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2010;16:321-328. Abstract

114. Wood DE, Liu YH, Vallieres E, et al. Airway stenting for malignant and benign tracheobronchial stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:167-172. Abstract

115. Gompelmann D, Eberhardt R, Schuhmann M, et al. Self-expanding Y stents in the treatment of central airway stenosis: a retrospective analysis. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2013;7:255-263. Abstract

116. Lunn W, Feller-Kopman D, Wahidi M, et al. Endoscopic removal of metallic airway stents. Chest. 2005;127:2106-2112. Abstract

117. Gildea TR, Murthy SC, Sahoo D, et al. Performance of a self-expanding silicone stent in palliation of benign airway conditions. Chest. 2006;130:1419-1423. Abstract

118. Saji H, Furukawa K, Tsutsui H, et al. Outcomes of airway stenting for advanced lung cancer with central airway obstruction. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2010;11:425-428.Full text  Abstract

119. Kim JH, Shin JH, Song HY, et al. Use of a retrievable metallic stent internally coated with silicone to treat airway obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19:1208-1214. Abstract

120. Chhajed PN, Baty F, Pless M, et al. Outcome of treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer with and without central airway obstruction. Chest. 2006;130:1803-1807. Abstract

121. Furukawa K, Ishida J, Yamaguchi G, et al. The role of airway stent placement in the management of tracheobronchial stenosis caused by inoperable advanced lung cancer. Surg Today. 2010;40:315-320. Abstract

122. Mehta AC, Dasgupta A. Airway stents. Clin Chest Med. 1999;20:139-151. Abstract

123. Lee P, Kupeli E, Mehta AC. Airway stents. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31;141-150. Abstract

124. Kennedy MP, Morice RC, Jimenez CA, et al. Treatment of bronchial airway obstruction using a rotating tip microdebrider: a case report. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;2:16.Full text  Abstract

125. Lunn W, Bagherzadegan N, Munjampalli SKJ, et al. Initial experience with a rotating airway microdebrider. J Bronchology. 2008;15:91-94.Full text

126. Casal RF, Iribarren J, Eapen G, et al. Safety and effectiveness of microdebrider bronchoscopy for the management of central airway obstruction. Respirology. 2013;18:1011-1015. Abstract

127. Kennedy AS, Sonett JR, Orens JB, et al. High dose rate brachytherapy to prevent recurrent benign hyperplasia in lung transplant bronchi: theoretical and clinical considerations. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2000;19:155-159. Abstract

128. Tendulkar RD, Fleming PA, Reddy CA, et al. High-dose-rate endobronchial brachytherapy for recurrent airway obstruction from hyperplastic granulation tissue. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:701-706. Abstract

129. Husain SA, Finch D, Ahmed M, et al. Long-term follow-up of ultraflex metallic stents in benign and malignant central airway obstruction. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1251-1256. Abstract

130. Grillo HC, Mathisen DJ, Wain JC. Management of tumors of the trachea. Oncology (Williston Park). 1992;6:61-67. Abstract

131. Hanley ME, Welsh CH. Current diagnosis & treatment in pulmonary medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003.

132. Schuurmans MM, Michaud GC, Diacon AH, et al. Use of an ultrathin bronchoscope in the assessment of central airway obstruction. Chest. 2003;124:735-739. Abstract

133. Mahmood K, Wahidi MM, Thomas S, et al. Therapeutic bronchoscopy improves spirometry, quality of life, and survival in central airway obstruction. Respiration. 2015;89:404-413. Abstract

134. Ford DW, Koch KA, Ray DE, et al. Palliative and end-of-life care in lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013 May;143(5 Suppl):e498S-e512S. Abstract

135. Razi SS, Lebovics RS, Schwartz G, et al. Timely airway stenting improves survival in patients with malignant central airway obstruction. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:1088-1093. Abstract

136. Mantovani G, Astara G, Manca G, et al. Endoscopic laser ablation as palliative treatment of endobronchial, nonresectable, or recurrent lung cancer: assessment of its impact on quality of life. Clin Lung Cancer. 2000;1:277-285. Abstract

137. Guibert N, Mazieres J, Lepage B, et al. Prognostic factors associated with interventional bronchoscopy in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;97:253-259.Full text  Abstract

138. Ost DE, Ernst A, Grosu HB, et al. Therapeutic bronchoscopy for malignant central airway obstruction: success rates and impact on dyspnea and quality of life. Chest. 2015;147:1282-1298. Abstract

139. Ost DE, Ernst A, Grosu HB, et al; AQuIRE Bronchoscopy Registry. Complications following therapeutic bronchoscopy for malignant central airway obstruction: results of the AQuIRE Registry. Chest. 2015;148:450-471. Abstract

140. Lee HJ, Labaki W, Yu DH, et al. Airway stent complications: the role of follow-up bronchoscopy as a surveillance method. J Thorac Dis. 2017 Nov;9(11):4651-9.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer